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15 pages, 1131 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Sowing Date on Soybean Growth and Yield Under Changing Climate in the Southern Coastal Region of Korea
by SeEun Chae, Pyeong Shin, JongTag Youn, JwaKyung Sung and SeungHo Jeon
Agriculture 2025, 15(11), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15111174 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 455
Abstract
Sowing date significantly affects plant growth, development, and yield, holding a crucial role in soybean cultivation. This study was conducted in the southern coastal region of Korea under recent climate change conditions to investigate the effects of five different sowing dates on climatic [...] Read more.
Sowing date significantly affects plant growth, development, and yield, holding a crucial role in soybean cultivation. This study was conducted in the southern coastal region of Korea under recent climate change conditions to investigate the effects of five different sowing dates on climatic characteristics, growth, and yield. Compared to historical data, the southern coastal region has experienced a consistent increase in average temperature during the soybean cultivation period, along with frequent abnormal summer climate events such as concentrated heavy rainfall and monsoons. These climate changes prolonged the vegetative growth period in earlier sowings, leading to an increased risk of lodging at maturity due to vigorous vegetative growth. Furthermore, earlier sowing delayed flowering and exposed plants to longer post-flowering photoperiods, consequently reducing the number of pods. Therefore, in the southern coastal region of Korea, it is crucial to re-evaluate conventional sowing practices and establish region-specific optimal dates, with careful consideration given to postponing the soybean sowing date to late June in order to enhance yield stability and improve the feasibility of double-cropping systems by shortening the growing period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)
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17 pages, 4624 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Actual and Reference Evapotranspiration Between Seasonally Frozen and Permafrost Soils on the Tibetan Plateau
by Lianglei Gu, Jimin Yao, Zeyong Hu, Yaoming Ma, Haipeng Yu, Fanglin Sun and Shujin Wang
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071316 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 444
Abstract
A comparison of evapotranspiration between seasonally frozen and permafrost soils has important theoretical value for studying land surface processes and ecological environmental evolution on the Tibetan Plateau. In this work, the actual (ETa) and reference (ET0) evapotranspiration [...] Read more.
A comparison of evapotranspiration between seasonally frozen and permafrost soils has important theoretical value for studying land surface processes and ecological environmental evolution on the Tibetan Plateau. In this work, the actual (ETa) and reference (ET0) evapotranspiration and crop coefficient (Kc) were calculated via eddy covariance data and meteorological gradient data from sites in the Naqu Prefecture and Tanggula Mountains. The variations, differences, and factors influencing the ETa and ET0 were analysed. The results revealed that at the two sites in 2008, the annual total ETa values were 493.53 and 585.17 mm, which accounted for 83.58% and 144.39% of the total annual rainfall, respectively. The ETa at the Naqu site was affected mainly by the Tibetan Plateau monsoon (TPM), whereas the ETa at the Tanggula site was strongly affected by both the TPM and the freezing–thawing processes of the permafrost. The annual total ET0 values at the two sites were 819.95 and 673.15 mm, respectively. The monthly total ET0 at the Naqu site was greater than that at the Tanggula site. The ETa and ET0 values at the two sites were low in winter–spring, high in summer–autumn, and concentrated from May to October. When snow was present, the ETa values at the Naqu site were relatively high, and the ET0 values at both sites were very small and even negative at the Naqu site. The ETa and ET0 values at the two sites were significantly positively correlated with the net radiation (Rn), surface temperature (T0), air temperature (Ta), water vapour pressure (e) and soil water content (smc), and negatively correlated with the wind speed (ws). The correlation between the ETa and the T0 at the Naqu site was the most significant, and the coefficient of partial correlation was 0.812; meanwhile, the correlation between the ETa and the smc at the Tanggula site was the most significant, and the coefficient of partial correlation was 0.791. The Rn at the Naqu and Tanggula sites both had greater impacts on the ET0. Full article
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22 pages, 3240 KiB  
Article
Influence of Sugarcane on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Sloping Laterite Soils During High-Intensity Rainfall
by Changhong Yu, Haiyan Yang, Jiuhao Li and Cong Li
Agronomy 2025, 15(3), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030596 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 646
Abstract
Laterite is the predominant zonal soil in China’s southernmost tropical rainforest and monsoon forest regions, where typhoons are the primary source of precipitation. These storms pose significant risks of land and soil degradation due to heavy rainfall. In recent years, a substantial area [...] Read more.
Laterite is the predominant zonal soil in China’s southernmost tropical rainforest and monsoon forest regions, where typhoons are the primary source of precipitation. These storms pose significant risks of land and soil degradation due to heavy rainfall. In recent years, a substantial area of sloping land has been converted to agricultural use in these regions, predominantly for the cultivation of crops grown in laterite soil. These activities contribute to soil erosion, exacerbate environmental challenges, and hinder the pursuit of sustainable development. There is a paucity of research reports on the processes and mechanisms of runoff and sediment on sugarcane-cropped slopes in regions with laterite soil under heavy rainfall conditions. In this study, four different heavy rainfall scenarios of 75, 100, 125, and 150 mm/h were designed to assess the impact on sugarcane growth at four key stages and to measure the resulting effects on initial runoff time, surface runoff, and sediment yield from laterite soil slopes under controlled laboratory conditions. The results showed that the Horton model explained much of the variation in infiltration rate on the sugarcane-cropped laterite slopes. The cumulative sediment yield on the sugarcane-cropped laterite slopes followed a second-degree polynomial function. The initial runoff time, infiltration intensity, runoff intensity, and sediment yield were all linearly related to the leaf area index (LAI) and rainfall intensity on the sugarcane-cropped slope surface. The leaf area index exerted a greater influence on the initial runoff time and infiltration intensity than rainfall intensity. However, rainfall intensity exerted a greater influence on the runoff intensity and sediment yield than the leaf area index. Compared with the bare sloping land, the average sediment yield was reduced by 12.2, 33.1, 58.2, and 64.9% with the sugarcane growth stages of seedling, tillering, elongation, and maturity, respectively. Full article
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20 pages, 1670 KiB  
Article
Heavy Rainfall Impact on Agriculture: Crop Risk Assessment with Farmer Participation in the Paravanar Coastal River Basin
by Krishnaveni Muthiah, K. G. Arunya, Venkataramana Sridhar and Sandeep Kumar Patakamuri
Water 2025, 17(5), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050658 - 24 Feb 2025
Viewed by 3209
Abstract
Heavy rainfall significantly impacts agriculture by damaging crops and causing substantial economic losses. The Paravanar River Basin, a coastal river basin in India, experiences heavy rainfall during the monsoon season. This study analyzed both ground-level rainfall measurements and farmers’ experiences to understand the [...] Read more.
Heavy rainfall significantly impacts agriculture by damaging crops and causing substantial economic losses. The Paravanar River Basin, a coastal river basin in India, experiences heavy rainfall during the monsoon season. This study analyzed both ground-level rainfall measurements and farmers’ experiences to understand the effects of heavy rainfall on agriculture. Rainfall data from nine rain gauge locations were analyzed across three cropping seasons: Kharif 1 (June to August), Kharif 2 (September to November), and Rabi (December to May). To determine the frequency of heavy rainfall events, a detailed analysis was conducted based on the standards set by the India Meteorological Department (IMD). Villages near stations showing increasing rainfall trends and a higher frequency of heavy rainfall events were classified as vulnerable. The primary crops cultivated in these vulnerable areas were identified through a questionnaire survey with local farmers. A detailed analysis of these crops was conducted to determine the cropping season most affected by heavy rainfall events. The impacts of heavy rainfall on the primary crops were assessed using the Delphi technique, a score-based crop risk assessment method. These impacts were categorized into eight distinct types. Among them, yield reduction, waterlogging, crop damage, soil erosion, and crop failure emerged as the most significant challenges in the study area. Additional impacts included nutrient loss, disrupted microbial activity, and disease outbreaks. Based on this evaluation, risks were classified into five categories: low risk, moderate risk, high risk, very high risk, and extreme risk. This categorization offers a framework for understanding potential consequences and making informed decisions. To address these challenges, the study recommended mitigation measures such as crop management, soil management, and drainage management. Farmers were also encouraged to conduct a cause-and-effect analysis. This bottom-up approach raised awareness among farmers and provided practical solutions to reduce crop losses and mitigate the effects of heavy rainfall. Full article
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33 pages, 9196 KiB  
Article
Integrating Remote Sensing and Community Perceptions for Sustainable Climate Adaptation Strategies in Mountain Ecosystems
by Ankita Pokhrel, Ping Fang and Gaurav Bastola
Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010018 - 24 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1272
Abstract
Mountain ecosystems, such as Nepal’s Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA), are highly vulnerable to climate change, which threatens biodiversity, water resources, and livelihoods. This study examines Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), climate [...] Read more.
Mountain ecosystems, such as Nepal’s Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA), are highly vulnerable to climate change, which threatens biodiversity, water resources, and livelihoods. This study examines Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), climate variability, and community perception and adaptations over a 35-year period (1988–2023) using remote sensing, meteorological data, and community surveys. Vegetation expanded by 19,800 hectares, while barren land declined, reflecting afforestation and land reclamation efforts. NDVI showed improved vegetation health, while NDSI revealed significant snow cover losses, particularly after 1996. Meteorological analysis highlighted intensifying monsoonal rainfall and rising extreme precipitation events at lower elevations. Communities reported increased flooding, unpredictable rainfall, and reduced snowfall, driving adaptive responses such as water conservation, crop diversification, and rainwater harvesting. These findings demonstrate the value of integrating scientific data with local knowledge to inform sustainable adaptation strategies. Contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 and 13, the findings emphasize the importance of adaptive water management, resilient agriculture, and participatory conservation to enhance climate resilience in mountain ecosystems. Full article
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12 pages, 7043 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Migratory Activity of the Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) in the Tropical Area of China
by Xudong Wang, Qing Feng, Xianyong Zhou, Haowen Zhang, Shaoying Wu and Kongming Wu
Insects 2024, 15(12), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15120986 - 12 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1364
Abstract
The beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), a global pest, feeds on and affects a wide range of crops. Its long-distance migration with the East Asian monsoon frequently causes large-scale outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. This pest mainly breeds in tropical regions in [...] Read more.
The beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), a global pest, feeds on and affects a wide range of crops. Its long-distance migration with the East Asian monsoon frequently causes large-scale outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. This pest mainly breeds in tropical regions in the winter season every year; however, few studies have investigated associations with its population movements in this region. From 2017 to 2023, we monitored its population dynamics in a tropical site, located in Hainan Province of China, using a searchlight trap. Dissection of the ovaries of female S. exigua moths captured from the air revealed that most of them were reproductively mature and could be classified as a transit migratory population. Migration occurred most often in summer and least often in winter, with an increasing trend over the years. According to a trajectory model analysis based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, S. exigua migrated from Hainan Island to mainland China in the spring, primarily moved from the areas of Southeast Asia to Hainan and mainland China during the summer, and returned from China to Southeast Asia in the autumn and winter. Overall, our research defines the movement paths of S. exigua in the tropical area of China, establishing a theoretical foundation for its regional monitoring, early warning, and management in China and Southeast Asian countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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24 pages, 44009 KiB  
Article
Study on the Impact of Spatiotemporal Changes in the Ecological Environment on Grain Crops in the Subtropical Monsoon Climate Zone
by Xiaokang Zuo, Rui Zhi, Ruiqian Tang, Hanxi Wang and Shuying Zang
Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10301; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310301 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1054
Abstract
Global warming and land-use type shifting lead to the degradation of natural habitats. The research on the ecological and environmental impact of the subtropical monsoon climate zone on food crop cultivation is not systematic enough. An Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs [...] Read more.
Global warming and land-use type shifting lead to the degradation of natural habitats. The research on the ecological and environmental impact of the subtropical monsoon climate zone on food crop cultivation is not systematic enough. An Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST)–Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS)–Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model was created to provide a comprehensive assessment of the spatiotemporal variations for food crop habitat quality (HQ) in China’s subtropical monsoon climate zone from 2010 to 2030. The HQ degradation trend was obvious during 2010–2030 under the influence of land-use change. The expansion of lower habitat areas was larger than that of medium and higher habitat areas. The shared socio-economic pathways SSP-CP and SSP-EP increased the mean total area of suitable areas compared with the SSP-ND scenario for food crops by 9% and 17.8%, respectively. Land-use shifts increased the suitable range of food crops and mitigated the negative impacts of urban expansion on food growth. This research has theoretical guidance for land-use planning for food crop production in subtropical monsoon climate zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)
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23 pages, 12252 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration in China’s Climatic Regions Using Optimized Machine Learning Models
by Jian Hu, Rong Ma, Shouzheng Jiang, Yuelei Liu and Huayan Mao
Water 2024, 16(23), 3349; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233349 - 21 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 760
Abstract
The accurate estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is essential for crop water consumption modeling and agricultural water resource management. In the present study, three bionic algorithms (aquila optimizer (AO), tuna swarm optimization (TSO), and sparrow search algorithm (SSA)) were combined [...] Read more.
The accurate estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is essential for crop water consumption modeling and agricultural water resource management. In the present study, three bionic algorithms (aquila optimizer (AO), tuna swarm optimization (TSO), and sparrow search algorithm (SSA)) were combined with an extreme learning machine (ELM) model to form three mixed models (AO-ELM, TSO-ELM, and SSA-ELM). The accuracy of the ET0 estimates for five climate regions in China from 1970 to 2019 was evaluated using the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith (P-M) equation. The results showed that the predicted values of the three mixed models and the ELM model fitted the P-M calculated values well. R2 and RMSE were 0.7654–0.9864 and 0.1271–0.7842 mm·d−1, respectively, for which the prediction accuracy of the AO-ELM model was the highest. The performance of the AO-ELM combination5 (maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), total solar radiation (Rs), sunshine duration (n)) was most significantly improved on the basis of the ELM model. The prediction accuracy for the stations in the plateau mountain climate (PMC) region was the best, while the prediction accuracy for the stations in the tropical monsoon climate region (TPMC) was the worst. In addition to the wind speed (U2) in the temperate continental climate region (TCC)—which was the largest variable affecting ET0—n, Ra, and total solar radiation (Rs) in the other climate regions were more important than relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (U2) in predicting ET0. Therefore, AO-ELM4 was selected for the TCC region (with Tmax, Tmin, Rs, and U2 as inputs) and AO-ELM5 (with Tmax, Tmin, Rs, and n as inputs) was selected for the TMC, PMC, SMC, and TPMC regions when determining the best model for each climate region with limited meteorological data. Full article
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19 pages, 2250 KiB  
Review
Climate Change as an Existential Threat to Tropical Fruit Crop Production—A Review
by Chinnu Raju, Sellaperumal Pazhanivelan, Irene Vethamoni Perianadar, Ragunath Kaliaperumal, N. K. Sathyamoorthy and Vaithiyanathan Sendhilvel
Agriculture 2024, 14(11), 2018; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14112018 - 8 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4218
Abstract
Climate change is an emerging threat to global food and nutritional security. The tropical fruits such as mango, bananas, passionfruit, custard apples, and papaya are highly sensitive to weather changes especially; changes of monsoon onset and elevated temperature are influencing crop growth and [...] Read more.
Climate change is an emerging threat to global food and nutritional security. The tropical fruits such as mango, bananas, passionfruit, custard apples, and papaya are highly sensitive to weather changes especially; changes of monsoon onset and elevated temperature are influencing crop growth and production. There is a need for more specific studies concerning individual crops and regional variations. Long-term effects and interactions of weather parameters and increased concentration of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, with phenological stages of the plant, pests, and diseases remain understudied, while adaptation strategies require further exploration for comprehensive understanding and effective mitigation. Few researchers have addressed the issues on the effect of climate change on tropical fruits. This paper focuses on the impact of abiotic (temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, evaporation, carbon dioxide concentration) and biotic (pest and pathogens dynamics) factors affecting the fruit crop ecosystem. These factors influence flowering, pollination, fruit set, fruit yield and quality. This review paper will help develop adaptive strategies, policy interventions and technological innovations aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on tropical fruit production and safeguarding global food and nutritional security. Full article
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20 pages, 1919 KiB  
Article
A Mixture of Summer Legume and Nonlegume Cover Crops Enhances Winter Wheat Yield, Nitrogen Uptake, and Nitrogen Balance
by Jun Wang, Upendra M. Sainju and Shaohong Zhang
Nitrogen 2024, 5(4), 871-890; https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen5040056 - 2 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1227
Abstract
Cover crops protecting soil erosion during the summer fallow in the monsoon weather may enhance dryland winter wheat yield and N relations. We examined the effects of four summer cover crops (soybean (Glycine max L., SB), sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense {Piper} Stapf, [...] Read more.
Cover crops protecting soil erosion during the summer fallow in the monsoon weather may enhance dryland winter wheat yield and N relations. We examined the effects of four summer cover crops (soybean (Glycine max L., SB), sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense {Piper} Stapf, SG), soybean and sudangrass mixture (SS), and no cover crop (CK)) and three N fertilization rates (0, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1) on winter wheat yield, quality, and N relations from 2017–2018 to 2020–2021 in the Loess Plateau of China. Cover crop biomass and N accumulation, soil mineral N, and winter wheat yield, protein concentration, and N uptake were greater for SB and SS than other cover crops at most N fertilization rates and years. The N fertilization rate had variable effects on these parameters. Winter wheat aboveground biomass and grain N productivities were greater for CK than other cover crops at all N fertilization rates and years. Nitrogen balance was greater for SS than other cover crops at 60 and 120 kg N ha−1 in all years. The SS with 120 kg N ha−1 can enhance soil mineral N, winter wheat yield and quality, and N balance compared to CK and SG with or without N fertilization rates. Full article
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20 pages, 2357 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Support Vector Machine with Biological Heuristic Algorithms for Estimation of Daily Reference Evapotranspiration Using Limited Meteorological Data in China
by Hongtao Guo, Liance Wu, Xianlong Wang, Xuguang Xing, Jing Zhang, Shunhao Qing and Xinbo Zhao
Agronomy 2024, 14(8), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081780 - 13 Aug 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1408
Abstract
Precise estimation of daily reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is critical for water resource management and agricultural irrigation optimization worldwide. In China, diverse climatic zones pose challenges for accurate ET0 prediction. Here, we evaluate the performance of a support vector machine [...] Read more.
Precise estimation of daily reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is critical for water resource management and agricultural irrigation optimization worldwide. In China, diverse climatic zones pose challenges for accurate ET0 prediction. Here, we evaluate the performance of a support vector machine (SVM) and its hybrid models, PSO-SVM and WOA-SVM, utilizing meteorological data spanning 1960–2020. Our study aims to identify a high-precision, low-input ET0 estimation tool. The findings indicate that the hybrid models, particularly WOA-SVM, demonstrated superior accuracy with R2 values ranging from 0.973 to 0.999 and RMSE values between 0.123 and 0.863 mm/d, outperforming the standalone SVM model with R2 values of 0.955 to 0.989 and RMSE values of 0.168 to 0.982 mm/d. The standalone SVM model showed relatively lower accuracy with R2 values of 0.822 to 0.887 and RMSE values of 0.381 to 1.951 mm/d. Notably, the WOA-SVM model, with R2 values of 0.990 to 0.992 and RMSE values of 0.092 to 0.160 mm/d, emerged as the top performer, showcasing the benefits of the whale optimization algorithm in enhancing SVM’s predictive capabilities. The PSO-SVM model also presented improved performance, especially in the temperate continental zone (TCZ), subtropical monsoon region (SMZ), and temperate monsoon zone (TMZ), when using limited meteorological data as the input. The study concludes that the WOA-SVM model is a promising tool for high-precision daily ET0 estimation with fewer meteorological parameters across the different climatic zones of China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)
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16 pages, 2676 KiB  
Article
Studying the Relationship between Satellite-Derived Evapotranspiration and Crop Yield: A Case Study of the Cauvery River Basin
by Anish Anand, Venkata Reddy Keesara and Venkataramana Sridhar
AgriEngineering 2024, 6(3), 2640-2655; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030154 - 5 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1458
Abstract
Satellite-derived evapotranspiration (ETa) products serve global applications, including drought monitoring and food security assessment. This study examines the applicability of ETa data from two distinct sources, aiming to analyze its correlation with crop yield (rice, maize, barley, soybean). Given the critical role of [...] Read more.
Satellite-derived evapotranspiration (ETa) products serve global applications, including drought monitoring and food security assessment. This study examines the applicability of ETa data from two distinct sources, aiming to analyze its correlation with crop yield (rice, maize, barley, soybean). Given the critical role of crop yield in economic and food security contexts, monthly and yearly satellite-derived ETa data were assessed for decision-makers, particularly in drought-prone and food-insecure regions. Utilizing QGIS, zonal statistics operations and time series graphs were employed to compare ETa with crop yield and ET anomaly. Data processing involved converting NRSC daily data to monthly and extracting single-pixel ET data using R Studio. Results reveal USGSFEWS as a more reliable ETa source, offering better accuracy and data continuity, especially during monsoon seasons. However, the correlation between crop yield and ETa ranged from 12% to 35%, while with ET anomaly, it ranged from 35% to 55%. Enhanced collection of satellite-based ETa and crop-yield data is imperative for informed decision-making in these regions. Despite limitations, ETa can moderately guide decisions regarding crop-yield management. Full article
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14 pages, 2679 KiB  
Communication
Optimal Planting Time for Summer Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cropping in Korea: Growth, Yield, and Photosynthetic Efficiency in a Semi-Closed Greenhouse
by Hyo Jun Bae, Seong-Hoon Kim, Yuseok Jeong, Sungjin Park, Kingsley Ochar, Youngsin Hong, Yun Am Seo, Baul Ko, Jeong Hyang Bae, Dong Soo Lee and Inchan Choi
Plants 2024, 13(15), 2116; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152116 - 30 Jul 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1961
Abstract
In Korea, greenhouses are traditionally used for crop cultivation in the winter. However, due to diverse consumer demands, climate change, and advancements in agricultural technology, more farms are aiming for year-round production. Nonetheless, summer cropping poses challenges such as high temperatures, humidity from [...] Read more.
In Korea, greenhouses are traditionally used for crop cultivation in the winter. However, due to diverse consumer demands, climate change, and advancements in agricultural technology, more farms are aiming for year-round production. Nonetheless, summer cropping poses challenges such as high temperatures, humidity from the monsoon season, and low light conditions, which make it difficult to grow crops. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the best planting time for summer tomato cultivation in a Korean semi-closed greenhouse that can be both air-conditioned and heated. The experiment was conducted in the Advanced Digital Greenhouse, built by the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The tomato seedlings were planted in April, May, and June 2022. Growth parameters such as stem diameter, flowering position, stem growth rate, and leaf shape index were measured, and harvesting was carried out once or twice weekly per treatment from 65 days to 265 days after planting. The light use efficiency and yield per unit area at each planting time was measured. Tomatoes planted in April showed a maximum of 42.9% higher light use efficiency for fruit production and a maximum of 33.3% higher yield. Furthermore, the growth form of the crops was closest to the reproductive growth type. Therefore, among April, May, and June, April is considered the most suitable planting time for summer cultivation, which is expected to contribute to reducing labor costs due to decreased workload and increasing farm income through increased yields. Future research should explore optimizing greenhouse microclimates and developing crop varieties tailored for summer cultivation to further enhance productivity and sustainability in year-round agricultural practices. Full article
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14 pages, 519 KiB  
Article
Response of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) Cultivars for Nipping and Graded Levels of Nitrogen for Higher Productivity under Irrigated Conditions
by Subbaiyan Marimuthu, Koilpitchai Nelson Navamaniraj, Muthuselvan Kathiravan, Palaniyappan Balasubramanian, Udayarpillai Surendran, Salah El-Hendawy and Mohamed A. Mattar
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1474; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071474 - 8 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2104
Abstract
Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) holds significant importance among grain legumes, particularly in terms of its production and productivity. Over the years, the decline in the cultivation area of this crop has become increasingly evident due to its persistently low yields. Many technologies [...] Read more.
Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) holds significant importance among grain legumes, particularly in terms of its production and productivity. Over the years, the decline in the cultivation area of this crop has become increasingly evident due to its persistently low yields. Many technologies are being implemented to improve the yield, and nipping is one of them. The main objective of this paper was to standardize the nipping timing and graded levels of nitrogen (N) application on growth and seed yield in blackgram cultivars under irrigated conditions. A study with three blackgram cultivars (cv.), three levels of N, and three intervals of nipping was taken up during the winter and monsoon seasons of 2018 and 2019, respectively. The study revealed that blackgram cv. VBN8 recorded a higher plant height of 49.52 cm, a higher number of branches (4.08), a higher number of pods per plant (47.75), a higher seed yield of 882 kg.ha−1, and a benefit cost ratio (B:C ratio) of 2.49. Among the graded levels of nutrients, applications of 125% N and 100% phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) recorded the highest growth and yield attributes, with a B:C ratio of 2.33. Nipping at 25 days after sowing (DAS) registered a higher number of branches (4.08), more pods per plant (48.14), and a seed yield of 902 kg.ha−1 with a B:C ratio of 2.36. Higher N, P, and K uptake was observed in blackgram VBN8, with an application of 150% recommended N and 100% P and K and nipping at 25 DAS. To conclude, application of 125% recommended N and 100% P and K and nipping at 25 DAS were found to be significant in enhancing the productivity of blackgram and NPK uptake, and resulted in 14% more profit than no nipping treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)
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12 pages, 2624 KiB  
Article
A Study of Growth and Yield of Four Peanut Varieties with Rhizobia Inoculation under Field Conditions
by Bin Ding, Mengshi Feng, Rui Wang, Lei Chang, Ying Jiang, Jixian Xie and Da Tian
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071410 - 28 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2266
Abstract
The symbiotic nitrogen fixation between rhizobia and peanuts offers an advantage in reducing nitrogen fertilizer inputs, decreasing the incidence rate of peanuts, and enhancing soil fertility. Inoculating rhizobia agent is an effective pathway to improve both the quality and yield of peanuts, contributing [...] Read more.
The symbiotic nitrogen fixation between rhizobia and peanuts offers an advantage in reducing nitrogen fertilizer inputs, decreasing the incidence rate of peanuts, and enhancing soil fertility. Inoculating rhizobia agent is an effective pathway to improve both the quality and yield of peanuts, contributing to food security and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This study conducted a one-year field experiment in a subtropical humid monsoon climate area in Southeast China to investigate the effects of rhizobia agents on the growth and crop yield of four peanut varieties (i.e., Taihua No.4, No.6, No.8, and No.10). Our research showed that inoculation with rhizobia agent can increase the plant height, lateral branch length, fresh root weight, and leaf area of the four peanut varieties. Meanwhile, inoculation with a rhizobia agent can significantly (p < 0.05) increase the ~50% number of root nodules. Especially for the early-maturing and drought-resistant variety, Taihua No.4 exhibited the highest number of nodules and peanut fruits per plant in the pod-setting stage after inoculation with rhizobia agent, i.e., 24.5 and 18.0, respectively. Under the conventional fertilization conditions (N-P2O5-K2O 15-15-15, 450 kg/hm2), Taihua No.4 and No.6 inoculated with rhizobia agent achieved higher yield increase rates of 11.0% and 11.6% compared to other peanut varieties. This study indicated that the Taihua No.4 and No.6 are the most suitable peanut varieties for rhizobia inoculation and promotion, with enormous potential for yield increase. Meanwhile, optimizing rhizobia inoculation techniques and evaluating soil health status, economic benefits of peanuts, and applicable regions should be explored in the future. Full article
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