Search Results (30)

Background and aim: The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of delivery, regardless of the cause of death, or even up to one year after the end of the pregnancy, due to causes related to or aggravated by pregnancy remains a critical public health problem globally and in Colombia. While the country shows a general decreasing trend (preliminary Maternal Mortality Ratio 38.6/100,000 live births in 2023), significant regional disparities persist. Understanding precise underlying causes, especially in high-complexity referral centers, is vital. This study describes the sociodemographic and anatomopathological characteristics associated with autopsy-verified maternal mortality cases at a Level-4 hospital in southwestern Colombia (2000–2023). Methodology: A descriptive observational retrospective study analyzed 42 maternal mortality cases verified by clinical autopsy (2000–2023) at the Pathology Department of Universidad del Valle, a Level-4 referral center in Cali, Colombia. Cases met the WHO definition. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, and pathological characteristics were retrospectively extracted from clinical records and autopsy reports. Results: The analysis of 42 autopsies (2000–2023) showed that 85.7% were early maternal deaths. Indirect causes predominated (57.1%, n = 24) over direct (42.9%, n = 18). Septic shock was the main indirect cause (65.2% of indirect), often from endemic infections. Hypovolemic shock due to PPH was the main direct cause (50% of direct). A high proportion were from subsidized/uninsured schemes (65.7%) and had a migratory history (20%). Discussion and conclusions: This study highlights the value of autopsy in revealing maternal mortality etiologies, showing a predominance of indirect/infectious causes and endemic diseases often missed clinically, despite PPH remaining the main direct cause. Findings reaffirm the strong link between maternal death and social/economic inequity, access barriers, and regional/migratory vulnerabilities. Effectively reducing maternal mortality necessitates rigorous clinical management, regionalized public health strategies addressing inequities, and integrating pathological data for targeted surveillance. Full article

Study Design: Retrospective, questionnaire survey. Objective: The literature lacks a consensus on treatment of isolated orbital fracture. Our aim was to explore treatment schemes and outcomes of patients with isolated orbital fracture treated at a single tertiary care centre. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review and a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. We reviewed the medical records of all patients diagnosed with isolated orbital fracture at an outpatient referral clinic in an urban university hospital between 2010 and 2016. We included only patients with isolated inferior, medial, or inferomedial orbital fracture in the study cohort. Wesent a questionnaire to these patients to assess the prevalence and severity of long-term symptoms. Results: We included 246 patients in the study cohort, of which 96 (39%) were treated surgically and 150 (61%) nonsurgically. Median time from injury to surgery was 11 days (range = 0–44, IQR = 8.15), and to sending the questionnaire 44 months (range = 16–93). The questionnaire was completed by 89 patients (36%), of whom 51 (57%) reported at least one mild long-term symptom, 24 (27%) at least one moderate long-term symptom, and 17 (19%) at least one severe longterm symptom. Conclusions: Patients with isolated orbital fracture treated at our unit reported severe long-term symptoms more frequently than would have been expected based on earlier research. Patients at our unit were treated surgically more often than in other similar units, which suggests that surgical treatment may be chosen over non-surgical treatment unnecessarily often at our unit. Full article

Australian osteopaths engage in multidisciplinary care and referrals with other health professionals, including general practitioners (GPs), for musculoskeletal care. This secondary analysis compared characteristics of Australian osteopaths who refer to, and receive referrals from, GPs with osteopaths who do not refer. The analysis was undertaken to identify pertinent characteristics that could contribute to greater engagement between Australian osteopaths and GPs. Data were from the Australian osteopathy practice-based research network comprising responses from 992 osteopaths (48.1% response rate). Osteopaths completed a practice-based survey exploring their demographic, practice, and clinical management characteristics. Backward logistic regression identified significant characteristics associated with referrals. Osteopaths who reported sending referrals (n = 878, 88.5%) to GPs were more likely than their non-referring colleagues to receive referrals from GPs (aOR = 4.80, 95% CI [2.62–8.82]), send referrals to a podiatrist (aOR = 3.09, 95% CI [1.80–5.28]) and/or treat patients experiencing degenerative spinal complaints (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI [1.01–2.91]). Osteopaths reporting receiving referrals (n = 886, 89.3%) from GPs were more likely than their non-referring colleagues to send referrals to GPs (aOR = 4.62, 95% CI [2.48–8.63]) and use the Medicare EasyClaim system (aOR = 4.66, 95% CI [2.34–9.27]). Most Australian osteopaths who report engaging in referrals with GPs for patient care also refer to other health professionals. Referrals from GPs are likely through the Chronic Disease Management scheme. The clinical conditions resulting in referrals are unknown. Further research could explore the GP–osteopath referral network to strengthen collaborative musculoskeletal care. The outcomes of this study have the potential to inform Australian osteopaths participating in advocacy, public policy and engagement with Australian GPs. Full article

Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) are self-limiting and frequently present in primary care; it is common for patients to seek symptom relief. The TARGET Treating Your Infection (TYI) leaflet was used to respond to UTI symptoms for women under 65 years presenting in community pharmacies. The widespread use of these leaflets was incentivised as part of NHS England’s Pharmacy Quality Scheme (PQS) 2022–23, between October 2022 and March 2023. The TARGET TYI leaflets are aimed to support appropriate antibiotic use and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) as well as reducing the opportunity for resistance to develop. A total of 8363 community pharmacies completed the AMS criteria within the PQS and collectively submitted data for 104,142 patients presenting with UTI symptoms. The majority, 77% (75,071), of (non-pregnant) women presented with none or only one of the three strongly predictive symptoms of dysuria, new nocturia, cloudy urine, and/or vaginal discharge and, therefore, were less likely to have a UTI, as outlined in the English UTI diagnostic guidance. Conversely, 23% (22,381) of women presented with two or more symptoms of dysuria, new nocturia, cloudy urine, and with no vaginal discharge and, therefore, they were more likely to have a UTI. The TARGET TYI UTI leaflets support community pharmacy teams to differentiate between symptoms more likely to be associated with UTIs and those that could be managed with self-care. The findings suggest that most women presenting to community pharmacies with urinary symptoms were likely to have self-limiting symptoms, and could be suitably managed with self-care, pain relief, and appropriate safety netting. Approximately one-third of patients were managed by community pharmacy team members without the need for referral to a pharmacist and one in five patients presented with escalation symptoms and were signposted to other healthcare settings. A total of 94% (97,452) of women received self-care advice of which 36% (37,565) were also provided with additional patient information leaflets. Full article

In Wales, the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has increased from 7.3% in 2016 to 8% in 2020, creating a major concern for the National Health Service (NHS). Social prescribing (SP) has been found to decrease T2DM prevalence and improve wellbeing. The MY LIFE programme, a scheme evaluated between June 2021 and February 2022 in the Conwy West Primary Care Cluster, aimed to prevent T2DM by referring prediabetic patients with a BMI of ≥30 to a diabetes technician (DT), who then signposted patients to community-based SP programmes, such as the National Exercise Referral Scheme (NERS), KindEating, and Slimming World. Although some patients engaged with SP, others chose to connect only with the DT. A Social Return on Investment (SROI) analysis was conducted to evaluate those patients who engaged with the DT plus SP, and those who connected solely with the DT. Relevant participant outcomes included ‘mental wellbeing’ and ‘good overall health’, which were measured at baseline (n = 54) and at the eight-week follow-up (n = 24). The estimated social value for every GBP 1 invested for participants who engaged with the ‘DT only’ ranged from GBP 4.67 to 4.70. The social value for participants who engaged with the ‘DT plus SP programme’ ranged from GBP 4.23 to 5.07. The results indicated that most of the social value generated was associated with connecting with the DT. Full article

This is the first nationwide study aimed to evaluate in-hospital mortality and comorbidities of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants in Thailand between 2015–2020. Data of ELBW infants were collected from the National Health Coverage Scheme. The incidence of ELBW Thai infants was 1.75 per 1000 live births. Sixty-five percent of ELBW infants were delivered in tertiary-care facilities, with 63% surviving until discharge. In-hospital mortality was 36.9%. Non-invasive respiratory supports were documented in just 17.6% of the study population, whereas total parenteral nutrition was used in 52.3% of neonates. There were several comorbidities, with the three most frequent including respiratory distress syndrome (70.7%), neonatal jaundice (66.7%), and sepsis (60.4%). The median hospitalization cost for one ELBW infant who survived was 296,438.40 baht ($8719). Conclusion: Thailand had an acceptable ELBW infant survival rate (63%), but comorbidities remained particularly severe and cost one hundred times the median hospital cost for one ELBW infant that survived in comparison to a normal newborn infant. Better health outcomes require strategies to raise awareness of the issues and the appropriate implementation of evidence-based solutions, particularly improving neonatal care facilities, as well as early referral of high-risk pregnant women and neonates, which will aid in the future reduction of neonatal morbidities and mortalities. Full article

Introduction: Despite the health benefits of regular physical activity, women experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage are at high risk of inactivity. Reasons are multifactorial but likely include broad structural and contextual factors, e.g., lack of access to physical activity programs, as well as individual and interpersonal factors, e.g., lack of motivation and childcaring responsibilities. Few studies among women of low socioeconomic position (SEP) have explored these factors in-depth, yet an understanding of these factors can help inform the development and improve the uptake of exercise referral schemes. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and COM-B model (capability, opportunity, motivation and behaviour) were employed to understand behaviours for intervention development. Therefore, using these behaviour change models, this study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators influencing the use of an exercise referral scheme among women living in a socioeconomically disadvantaged area. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who had registered with a free exercise referral scheme (Live Life Get Active) and living in a low socioeconomic neighbourhood in Sydney, Australia. Reflexive thematic analysis and framework analysis were used to allow naturally identified themes to be determined and then allocated to theoretically driven domains. Results: Nine women were interviewed (aged 30–69 years). Eighteen themes were identified and mapped directly on to the six COM-B constructs. The most reported barriers to using the physical activity referral scheme related to the opportunity construct of the COM-B model, specifically childcare responsibilities, work commitments and environmental barriers. Key facilitators were enjoyment (motivation), no cost (opportunity), instructor led (opportunity) and social support (opportunity). Conclusion: Future exercise referral schemes targeting women living in low-SEP neighbourhoods should ensure programs are designed and delivered to overcome barriers aligned with the constructs of the COM-B model, particularly opportunity-related constructors. Full article

This study aimed to investigate the important predictors related to predicting positive mammographic findings based on questionnaire-based demographic and obstetric/gynecological parameters using the proposed integrated machine learning (ML) scheme. The scheme combines the benefits of two well-known ML algorithms, namely, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) logistic regression and extreme gradient boosting (XGB), to provide adequate prediction for mammographic anomalies in high-risk individuals and the identification of significant risk factors. We collected questionnaire data on 18 breast-cancer-related risk factors from women who participated in a national mammographic screening program between January 2017 and December 2020 at a single tertiary referral hospital to correlate with their mammographic findings. The acquired data were retrospectively analyzed using the proposed integrated ML scheme. Based on the data from 21,107 valid questionnaires, the results showed that the Lasso logistic regression models with variable combinations generated by XGB could provide more effective prediction results. The top five significant predictors for positive mammography results were younger age, breast self-examination, older age at first childbirth, nulliparity, and history of mammography within 2 years, suggesting a need for timely mammographic screening for women with these risk factors. Full article

Spatiotemporal changes in potential evapotranspiration (PET) are important referential data for monitoring the variation in ecohydrology under climate change. As the key area of agricultural/forestry reserves and trade, research on the interactions between vegetation cover and land use with accurate PET among the Heilongjiang River basin, China is vital for the sustainability of this cross-border region. To obtain high-suitability PET estimation based on the proven Penman–Monteith (PM) principle, two schemes were adopted using 36-year in situ meteorological data (1984–2019) and derived remote-sensing product MOD16A2 from 2001 to 2019. At meteorological sites with heterogeneous underlying surfaces, the coefficients of the evaluation factors between MOD_PET and the referrable observations were better. This suggests that remotely sensed estimation was preferentially chosen as the input to study the mutual responses. The results indicated that the annual PET and fractional vegetation cover (FVC) changes differed significantly depending on the land use. The proportions of PET according to equal intervals initially increased and then decreased with increasing vegetation coverage, and changing trends indicated a negative correlation. The strongest correlations appeared in the middle to northern sub-basins, which were affected by their distinctive climatic characteristics. The response of PET was reverse-related with changes in the area of each selected land type, but could change with the expected climatic conditions. Full article

This study aims to investigate whether wearing face masks (filtering facepieces, FFP class 2) with personal protective equipment (FPP2/PPE), while working a 12-h shift in a COVID-19 referral center, affects the blood saturation, heart rate (HR), and well-being of health care providers (HCPs). The study included a group of 37 HCPs. To perform continuous recordings of the SpO₂ and heart rate (HR) in real time, we used a Nellcor PM10N (Covidien, Mansfield, MA, USA) portable monitoring system. SpO₂, HR, and HCP well-being scales were measured during two 3-h shifts, while HCPs worked during a 12-h period. Additionally, each subject completed a questionnaire concerning their well-being. The difference in the SpO₂ level between the 1st and 2nd working shifts while wearing an FFP2/PPE was small, with a median decrease in SpO₂ of −1%. The scales of the well-being indicators increased within the shift. They were mainly fatigue and thirst with median scores of 2 out of 6 (range 0–4). We assume that during a 12-h period, a work scheme that consists of a 3-h shift in FFP2/PPE and a 3-h rest period (working without FPP2/PPE) is a reliable and safe solution for HCPs working in specialized COVID-19 referral hospitals. Full article

Exercise referral schemes are designed to support people with non-communicable diseases to increase their levels of exercise to improve health. However, uptake and attendance are low. This exploratory qualitative study aims to understand uptake and attendance from the perspectives of exercise referral instructors using semi-structured interviews. Six exercise referral instructors from one exercise referral scheme across four exercise referral sites were interviewed. Four themes emerged: (i) the role that instructors perceive they have and approaches instructors take to motivate participants to take-up, attend exercise referral and adhere to their exercise prescription; (ii) instructors’ use of different techniques, which could help elicit behaviour change; (iii) instructors’ perceptions of participants’ views of exercise referral schemes; and (iv) barriers towards providing an exercise referral scheme. Exercise referral instructors play an important, multifaceted role in the uptake, attendance and adherence to exercise referral. On-going education and peer support for instructors may be useful. Instructors’ perspectives help us to further understand how health and leisure services can design successful exercise referral schemes. Full article

Teledermatology has developed rapidly in recent years and is nowadays an essential tool for early diagnosis. In this work, we aim to improve existing Teledermatology processes for skin lesion diagnosis by developing a deep learning approach for risk prioritization with a dataset of retrospective data from referral requests of the Portuguese National Health System. Given the high complexity of this task, we propose a new prioritization pipeline guided and inspired by domain knowledge. We explored automatic lesion segmentation and tested different learning schemes, namely hierarchical classification and curriculum learning approaches, optionally including additional patient metadata. The final priority level prediction can then be obtained by combining predicted diagnosis and a baseline priority level accounting for explicit expert knowledge. In both the differential diagnosis and prioritization branches, lesion segmentation with 30% tolerance for contextual information was shown to improve classification when compared with a flat baseline model trained on original images; furthermore, the addition of patient information was not beneficial for most experiments. Curriculum learning delivered better results than a flat or hierarchical approach. The combination of diagnosis information and a knowledge map, created in collaboration with dermatologists, together with the priority achieved interesting results (best macro F1 of 43.93% for a validated test set), paving the way for new data-centric and knowledge-driven approaches. Full article

This paper is an analysis of a six-week Restorative Reasoning Programme that took place with 13 women in a UK women’s prison. It is an exploratory evaluation based on an adapted version of the QUALIPREV scheme. This two-stage evaluation examines both the processes of the programme, in terms of how well it ran, as well as the outcomes of the programme, in terms of how effective it was in supporting the women to address problem behaviours. Data comprise interviews with the two programme designers and facilitators and with two Prison staff responsible for activities and training; the programme materials used during the scheme; session evaluation forms; and post-programme self-completion reflections from the women engaged in the programme. Overall, the scheme had a range of positive impacts for the women: many expressed a change in attitude, including being more open for discourse and discussion around the harm they may have caused, being more willing to consider the repair needed in their personal relationships, and in some cases seeking subsequent referrals for further restorative work. Full article

Evidence-based strategies are needed to curb the growing cases of physical inactivity related morbidities. Delivering holistic care through collaborative shared decision making could boost the effectiveness of physical activity referral schemes (PARS) and foster the quality of care for patients with multimorbidity. A qualitative study involving semi-structured telephone interviews was utilised to gain insights from Australian PARS stakeholders (general practitioners, exercise physiologists, and patients). A pluralistic evaluation approach was employed to explore and integrate participants’ opinions and experiences of PARS and their recommendations were used to develop a model for quality care delivery in PARS initiatives. Five overarching themes: promote, relate, incentivise, communicate, and educate were identified as the ‘PRICE’ for developing effective and functional PARS programmes that foster quality patient care. It was evident that PARS programmes or policies aimed at optimising publicity, encouraging incentives, improving interdisciplinary information sharing and professional relationships between patients and healthcare professionals can transform healthcare delivery and provide top quality PARS care services to patients. Therefore, governments, healthcare systems, and PARS administrators can translate and leverage the insights from this study to optimise the delivery of high quality care to PARS patients. Full article

The diagnosis and management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) can be difficult and multiple medical subspecialities are often involved. Several national and international guidelines regarding the investigations and management of IIH have been published in recent years but still there is no consensus about the optimal organization of IIH-care. The objective of this review was to propose and describe a referral pathway and an organization scheme for diagnosis and management of IIH. An extensive search of existing literature was conducted and summarized. In total, 237 IIH-articles were identified and hereof 43 included. The clinical practice in our specialized IIH-clinic is characterized and described. We conclude that an educational campaign involving medical care providers and patients with chronic headaches is necessary. A detailed organizational proposal for a referral pathway and management of IIH patients based on the literature search and our clinical experience from a highly specialized IIH outpatient clinic is suggested and discussed. Full article