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16 pages, 3144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photoconductive Dynamics of Photorefractive Poly((4-Diphenylamino)benzyl Acrylate)-Based Composites Sensitized by Perylene Bisimide

by Naoto Tsutsumi, Takafumi Sassa, Tam Van Nguyen, Ha Ngoc Giang, Sho Tsujimura, Boaz Jessie Jackin, Kenji Kinashi and Wataru Sakai

Polymers 2025, 17(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010096 - 1 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1049

Abstract

The transient dynamics of photocurrents for poly((4-diphenylamino)benzyl acrylate) (PDAA)-based photorefractive (PR) polymers sensitized with perylene bisimide derivative N,N′-diisopropylphenyl-1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl bisimide (PBI) at various composition ratios were studied. The PR polymer included (4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)methanol (TPAOH) photoconductive plasticizer and (4-(azepan-1-yl)-benzylidene) malononitrile nonlinear optical dye as well, which are needed for inducing PR effects. All the photocurrents measured at 640 nm were well simulated by a two-trapping site model considering photocarrier generation and recombination processes of the charge transfer (CT) complex between PBI and PDAA. The process of photocurrent simulation allowed for analyses of the dependences of hole mobility, quantum efficiency (QE) of photocarrier generation, trapping parameters, and recombination coefficient on the PDAA/TPAOH content. Finally, the PDAA content dependences of the trapping and recombination properties were compared with those of the PR parameters of the optical diffraction efficiency, optical gain, and response time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamental Aspects and Applications of Photoactive and Electro-Optic Polymers)

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13 pages, 3085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photoelectron Yield Spectroscopy and Transient Photocurrent Analysis for Triphenylamine-Based Photorefractive Polymer Composites

by Naoto Tsutsumi, Yusuke Mizuno, Boaz Jessie Jackin, Kenji Kinashi, Takafumi Sassa, Ha Ngoc Giang and Wataru Sakai

Photonics 2022, 9(12), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120996 - 17 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2343

Abstract

The photocurrent for poly(4-(dimethylamino)benzyl acrylate) (PDAA) photorefractive composites with (4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)methanol (TPAOH) photoconductive plasticizers was measured to be two orders of magnitude higher than that obtained with (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)diphenylamine (TAA) photoconductive plasticizers. In this study, to determine the reason for the large difference in the photocurrent measured for PDAA photorefractive composites containing two different photoconductive plasticizers of TPAOH and TAA, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level identical to the ionization potential (I_p) and the width of the density of states (DOS) were evaluated using photoelectron yield spectroscopy, and the transient photocurrent was analyzed using a two-trap model. The estimated hole mobility was also rationalized using a Bässler formalism together with the energetic disorder of the width of the DOS and the positional disorder of the scattering situation for carrier hopping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photorefractive Photonics and Beyond)

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18 pages, 13502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Review of Organic Photorefractive Materials and Their Use for Updateable 3D Display

by Pierre-Alexandre Blanche, Jae-Won Ka and Nasser Peyghambarian

Materials 2021, 14(19), 5799; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195799 - 4 Oct 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5817

Abstract

Photorefractive materials are capable of reversibly changing their index of refraction upon illumination. That property allows them to dynamically record holograms, which is a key function for developing an updateable holographic 3D display. The transition from inorganic photorefractive crystals to organic polymers meant that large display screens could be made. However, one essential figure of merit that needed to be worked out first was the sensitivity of the material that enables to record bright images in a short amount of time. In this review article, we describe how polymer engineering was able to overcome the problem of the material sensitivity. We highlight the importance of understanding the energy levels of the different species in order to optimize the efficiency and recording speed. We then discuss different photorefractive compounds and the reason for their particular figures of merit. Finally, we consider the technical choices taken to obtain an updateable 3D display using photorefractive polymer. By leveraging the unique properties of this holographic recording material, full color holograms were demonstrated, as well as refreshing rate of 100 hogels/second. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoactive Materials: Synthesis, Applications and Technology (Second Volume))

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15 pages, 938 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of Polarization-Sensitive Materials for Polarization Holography

by Yueyang Zhai, Li Cao, Ying Liu and Xiaodi Tan

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5562; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235562 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 4584

Abstract

Polarization holography has the unique capacity to record and retrieve the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light simultaneously in a polarization-sensitive recording material and has attracted widespread attention. Polarization holography is a noteworthy technology with potential applications in the fields of high-capacity data storage, polarization-controlled optical elements, and other related fields. The choice of its high-performance materials is particularly important. To further develop polarization holography applications and improve the quality of the information recorded (i.e., material sensitivity and resolution), a deeper understanding of such materials is needed. We present an overview of the polarization-sensitive materials, which introduced polarization holographic technology and the development of polarization holographic materials. The three main types of polarization holographic materials are described, including azopolymer materials, photopolymer material, and photorefractive polymer material. We examine the key contributions of each work and present many of the suggestions that have been made to improve the different polarization-sensitive photopolymer materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Materials and Devices)

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10 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quickly Updatable Hologram Images Using Poly(N-vinyl Carbazole) (PVCz) Photorefractive Polymer Composite

by Naoto Tsutsumi, Kenji Kinashi, Asato Nonomura and Wataru Sakai

Materials 2012, 5(8), 1477-1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5081477 - 22 Aug 2012

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7993

Abstract

Quickly updatable hologram images using photorefractive (PR) polymer composite based on poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVCz) is presented. PVCz is one of the pioneer materials of photoconductive polymers. PR polymer composite consists of 44 wt % of PVCz, 35 wt % of 4-azacycloheptylbenzylidene-malonitrile (7-DCST) as a nonlinear optical dye, 20 wt % of carbazolylethylpropionate (CzEPA) as a photoconductive plasticizer and 1 wt % of 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone (TNF) as a sensitizer. PR composite gives high diffraction efficiency of 68% at E = 45 V μm⁻¹. Response speed of optical diffraction is the key parameter for real-time 3D holographic display. The key parameter for obtaining quickly updatable holographic images is to control the glass transition temperature lower enough to enhance chromophore orientation. Object image of the reflected coin surface recorded with reference beam at 532 nm (green beam) in the PR polymer composite is simultaneously reconstructed using a red probe beam at 642 nm. Instead of using a coin object, an object image produced by a computer was displayed on a spatial light modulator (SLM) and used for the hologram. The reflected object beam from an SLM was interfered with a reference beam on PR polymer composite to record a hologram and simultaneously reconstructed by a red probe beam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Modern Holographic Applications)

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18 pages, 464 KiB

Open AccessReview

Membrane and Films Based on Novel Crown-Containing Dyes as Promising Chemosensoring Materials

by Sergei Yu. Zaitsev, Daria O. Solovieva and Ilia S. Zaitsev

Materials 2010, 3(12), 5293-5310; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3125293 - 17 Dec 2010

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8140

Abstract

This paper discusses several works on supramolecular systems such as monolayer and multilayer, polymer films of various crown-containing dyes, surface-active monomers and polymers. Design, production and investigation of the membrane nanostructures based on crown ethers is a rapidly developing field at the “junction” of materials sciences and nanotechnology. These nanostructures can serve as convenient models for studying the self-organization and molecular recognition processes at interfaces that are typical for biomembranes. Based on the results obtained for such structures by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic force and Brewster-angle microscopy, surface pressure and surface potential isotherm measurements, the possibility of developing micro- and nanomaterials possessing a set of specified properties (including chemosensor, photochromic and photorefractive materials) is demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dyes and Pigments)

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