Mortality and Comorbidities in Extremely Low Birth Weight Thai Infants: A Nationwide Data Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ELBW | extremely low birth weight; |
RDS | respiratory distress syndrome; |
BPD | bronchopulmonary dysplasia; |
PPHN | persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn; |
IVH | intraventricular hemorrhage; |
NEC | necrotizing enterocolitis; |
PDA | patent ductus arteriosus; |
ROP | retinopathy of prematurity; |
CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation; |
ICD | intercostal drainage; |
PRC | packed red cell. |
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Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total live births | 736,352 | 704,058 | 702,755 | 666,109 | 618,193 | 587,368 | 4,014,835 |
ELBW | 1211 | 1204 | 1268 | 1206 | 1175 | 978 | 7042 |
Per 1000 live births | 1.64 | 1.71 | 1.80 | 1.81 | 1.90 | 1.67 | 1.75 |
Male | 586 (48.4%) | 597 (49.6%) | 639 (50.4%) | 605 (50.2%) | 622 (52.9%) | 492 (50.3%) | 3541 (50.3%) |
Female | 625 (51.6%) | 607 (50.4%) | 629 (49.6%) | 601 (49.8%) | 553 (47.1%) | 486 (49.7%) | 3501 (49.7%) |
Hospital level | |||||||
Primary | 42 | 31 | 29 | 31 | 25 | 27 | 185 (2.6%) |
Secondary | 332 | 334 | 383 | 479 | 331 | 285 | 2044 (29.0%) |
Tertiary | 798 | 798 | 799 | 760 | 792 | 640 | 4587 (65.1%) |
Private | 39 | 41 | 57 | 36 | 27 | 26 | 226 (3.2%) |
Comorbidities | N | % |
---|---|---|
P220 respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | 4982 | 70.7 |
P590-9 neonatal jaundice | 4694 | 66.7 |
P360-9 sepsis | 4253 | 60.4 |
Q250 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | 2630 | 37.3 |
P271 bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) | 2285 | 32.4 |
P612 anemia of prematurity | 2164 | 30.7 |
P230-9 congenital pneumonia | 1845 | 26.2 |
P520-9 intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), all grades | 1492 | 21.2 |
P210 severe asphyxia | 1438 | 20.4 |
P704 hypoglycemia | 1410 | 20.0 |
P77 necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) | 1353 | 19.2 |
H351 ROP P708, R73 hyperglycemia P250-8 pulmonary interstitial emphysema and air leak | 1179 488 695 | 16.7 6.9 9.9 |
P260-9 pulmonary hemorrhage | 665 | 9.4 |
P293 persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) P742, E870, E871disturbance of sodium balance of newborn | 358 1647 | 5.1 23.4 |
Procedures | ||
Respiratory support | ||
9390 non- invasive respiratory support | 1236 | 17.6 |
9671 mechanical ventilation <96 h | 1467 | 20.8 |
9672 mechanical ventilation >96 h | 4339 | 61.6 |
3891-3 arterial and/or venous catheterization | 5440 | 77.2 |
9904 blood transfusion | 4934 | 70.0 |
9915 parenteral nutrition | 3686 | 52.3 |
9960 cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 832 | 11.8 |
3404 intercostal drainage Gastrointestinal tract surgery 4502-3, 451-6 intestinal resection 460-6 related to stoma creation 459, 4673-9, 4693-4 intestinal anastomosis 450, 5411 exploratory laparotomy 5491 percutaneous abdominal drainage 3885 PDA ligation | 468 179 84 98 47 5 63 333 | 6.6 2.5 1.2 1.4 0.7 0.1 0.9 4.7 |
Variables | Alive N (%) | Death N (%) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 4445 (63.1) | 2597 (36.9) | |||
Sex | <0.001 | ||||
-Female (Ref.) | 2364 (67.5) | 1137 (32.5) | 1 | 1 | |
-Male | 2081 (58.8) | 1460 (41.2) | 1.36 (1.26, 1.47) | 1.28 (1.19, 1.39) | |
Comorbidities | |||||
P210 severe asphyxia | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 3737 (66.7) | 1867 (33.3) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 708 (49.2) | 730 (50.8) | 1.66 (1.52, 1.81) | 1.34 (1.22, 1.46) | |
P220 RDS | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 1494 (72.5) | 566 (27.5) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 2951 (59.2) | 2031 (40.8) | 1.36 (1.24, 1.49) | 1.45 (1.31, 1.59) | |
P230-9 congenital pneumonia | 0.089 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 3182 (61.2) | 2015 (38.8) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 1263 (68.5) | 582 (31.5) | 0.63 (0.57, 0.69) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | |
P250-8 air leak | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 4208 (66.3) | 2139 (33.7) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 237 (34.1) | 458 (65.9) | 2.04 (1.84, 2.26) | 1.48 (1.29, 1.70) | |
P260-9 pulmonary hemorrhage | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 4193 (65.8) | 2184 (34.3) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 252 (37.9) | 413 (62.1) | 2.04 (1.84, 2.27) | 1.95 (1.75, 2.18) | |
P271 BPD | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 2373 (49.9) | 2384 (50.1) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 2072 (90.7) | 213 (9.3) | 0.10 (0.08, 0.11) | 0.13 (0.11, 0.15) | |
P293 PPHN | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 4324 (64.7) | 2360 (35.3) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 121 (33.8) | 237 (66.2) | 1.88 (1.64, 2.15) | 1.80 (1.57, 2.07) | |
P360-9 sepsis | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 1710 (61.3) | 1079 (38.7) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 2735 (64.3) | 1518 (35.7) | 0.71 (0.66, 0.77) | 0.82 (0.75, 0.89) | |
P77 NEC | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 3454 (60.7) | 2235 (39.3) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 991 (73.2) | 362 (26.8) | 0.51 (0.46, 0.57) | 0.73 (0.65, 0.81) | |
Q250 PDA | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 2561 (58.1) | 1851 (42.0) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 1884 (71.6) | 746 (28.4) | 0.49 (0.45, 0.53) | 0.72 (0.65, 0.78) | |
P708, R73 hyperglycemia | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 4207 (64.2) | 2347 (35.8) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 238 (48.8) | 250 (51.2) | 1.53 (1.35, 1.75) | 1.42 (1.24, 1.62) | |
P742, E870, E871 disturbance of sodium balance | 0.079 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 3325 (61.6) | 2070 (38.4) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 1120 (68.0) | 527 (32.0) | 0.66 (0.60, 0.72) | 0.91 (0.83, 1.01) | |
Procedures | |||||
9390 non-invasive respiratory support (Ref.) | 989 (80.0) | 247 (20.0) | 1 | 1 | <0.001 |
9671 mechanical ventilation < 96 h | 475 (32.4) | 992 (67.6) | 5.04 (4.39, 5.80) | 3.71 (3.20, 4.30) | |
9672 mechanical ventilation > 96 h | 2981 (68.7) | 1358 (31.3) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 1.35 (1.16, 1.57) | |
9960 CPR | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 4257 (68.6) | 1953 (31.5) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 188 (22.6) | 644 (77.4) | 3.39 (3.10, 3.70) | 2.18 (1.98, 2.40) | |
3404 ICD | 0.008 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 4289 (65.2) | 2285 (34.8) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 156 (33.3) | 312 (66.7) | 2.01 (1.79, 2.27) | 1.24 (1.06, 1.45) | |
9904 PRC transfusion | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 1153 (54.7) | 955 (45.3) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 3292 (66.7) | 1642 (33.3) | 0.42 (0.39, 0.46) | 0.62 (0.56, 0.67) | |
9915 parenteral nutrition | <0.001 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 1883 (56.1) | 1473 (43.9) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 2562 (69.5) | 1124 (30.5) | 0.49 (0.46, 0.53) | 0.69 (0.64, 0.75) | |
Gastrointestinal tract surgery | 0.008 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 4349 (63.4) | 2514 (36.6) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 96 (53.6) | 83 (46.4) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 1.37 (1.08, 1.72) | |
3885 PDA ligation | 0.002 | ||||
-No (Ref.) | 4171 (62.2) | 2538 (37.8) | 1 | 1 | |
-Yes | 274 (82.3) | 59 (17.7) | 0.31 (0.24, 0.40) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.84) |
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Kiatchoosakun, P.; Jirapradittha, J.; Paopongsawan, P.; Techasatian, L.; Lumbiganon, P.; Thepsuthammarat, K.; Sutra, S. Mortality and Comorbidities in Extremely Low Birth Weight Thai Infants: A Nationwide Data Analysis. Children 2022, 9, 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121825
Kiatchoosakun P, Jirapradittha J, Paopongsawan P, Techasatian L, Lumbiganon P, Thepsuthammarat K, Sutra S. Mortality and Comorbidities in Extremely Low Birth Weight Thai Infants: A Nationwide Data Analysis. Children. 2022; 9(12):1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121825
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiatchoosakun, Pakaphan, Junya Jirapradittha, Pongsatorn Paopongsawan, Leelawadee Techasatian, Pagakrong Lumbiganon, Kaewjai Thepsuthammarat, and Sumitr Sutra. 2022. "Mortality and Comorbidities in Extremely Low Birth Weight Thai Infants: A Nationwide Data Analysis" Children 9, no. 12: 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121825
APA StyleKiatchoosakun, P., Jirapradittha, J., Paopongsawan, P., Techasatian, L., Lumbiganon, P., Thepsuthammarat, K., & Sutra, S. (2022). Mortality and Comorbidities in Extremely Low Birth Weight Thai Infants: A Nationwide Data Analysis. Children, 9(12), 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121825