Search Results (77)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive therapeutic method with over a century of medical use, especially in dermatology, ophthalmology, dentistry, and, notably, cancer treatment. With an increasing number of clinical trials, there is growing demand for innovation in PDT. Despite being a promising treatment for cancer and bacterial infections, PDT faces limitations such as poor water solubility of many photosensitizers (PS), limited light penetration, off-target accumulation, and tumor hypoxia. This review focuses on chlorins—well-established macrocyclic PSs known for their strong activity and clinical relevance. We discuss how nanotechnology addresses PDT’s limitations and enhances therapeutic outcomes. Nanocarriers like lipid-based (liposomes, micelles), polymer-based (cellulose, chitosan, silk fibroin, polyethyleneimine, PLGA), and carbon-based ones (graphene oxide, quantum dots, MOFs), and nanospheres are promising platforms that improve chlorin performance and reduce side effects. This review also explores their use in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) against multidrug-resistant bacteria and in oncology. Recent in vivo studies demonstrate encouraging results in preclinical models using nanocarrier-enhanced chlorins, though clinical application remains limited. Full article

Serious oral infections are frequently caused by Candida species, which have lately demonstrated resistance to antifungal medications. As a result, new therapeutic strategies, like photodynamic therapy (PDT), are desperately needed. Lactoferrin (LF), a salivary enzyme, is a natural protein that binds iron and has antifungal properties. Given its chemical structure and light absorption at 310–350 nm, LF appears to be a good photosensitizer in a PDT process for treating oral candidiasis. The purpose of this work was to assess the effectiveness of lactoferrin (LF) as a photosensitizer (PS) in photodynamic treatment (PDT) against oral multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Candida spp. using an in vitro investigation. For this in vitro investigation, oral MDR isolates of Candida albicans, Candida kruseii, and Candida glabrata were employed. Using a Kirby–Bauer test (Eucast protocol), a solution of 20 mg of bovine lactoferrin dissolved in 1 mL of Sabouraud’s broth was tested in four different experimental combinations: (i) the solution as it is; (ii) the solution activated with 3% H₂O₂; (iii) the solution activated by light at 310–350 nm; and (iv) the solution activated with both 3% H₂O₂ and light at 310–350 nm. A control group and one with only H₂O₂ were also tested. After that, the Petri plates were incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. With inhibitory halos ranging from 30 to 40 mm for all Candida spp. MDR analyzed, group (iv) displayed the greatest results. H₂O₂ + lactoferrin-based solutions are thought to be potential PS in PDT for MDR Candida spp. eradication. Full article

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are essential for the growth of malignancies because they encourage resistance to cancer therapy and make metastasis and relapse easier. To effectively tackle the obstacles presented by CSCs, novel therapeutic approaches are required. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment option for cancer cells, which uses light-sensitive medications that are activated by light wavelengths. This review investigates the use of PDT to overcome malignancies driven by CSCs that have innate resistance mechanisms. PDT works by causing tumor cells to accumulate photosensitizers (PSs) selectively. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), which kill cells, are released by these PSs when they are stimulated by light. According to recent developments in PDT, its efficacy may go beyond traditional tumor cells, providing a viable remedy for the resistance shown by CSCs. Researchers want to improve the targeted elimination and selective targeting of CSCs by combining PDT with new PSs and customized delivery systems. Studies emphasize how PDT affects CSCs as well as bulk tumor cells. According to studies, PDT not only limits CSC growth but also modifies their microenvironment, which lowers the possibility of recovery. Additionally, studies are being conducted on the utilization of PDT and immunotherapeutic techniques to improve treatment efficacy and overcome inherent resistance of CSCs. In conclusion, PDT is a viable strategy for treating carcinogenesis driven by CSCs. By applying the most recent advancements in PDT technologies and recognizing how it interacts with CSCs, this treatment has the potential to surpass traditional resistance mechanisms and improve the future of cancer patients. Clinical and preclinical studies highlight that combining PDT with CSC-targeted approaches has the potential to overcome current therapy limitations. Future efforts should focus on clinical validation, optimizing light delivery and PS use, and developing effective combination strategies to target CSCs. Full article

Malignant skin conditions are classified as the most common forms of cancer, with an evolution of one million new cases reported every year. Research efforts in the medical field are focused on developing innovative strategies for the dissemination of measures for preventing cancer and providing new antitumor compounds. The present research examines the development and evaluation of 1% Carbopol-based hydrogels incorporating two porphyrin derivatives—5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-acetoxy-3-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin (P2.1) and 5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris-(4-acetoxy-3-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin (P2.2)—to create formulations suitable for topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. The physicochemical properties of the obtained hydrogels were carefully evaluated, revealing the successful integration of the porphyrins into the 1% Carbopol hydrogel matrix. Rheological analysis demonstrated pseudoplastic behavior, with an increase in viscosity properties for P2.1 and P2.2, suggesting interactions with the Carbopol polymer structure. UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed the maintenance of the porphyrins’ photodynamic properties, essential for therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacotechnical studies highlighted the hydrogels’ suitability for topical applications. The formulations maintained an optimal pH range, ensuring skin compatibility and minimizing the potential for skin irritation. Their mechanical properties, including elasticity and rigidity, provided stability during handling and application. The high swelling capacity indicated effective moisture retention, enhancing skin hydration and drug release potential. Furthermore, the hydrogels demonstrated excellent spreadability, enabling uniform application and coverage, crucial for efficient light activation of the photosensitizers. The combination of robust physicochemical and pharmacotechnical properties highlights the potential of these porphyrin-loaded 1% Carbopol hydrogels as promising carriers for topical PDT. These results permit further biological and therapeutic investigations to optimize the formulation for clinical use, advancing the development of effective localized photodynamic therapies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Liposomal drug formulations improve anticancer treatment efficacy and reduce toxicity by altering pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Indocyanine Green (ICG), an FDA-approved near-infrared imaging agent, exhibits photosensitivity, photothermal effects, and potential ferroptosis induction, enhancing anticancer activity. Doxorubicin (DOX), widely used for treating breast, ovarian, and liver cancers, is limited by cardiotoxicity, requiring dosage control. Incorporating ICG and DOX into liposomes enables medical imaging, controlled drug release, reduced administration frequency, and fewer side effects. This study aims to develop liposomes encapsulating both ICG and DOX and evaluate their theranostic potential in in vitro and in vivo lung adenocarcinoma models. Methods: Liposomes containing ICG and DOX (Lipo-ICG/DOX) were synthesized using an active loading method and characterized for size (~140 nm), lipid, and drug concentrations. In vitro studies using A549 lung cancer cells assessed liposome uptake via fluorescence microscopy, while in vivo xenograft models evaluated therapeutic efficacy. Results: Lipo-ICG/DOX showed uptake in A549 cells, with ICG localizing in lysosomes and DOX in nuclei. Treatment reduced cell viability significantly by day three. In vivo imaging demonstrated the retention of liposomes in tumor sites, with ICG signals observed in the liver and intestines, indicating metabolic routes. When combined with 780 nm light exposure, liposomes slowed tumor growth over 12 days. Mechanistic studies revealed combined ferroptosis and apoptosis induction. Conclusions: Lipo-ICG/DOX demonstrates strong theranostic potential, integrating imaging and therapy for lung adenocarcinoma. This multifunctional formulation offers a promising strategy for improving cancer treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects. Full article

Flexible pressure sensors play an extremely important role in the fields of intelligent medical treatment, humanoid robots, and so on. However, the low sensitivity and the small initial capacitance still limit its application and development. At present, the method of constructing the microstructure of the dielectric layer is commonly used to improve the sensitivity of the sensor, but there are some problems, such as the complex process and inaccurate control of the microstructure. In this work, an ion composite photosensitive resin based on polyurethane acrylate and ionic liquids (ILs) was prepared. The high compatibility of the photosensitive resin and ILs was achieved by adding a chitooligosaccharide (COS) chain extender. The microstructure of the dielectric layer was optimized by digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing. Due to the introduction of ILs to construct an electric double layer (EDL), the flexible pressure sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 32.62 kPa⁻¹, which is 12.2 times higher than that without ILs. It also has a wide range of 100 kPa and a fast response time of 51 ms. It has a good pressure response under different pressures and can realize the demonstration application of human health. Full article

This study examined spectroscopic, thermal, and other qualities, such as the lasing parameters, of Sm³⁺-doped glass with the composition 40P₂O₅–30ZnO–20LiCl–10BaF₂. The ellipsometric data were used in a Sellmeier dispersion relation to estimate the refractive index values of the glasses investigated. The measured absorption spectra of the doped glass reveal the presence of various absorption bands assigned to transitions from the ⁶H_5/2 ground state attributed to Sm³⁺-ion-excited states. We studied the decay of the ⁴G_5/2 level of the Sm³⁺ ions in the doped glass by analyzing its absorption and emission fluorescence spectra. The Judd–Ofelt hypothesis allowed us to determine that the quantum efficiency of the ⁴G_5/2–⁶H_7/2 transition is high: 96% and 97% for glass doped with 4.05 $\times$ 10¹⁹ ions/cm⁻³ and 11 $\times$ 10¹⁹ ions/cm⁻³, respectively. Furthermore, this glass exhibits efficient red/orange enhanced spontaneous emission that matches the excitation band of the photosensitizer material used in medical applications. Full article

Background: Anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (CGRP mAbs) are clinically effective in preventing the migraine attacks, photophobia, and migraine auras associated with headaches. However, no study has yet investigated the effectiveness of CGRP mAbs in preventing migraine aura without headache. Case report: A female patient of 49 years old presented with a long history (since age 10) of photosensitivity and typical migraine auras without a headache. The symptoms slightly responded to oral medication, lomerizine chloride, but did not completely resolve. Just one day after the administration of galcanezumab, her photo-hypersensitivity and migraine aura had completely resolved. Consequently, the administration of the oral migraine preventive medication was discontinued. Monthly galcanezumab at a dose of 120 mg was continuously given and she did not re-experience any auras or headaches. Conclusions: The use of CGRP mAbs can be considered as a potential treatment in preventing migraine aura without headache. Currently, CGRP mAb is indicated only for migraines with and without auras. Given our findings and the promising effects of this medication for this migraine subtype, a large clinical trial is required to better assess the effects and potential adverse events of CGRP mAb in patients with migraine aura without headache. Full article

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) present significant health risks in medical settings, necessitating innovative solutions to prevent bacterial colonization on catheter surfaces. This study introduces a novel polymeric coating with dual antifouling and light-activated bactericidal properties to enhance the bactericidal efficacy of urinary catheters. The coatings were synthesized using a one-step process involving pyrogallol chemistry to deposit a copolymer composed of zwitterionic sulfobetaine for antifouling and sodium copper chlorophyllin, a photosensitizer that generates reactive oxygen species under light exposure to effectively kill bacteria. We evaluated the antifouling properties, cytocompatibility, and bactericidal performance of the coatings under various light conditions. The results showed significant reductions in bacterial adhesion, with light activation further endowing the catheter with bactericidal effects. Additionally, light could be delivered through an optical fiber within the catheter lumen to target and kill bacteria. The innovative coating using light-activated bactericidal action offers a promising approach to preventing CAUTIs, representing a potential breakthrough in developing safer and more effective urinary catheters. Full article

Cancer treatment continues to be a substantial problem due to tumor complexities and persistence, demanding novel therapeutic techniques. This review investigates the synergistic potential of combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) and tailored medication delivery technologies to increase mitochondrial toxicity and improve cancer outcomes. PDT induces selective cellular damage and death by activating photosensitizers (PS) with certain wavelengths of light. However, PDT’s efficacy can be hampered by issues such as poor light penetration and a lack of selectivity. To overcome these challenges, targeted drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising technique for precisely delivering therapeutic medicines to tumor cells while avoiding off-target effects. We investigate how these technologies can improve mitochondrial targeting and damage, which is critical for causing cancer cell death. The combination method seeks to capitalize on the advantages of both modalities: selective PDT activation and specific targeted drug delivery. We review current preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of this combination therapy, focusing on case studies and experimental models. This review also addresses issues such as safety, distribution efficiency, resistance mechanisms, and costs. The prospects of further research include advances in photodynamic agents and medication delivery technology, with a focus on personalized treatment. In conclusion, combining PDT with targeted drug delivery systems provides a promising frontier in cancer therapy, with the ability to overcome current treatment limits and open the way for more effective, personalized cancer treatments. Full article

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment that utilizes photosensitizing agents, along with light, to produce reactive oxygen species that can kill nearby cells. When the photosensitizer is exposed to a specific wavelength of light, it becomes activated and generates reactive oxygen that can destroy cancer cells, bacteria, and other pathogenic micro-organisms. PDT is commonly used in dermatology for treating actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and other skin conditions. It is also being explored for applications in oncology, such as treating esophageal and lung cancers, as well as in ophthalmology for age-related macular degeneration. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of PDT, covering its fundamental principles and mechanisms, as well as the critical components for its function. We examine key aspects of PDT, including its current clinical applications and potential future developments. Additionally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of PDT, addressing the various challenges associated with its implementation and optimization. This review aims to offer a thorough understanding of PDT, highlighting its transformative potential in medical treatments while acknowledging the areas requiring further research and development. Full article

The use of cyclodextrins in textiles for the development of biofunctional fabrics represents an interesting alternative for the advancement of dental, medical, and hospital materials. Cyclodextrins can interact with the chemical groups present in cotton fibers, leading to the formation of a nanostructured surface with specific functional properties, including antibacterial activity. Although there are numerous antibacterial textile finishes, the use of methylene blue as a cyclodextrin host molecule for photodynamic applications in textile materials remains to be investigated. This is because methylene blue is a photosensitive dye capable of generating singlet oxygen (¹O₂) when illuminated, which inactivates the pathogenic microorganisms that may be present in wounds. The objective of this study was to develop a biofunctionalized and photoactivatable cotton fabric with antimicrobial properties for use in the cosmetic or medical industries. The materials obtained were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), the determination of cotton fabric functionalization dyeing variables, colorimetry, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, degradation of 9,10-anthracenediyl-bis(methylene)dimalonic acid (ABDA), photodegradation tests, and microbiological analysis. The results showed that the textile was functionalized with β-cyclodextrin, mainly evidenced by the appearance of the band at 1730 cm⁻¹, indicating the formation of the ester group. Thus, when exposed to light, the non-functionalized material showed greater photobleaching, about 60%, compared to the material treated with cyclodextrin. This result was also reflected in the ABDA degradation kinetics, with the treated material showing 592.00% (first phase) and 966.20% (second phase) higher degradation than the untreated sample. Finally, the photodynamic activity was determined based on the antimicrobial properties of the textile, showing a reduction of more than 99% without exposure to light and 100% when exposed to light. It is believed that this study could open avenues for future research and the development of antimicrobial fabrics, as well as demonstrate the efficiency of the treatment with cyclodextrin in relation to photobleaching. Full article

Endometrial cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system. It develops in the mucous membrane lining the inside of the uterine body—the endometrium, through the abnormal and continuous growth of cancer cells originating from the uterine mucosa. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of cases in European countries. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative and dynamically developing medical procedure, useful in the treatment of cancer and non-cancer tissue conditions. The PDT reaction involves the activation of a photosensitizing substance with visible light, which in turn leads to the formation of free oxygen radicals, which contribute to the destruction of the cell. PDT is minimally invasive, has few side effects, and preserves organ anatomy and function. Both diagnostics and photodynamic therapy as modern methods of treatment are becoming more and more popular in many research units around the world. They are most often practiced and tested in in vitro experimental conditions. In clinical practice, the use of PDT is rare. Comprehensive cooperation between scientists contributes to taking steps towards obtaining new, synthetic photosensitizers, directing their physicochemical properties, and showing the impact on a given organism. This review examines the evidence for the potential and usefulness of PDT in the treatment of endometrial cancer. This review highlights that PDT is gaining popularity and is becoming a promising field of medical research. Full article

The integration of two-dimensional Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets and other materials offers broader application options in the antibacterial field. Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites demonstrate synergistic physical, chemical, and photodynamic antibacterial activity. In this review, we aim to explore the potential of Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites in the fabrication of an antibiotic-free antibacterial agent with a focus on their systematic classification, manufacturing technology, and application potential. We investigate various components of Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites, such as metals, metal oxides, metal sulfides, organic frameworks, photosensitizers, etc. We also summarize the fabrication techniques used for preparing Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites, including solution mixing, chemical synthesis, layer-by-layer self-assembly, electrostatic assembly, and three-dimensional (3D) printing. The most recent developments in antibacterial application are also thoroughly discussed, with special attention to the medical, water treatment, food preservation, flexible textile, and industrial sectors. Ultimately, the future directions and opportunities are delineated, underscoring the focus of further research, such as elucidating microscopic mechanisms, achieving a balance between biocompatibility and antibacterial efficiency, and investigating effective, eco-friendly synthesis techniques combined with intelligent technology. A survey of the literature provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art developments in Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites and their potential applications in various fields. This comprehensive review covers the variety, preparation methods, and applications of Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites, drawing upon a total of 171 English-language references. Notably, 155 of these references are from the past five years, indicating significant recent progress and interest in this research area. Full article

Achieving precise control over the motion position and attitude direction of magnetic microrobots remains a challenging task in the realm of microrobotics. To address this challenge, our research team has successfully implemented synchronized control of a microrobot’s motion position and attitude direction through the integration of electromagnetic coils and permanent magnets. The whole drive system consists of two components. Firstly, a stepper motor propels the delta structure, altering the position of the end-mounted permanent magnet to induce microrobot movement. Secondly, a programmable DC power supply regulates the current strength in the electromagnetic coil, thereby manipulating the magnetic field direction at the end and influencing the permanent magnet’s attitude, guiding the microrobot in attitude adjustments. The microrobot used for performance testing in this study was fabricated by blending E-dent400 photosensitive resin and NdFeB particles, employing a Single-Layer 4D Printing System Using Focused Light. To address the microrobot drive system’s capabilities, experiments were conducted in a two-dimensional and three-dimensional track, simulating the morphology of human liver veins. The microrobot exhibited an average speed of 1.3 mm/s (movement error ± 0.5 mm). Experimental results validated the drive system’s ability to achieve more precise control over the microrobot’s movement position and attitude rotation. The outcomes of this study offer valuable insights for future electromagnetic drive designs and the application of microrobots in the medical field. Full article