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Keywords = metal storage disorders

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37 pages, 2969 KiB  
Review
Carbon Aerogels: Synthesis, Modification, and Multifunctional Applications
by Liying Li, Guiyu Jin, Jian Shen, Mengyan Guo, Jiacheng Song, Yiming Li and Jian Xiong
Gels 2025, 11(7), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070548 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 600
Abstract
Amidst global imperatives for sustainable energy and environmental remediation, carbon aerogels (CAs) present a transformative alternative to conventional carbon materials (e.g., activated carbon, carbon fibers), overcoming limitations of disordered pore structures, unmodifiable surface chemistry, and functional inflexibility. This review systematically examines CA-based electrochemical [...] Read more.
Amidst global imperatives for sustainable energy and environmental remediation, carbon aerogels (CAs) present a transformative alternative to conventional carbon materials (e.g., activated carbon, carbon fibers), overcoming limitations of disordered pore structures, unmodifiable surface chemistry, and functional inflexibility. This review systematically examines CA-based electrochemical systems as its primary focus, analyzing fundamental charge-storage mechanisms and establishing structure–property–application relationships critical to energy storage performance. We critically assess synthesis methodologies, emphasizing how stage-specific parameters govern structural/functional traits, and detail multifunctional modification strategies (e.g., heteroatom doping, composite engineering) that enhance electrochemical behavior through pore architecture optimization, surface chemistry tuning, and charge-transfer kinetics acceleration. Electrochemical applications are extensively explored, including the following: 1. Energy storage: supercapacitors (dual EDLC/pseudocapacitive mechanisms) and battery hybrids. 2. Electrocatalysis: HER, OER, ORR, and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). 3. Electrochemical processing: capacitive deionization (CDI) and electrosorption. Beyond this core scope, we briefly acknowledge CA versatility in ancillary domains: environmental remediation (heavy metal removal, oil/water separation), flame retardancy, microwave absorption, and CO2 capture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gel Applications)
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11 pages, 2225 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Performance of Diamond-like Carbon (DLC)-Coated Zn Anodes for Application to Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries
by Jinyoung Lee, Eunseo Lee and Sungwook Mhin
Batteries 2025, 11(6), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11060228 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 504
Abstract
The increasing demand for safe, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage solutions has spotlighted aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) as promising alternatives to lithium-ion systems. However, the practical deployment of AZIBs remains hindered by dendritic growth, hydrogen evolution, and surface corrosion at the zinc metal [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for safe, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage solutions has spotlighted aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) as promising alternatives to lithium-ion systems. However, the practical deployment of AZIBs remains hindered by dendritic growth, hydrogen evolution, and surface corrosion at the zinc metal anode, which severely compromise electrochemical stability. In this study, we propose an interfacial engineering strategy involving ultrathin diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings applied to Zn anodes. The DLC films serve as conformal, ion-permeable barriers that mitigate parasitic side reactions and facilitate uniform Zn plating/stripping behavior. Materials characterizations of the DLC layer on the Zn anodes revealed the tunability of sp2/sp3 hybridization and surface morphology depending on DLC thickness. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated a significant reduction in interfacial resistance, particularly in the optimally coated sample (DLC2, ~20 nm), which achieved a favorable balance between mechanical integrity and ionic transport. Symmetric-cell tests confirmed enhanced cycling stability over 160 h, while full-cell configurations with an ammonium vanadate nanofiber-based cathode exhibited superior capacity retention over 900 cycles at 2 A g−1. The DLC2-coated Zn anodes demonstrated the most effective performance, attributable to its moderate surface roughness, reduced disorder, and minimized charge-transfer resistance. These results provide insight into the importance of fine-tuning the DLC thickness and carbon bonding structure for suppressing dendrite formation and enhancing electrochemical stability. Full article
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27 pages, 2723 KiB  
Review
Phase Stability and Transitions in High-Entropy Alloys: Insights from Lattice Gas Models, Computational Simulations, and Experimental Validation
by Łukasz Łach
Entropy 2025, 27(5), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050464 - 25 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1274
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a novel class of metallic materials composed of five or more principal elements in near-equimolar ratios. This unconventional composition leads to high configurational entropy, which promotes the formation of solid solution phases with enhanced mechanical properties, thermal stability, and [...] Read more.
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a novel class of metallic materials composed of five or more principal elements in near-equimolar ratios. This unconventional composition leads to high configurational entropy, which promotes the formation of solid solution phases with enhanced mechanical properties, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance. Phase stability plays a critical role in determining their structural integrity and performance. This study provides a focused review of HEA phase transitions, emphasizing the role of lattice gas models in predicting phase behavior. By integrating statistical mechanics with thermodynamic principles, lattice gas models enable accurate modeling of atomic interactions, phase segregation, and order-disorder transformations. The combination of computational simulations (e.g., Monte Carlo, molecular dynamics) with experimental validation (e.g., XRD, TEM, APT) improves predictive accuracy. Furthermore, advances in data-driven methodologies facilitate high-throughput exploration of HEA compositions, accelerating the discovery of alloys with optimized phase stability and superior mechanical performance. Beyond structural applications, HEAs demonstrate potential in functional domains, such as catalysis, hydrogen storage, and energy technologies. This review brings together theoretical modeling—particularly lattice gas approaches—and experimental validation to form a unified understanding of phase behavior in high-entropy alloys. By highlighting the mechanisms behind phase transitions and their implications for material performance, this work aims to support the design and optimization of HEAs for real-world applications in aerospace, energy systems, and structural materials engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Mechanics of Lattice Gases)
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11 pages, 2452 KiB  
Article
Positive and Negative Exchange Bias in N-, P- and Q-Type Ferri-Magnets of Niccolite Metal Formates [CH3NH2CH3]n[CrIII1−xFeIIIxFeII(HCO2)6]n
by Yu Zhou, Zhaoquan Yao, Na Li, Fuchen Liu, Jiongpeng Zhao and Xianhe Bu
Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11020010 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 736
Abstract
Exchange bias (EB) materials, whose magnetization curve can shift along the field axis after field cooling, have attracted tremendous attention and play a crucial role in the development of fundamental physics as well as practical applications of magnetization storage. In this work, the [...] Read more.
Exchange bias (EB) materials, whose magnetization curve can shift along the field axis after field cooling, have attracted tremendous attention and play a crucial role in the development of fundamental physics as well as practical applications of magnetization storage. In this work, the N-, P-, and Q-type ferrimagnets of Néel’s notation were realized in mixed valence metal formates [CH3NH2CH3]n[CrIII1−xFeIIIxFeII(HCO2)6]n by altering x, respectively. The positive and negative EB was found in N- and P-type ferrimagnets. The exchange anisotropy originates from the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between the uncompensated spin of the host ferrimagnetic lattice and the pinned compensated spin of the antiferromagnetic clusters as a guest, which is rooted in the valence disorder of the iron ions. Full article
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31 pages, 8800 KiB  
Review
Emerging Hybrid Metal Halide Glasses for Sensing and Displays
by Wei Tang, Guansheng Xing, Xiuwen Xu and Bing Chen
Sensors 2024, 24(16), 5258; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165258 - 14 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2445
Abstract
Glassy hybrid metal halides have emerged as promising materials in recent years due to their high structural adjustability and low melting points, offering unique merits that overcome the limitations of their crystalline and polycrystalline counterparts as well as other conventional amorphous semiconductors. This [...] Read more.
Glassy hybrid metal halides have emerged as promising materials in recent years due to their high structural adjustability and low melting points, offering unique merits that overcome the limitations of their crystalline and polycrystalline counterparts as well as other conventional amorphous semiconductors. This review article comprehensively explores the structural characteristics, electronic properties, and chemical coordination of hybrid metal halides, emphasizing their role in the glass transition from the crystalline phase to the amorphous phase. We examine the intrinsic disorder within the amorphous phase that facilitates light transmission and discuss recent advances in device architecture and interface engineering by optimizing the charge transport of glassy hybrid metal halides for high-quality applications. With full theoretical understanding and rational structural design, potential applications in displays, information storage, X-ray imaging, and sensing are highlighted, underscoring the transformative impact of glassy hybrid metal halides in the fields of materials science and information science. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Optoelectronic Devices and Semiconductor Sensors)
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12 pages, 3735 KiB  
Article
Detection of α-Galactosidase A Reaction in Samples Extracted from Dried Blood Spots Using Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistors
by Alexander Kuznetsov, Andrey Sheshil, Eugene Smolin, Vitaliy Grudtsov, Dmitriy Ryazantsev, Mark Shustinskiy, Tatiana Tikhonova, Irakli Kitiashvili, Valerii Vechorko and Natalia Komarova
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3681; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113681 - 6 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1533
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a significant decrease in the activity or absence of the enzyme α-galactosidase A. The diagnostics of Fabry disease during newborn screening are reasonable, due to the availability of enzyme replacement therapy. This paper presents [...] Read more.
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a significant decrease in the activity or absence of the enzyme α-galactosidase A. The diagnostics of Fabry disease during newborn screening are reasonable, due to the availability of enzyme replacement therapy. This paper presents an electrochemical method using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible ion-sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs) with hafnium oxide-sensitive surfaces for the detection of α-galactosidase A activity in dried blood spot extracts. The capability of ISFETs to detect the reaction catalyzed by α-galactosidase A was demonstrated. The buffer composition was optimized to provide suitable conditions for both enzyme and ISFET performance. The use of ISFET structures as sensor elements allowed for the label-free detection of enzymatic reactions with melibiose, a natural substrate of α-galactosidase A, instead of a synthetic fluorogenic one. ISFET chips were packaged with printed circuit boards and microfluidic reaction chambers to enable long-term signal measurement using a custom device. The packaged sensors were demonstrated to discriminate between normal and inhibited GLA activity in dried blood spots extracts. The described method offers a promising solution for increasing the widespread distribution of newborn screening of Fabry disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Bioanalysis)
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11 pages, 1363 KiB  
Article
Thermal Characterization of [C2Im][NO3] and Multivalent Nitrate Salts Mixtures
by Pablo Vallet, Juan José Parajó, Antía Santiago-Alonso, María Villanueva, Luis Miguel Varela and Josefa Salgado
Crystals 2024, 14(6), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14060502 - 25 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1245
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic properties, the current applicability of ionic liquids is enormous. In particular, their use in electrochemistry is beyond question. Numerous studies on these compounds and their mixtures, especially with lithium salts, focus on their use as electrolytes for batteries and [...] Read more.
Due to their intrinsic properties, the current applicability of ionic liquids is enormous. In particular, their use in electrochemistry is beyond question. Numerous studies on these compounds and their mixtures, especially with lithium salts, focus on their use as electrolytes for batteries and other energy storage devices. This includes thermal energy storage devices, where 4th generation ionic liquids and their derivatives show a huge potential. Nevertheless, considering the uneven availability of the raw materials, such as lithium, research has extended to mixtures of these compounds with other salts of different metals that are more abundant and widely distributed, such as magnesium or aluminum. This work presents a comprehensive thermal characterization, using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry, of the protic ionic liquid ethylimidazolium nitrate and its mixture with magnesium and aluminum nitrate salts at different concentrations. Additionally, a comparison between these results and previous studies of mixtures of this ionic liquid with lithium nitrate, as well as mixtures of the protic ionic liquid EAN with the same metal salts, was also performed. The results indicated that the salt addition tends to broaden and reduce crystallization and melting peaks, while the glass transition becomes more visible and shifts to higher temperatures with increasing salt concentration. This is due to the disorder generated by the rearrangement of ions in the polar domains, which erodes the hydrogen bond network of the protic ionic liquid. Nevertheless, the thermal stability of the blended samples does not change significantly compared to the bulk ionic liquid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials for Energy Applications)
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14 pages, 4251 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cr/Mn Addition in TiVNb on Hydrogen Sorption Properties: Thermodynamics and Phase Transition Study
by Anis Bouzidi, Erik Elkaim, Vivian Nassif and Claudia Zlotea
Hydrogen 2024, 5(1), 123-136; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5010008 - 18 Feb 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1617
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a promising class of materials that can grant remarkable functional performances for a large range of applications due to their highly tunable composition. Among these applications, recently, bcc HEAs capable of forming fcc hydrides have been proposed as high-capacity [...] Read more.
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a promising class of materials that can grant remarkable functional performances for a large range of applications due to their highly tunable composition. Among these applications, recently, bcc HEAs capable of forming fcc hydrides have been proposed as high-capacity hydrogen storage materials with improved thermodynamics compared to classical metal hydrides. In this context, a single-phase bcc (TiVNb)0.90Cr0.05Mn0.05 HEA was prepared by arc melting to evaluate the effect of combined Cr/Mn addition in the ternary TiVNb. A thermodynamic destabilization of the fcc hydride phase was found in the HEA compared to the initial TiVNb. In situ neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments put forward a fccbcc phase transition of the metallic subnetwork in the temperature range of 260–350 °C, whereas the H/D subnetwork underwent an order → disorder transition at 180 °C. The absorption/desorption cycling demonstrated very fast absorption kinetics at room temperature in less than 1 min with a remarkable total capacity (2.8 wt.%) without phase segregation. Therefore, the design strategy consisting of small additions of non-hydride-forming elements into refractory HEAs allows for materials with promising properties for solid-state hydrogen storage to be obtained. Full article
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17 pages, 3784 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Graphene-Based Mesoporous Nanosheets for Supercapacitors
by Wenbei Bo, Hongtao Zhang, Guocheng Yin, Liangzhu Zhang and Jieqiong Qin
C 2023, 9(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040091 - 27 Sep 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2143
Abstract
Among typical energy storage devices, supercapacitors play a predominant role in industry and our life owing to their rapid charge/discharge rate, superior lifespan, high power density, low cost, and outstanding safety. However, their low energy density has severely hindered their further development. For [...] Read more.
Among typical energy storage devices, supercapacitors play a predominant role in industry and our life owing to their rapid charge/discharge rate, superior lifespan, high power density, low cost, and outstanding safety. However, their low energy density has severely hindered their further development. For active electrode materials, graphene-based mesoporous nanosheets (GMNs) can combine the advantages from graphene and mesoporous materials, which can be applied to significantly enhance the energy density of supercapacitors. Here, we review the recent advances in GMNs for supercapacitors, focusing on in-plane mesoporous graphene and sandwich-like graphene-based heterostructures. Firstly, the synthesis of in-plane mesoporous graphene with ordered and disordered mesopores for supercapacitors is introduced. Secondly, sandwich-like graphene-based heterostructures are classified into mesoporous carbon/graphene, mesoporous heteroatom-doped carbon/graphene, mesoporous conducting polymer/graphene, and mesoporous metal oxide/graphene, and their applications in supercapacitors are discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of GMNs for high-performance supercapacitors are proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Carbon-Based Electrodes)
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39 pages, 27704 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional MXene for Supercapacitor Applications: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives
by Zambaga Otgonbayar, Sunhye Yang, Ick-Jun Kim and Won-Chun Oh
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(5), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050919 - 1 Mar 2023
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 8862
Abstract
MXene is a type of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide and nitride, and its promising energy storage materials highlight its characteristics of high density, high metal-like conductivity, tunable terminals, and charge storage mechanisms known as pseudo-alternative capacitance. MXenes are a class of 2D [...] Read more.
MXene is a type of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide and nitride, and its promising energy storage materials highlight its characteristics of high density, high metal-like conductivity, tunable terminals, and charge storage mechanisms known as pseudo-alternative capacitance. MXenes are a class of 2D materials synthesized by chemical etching of the A element in MAX phases. Since they were first discovered more than 10 years ago, the number of distinct MXenes has grown substantially to include numerous MnXn−1 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), solid solutions (ordered and disordered), and vacancy solids. To date, MXenes used in energy storage system applications have been broadly synthesized, and this paper summarizes the current developments, successes, and challenges of using MXenes in supercapacitors. This paper also reports the synthesis approaches, various compositional issues, material and electrode topology, chemistry, and hybridization of MXene with other active materials. The present study also summarizes MXene’s electrochemical properties, applicability in pliant-structured electrodes, and energy storage capabilities when using aqueous/non-aqueous electrolytes. Finally, we conclude by discussing how to reshape the face of the latest MXene and what to consider when designing the next generation of MXene-based capacitors and supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation Energy Nanomaterials)
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25 pages, 6864 KiB  
Article
Electro-Elastic Modeling of Thermal Spin Transition in Diluted Spin-Crossover Single Crystals
by Karim Affes, Yogendra Singh and Kamel Boukheddaden
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(22), 13854; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213854 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1947
Abstract
Spin-crossover solids have been studied for many years for their promising applications as optical switches and reversible high-density memories for information storage. This study reports the effect of random metal dilution on the thermal and structural properties of a spin-crossover single crystal. The [...] Read more.
Spin-crossover solids have been studied for many years for their promising applications as optical switches and reversible high-density memories for information storage. This study reports the effect of random metal dilution on the thermal and structural properties of a spin-crossover single crystal. The analysis is performed on a 2D rectangular lattice using an electro-elastic model. The lattice is made of sites that can switch thermally between the low-spin and high-spin states, accompanied by local volume changes. The model is solved by Monte Carlo simulations, running on the spin states and atomic positions of this compressible 2D lattice. A detailed analysis of metal dilution on the magneto-structural properties allows us to address the following issues: (i) at low dilution rates, the transition is of the first order; (ii) increasing the concentration of dopant results in a decrease in cooperativity and leads to gradual transformations above a threshold concentration, while incomplete spin transitions are obtained for big dopant sizes. The effects of the metal dilution on the spatiotemporal aspects of the spin transition along the thermal transition and on the low-temperature relaxation of the photo-induced metastable high-spin states are also studied. Significant changes in the organization of the spin states are observed for the thermal transition, where the single-domain nucleation caused by the long-range elastic interactions is replaced by a multi-droplet nucleation. As to the issue of the relaxation curves: their shape transforms from a sigmoidal shape, characteristic of strong cooperative systems, into stretched exponentials for high dilution rates, which is the signature of a disordered system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Tuning of Molecular Magnetic and Optical Materials)
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17 pages, 1386 KiB  
Review
Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model to Study Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity
by Airton C. Martins, Priscila Gubert, Jung Li, Tao Ke, Merle M. Nicolai, Alexandre Varão Moura, Julia Bornhorst, Aaron B. Bowman and Michael Aschner
Biomolecules 2022, 12(10), 1396; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12101396 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5067
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a nematode present worldwide. The worm shows homology to mammalian systems and expresses approximately 40% of human disease-related genes. Since Dr. Sydney Brenner first proposed C. elegans as an advantageous experimental worm-model system for genetic approaches, [...] Read more.
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a nematode present worldwide. The worm shows homology to mammalian systems and expresses approximately 40% of human disease-related genes. Since Dr. Sydney Brenner first proposed C. elegans as an advantageous experimental worm-model system for genetic approaches, increasing numbers of studies using C. elegans as a tool to investigate topics in several fields of biochemistry, neuroscience, pharmacology, and toxicology have been performed. In this regard, C. elegans has been used to characterize the molecular mechanisms and affected pathways caused by metals that lead to neurotoxicity, as well as the pathophysiological interrelationship between metal exposure and ongoing neurodegenerative disorders. Several toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, are recognized as important environmental contaminants, and their exposure is associated with toxic effects on the human body. Essential elements that are required to maintain cellular homeostasis and normal physiological functions may also be toxic when accumulated at higher concentrations. For instance, manganese (Mn) is a trace essential element that participates in numerous biological processes, such as enzymatic activities, energy metabolism, and maintenance of cell functions. However, Mn overexposure is associated with behavioral changes in C. elegans, which are consistent with the dopaminergic system being the primary target of Mn neurotoxicity. Caenorhabditis elegans has been shown to be an important tool that allows for studies on neuron morphology using fluorescent transgenic worms. Moreover, behavioral tests may be conducted using worms, and neurotransmitter determination and related gene expression are likely to change after Mn exposure. Likewise, mutant worms may be used to study molecular mechanisms in Mn toxicity, as well as the expression of proteins responsible for the biosynthesis, transport, storage, and uptake of dopamine. Furthermore, this review highlights some advantages and limitations of using the experimental model of C. elegans and provides guidance for potential future applications of this model in studies directed toward assessing for Mn neurotoxicity and related mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxic and Essential Metals in Human Health and Disease 2022-2023)
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28 pages, 436 KiB  
Review
Cognitive and Physical Intervention in Metals’ Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration
by Anna Jopowicz, Justyna Wiśniowska and Beata Tarnacka
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(3), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030345 - 3 Mar 2022
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5966
Abstract
Metals—especially iron, copper and manganese—are important elements of brain functions and development. Metal-dysregulation homeostasis is associated with brain-structure damage to the motor, cognitive and emotional systems, and leads to neurodegenerative processes. There is more and more evidence that specialized cognitive and motor exercises [...] Read more.
Metals—especially iron, copper and manganese—are important elements of brain functions and development. Metal-dysregulation homeostasis is associated with brain-structure damage to the motor, cognitive and emotional systems, and leads to neurodegenerative processes. There is more and more evidence that specialized cognitive and motor exercises can enhance brain function and attenuate neurodegeneration in mechanisms, such as improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in many brain regions. Psychological and physical methods of rehabilitation are now becoming increasingly important, as pharmacological treatments for movement, cognitive and emotional symptoms are limited. The present study describes physical and cognitive rehabilitation methods of patients associated with metal-induced neurotoxicity such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease and Wilson’s disease. In our review, we describe physical (e.g., virtual-reality environments, robotic-assists training) and psychological (cognitive training, cognitive stimulation, neuropsychological rehabilitation and cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies) methods, significantly improving the quality of life and independence of patients associated with storage diseases. Storage diseases are a diverse group of hereditary metabolic defects characterized by the abnormal cumulation of storage material in cells. This topic is being addressed due to the fact that rehabilitation plays a vital role in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately so far there are no specific guidelines concerning physiotherapy in neurodegenerative disorders, especially in regards to duration of exercise, type of exercise and intensity, as well as frequency of exercise. This is in part due to the variety of symptoms of these diseases and the various levels of disease progression. This further proves the need for more research to be carried out on the role of exercise in neurodegenerative disorder treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Neuroscience)
12 pages, 2559 KiB  
Article
Aligned Ti3C2TX Aerogel with High Rate Performance, Power Density and Sub-Zero-Temperature Stability
by Xinchao Lu, Huachao Yang, Zheng Bo, Biyao Gong, Mengyu Cao, Xia Chen, Erka Wu, Jianhua Yan, Kefa Cen and Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
Energies 2022, 15(3), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031191 - 6 Feb 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2458
Abstract
Ti3C2Tx-based aerogels have attracted widespread attention for three-dimensional porous structures, which are promising to realize high-rate energy storage. However, disordered Ti3C2Tx aerogels with highly tortuous porosity fabricated by conventional unidirectional freeze-casting substantially [...] Read more.
Ti3C2Tx-based aerogels have attracted widespread attention for three-dimensional porous structures, which are promising to realize high-rate energy storage. However, disordered Ti3C2Tx aerogels with highly tortuous porosity fabricated by conventional unidirectional freeze-casting substantially increase ion diffusion lengths and hinder electrolyte ions transport. Herein we demonstrate a new bidirectional ice-templated approach to synthesize porous ordered Ti3C2Tx aerogel with straight and aligned channels, straight and short ion diffusion pathways, leading to better ion accessibility. The aligned Ti3C2Tx aerogel exhibits the high specific capacitance of 345 F g−1 at 20 mV s−1 and rate capability of 52.2% from 10 to 5000 mV s−1. The specific capacitance is insensitive of mass loadings even at 10 mg cm−2 and an excellent power density of 137.3 mW cm–2 is obtained in symmetric supercapacitors. The electrochemical properties of Ti3C2Tx aerogel supercapacitors at sub-zero (to −30 °C) temperatures are reported for the first time. The aligned Ti3C2Tx aerogel delivers temperature-independent rate performance and high capacitance retention (73% at 50 mV s−1 from 25 to −30 °C) due to the unique structure with metallic conductivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Supercapacitors)
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19 pages, 1671 KiB  
Review
Iron Homeostasis Disorder and Alzheimer’s Disease
by Yu Peng, Xuejiao Chang and Minglin Lang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(22), 12442; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212442 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 105 | Viewed by 9223
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace metal for almost all organisms, including human; however, oxidative stress can easily be caused when iron is in excess, producing toxicity to the human body due to its capability to be both an electron donor and an electron [...] Read more.
Iron is an essential trace metal for almost all organisms, including human; however, oxidative stress can easily be caused when iron is in excess, producing toxicity to the human body due to its capability to be both an electron donor and an electron acceptor. Although there is a strict regulation mechanism for iron homeostasis in the human body and brain, it is usually inevitably disturbed by genetic and environmental factors, or disordered with aging, which leads to iron metabolism diseases, including many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is one of the most common degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) threatening human health. However, the precise pathogenesis of AD is still unclear, which seriously restricts the design of interventions and treatment drugs based on the pathogenesis of AD. Many studies have observed abnormal iron accumulation in different regions of the AD brain, resulting in cognitive, memory, motor and other nerve damages. Understanding the metabolic balance mechanism of iron in the brain is crucial for the treatment of AD, which would provide new cures for the disease. This paper reviews the recent progress in the relationship between iron and AD from the aspects of iron absorption in intestinal cells, storage and regulation of iron in cells and organs, especially for the regulation of iron homeostasis in the human brain and prospects the future directions for AD treatments. Full article
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