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45 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
186 Citations
43,902 Views
15 Pages

Exploring the Economic Potential of Sodium-Ion Batteries

  • Jens F. Peters,
  • Alexandra Peña Cruz and
  • Marcel Weil

16 January 2019

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a recent development being promoted repeatedly as an economically promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, only one detailed study about material costs has yet been published for this battery typ...

  • Review
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,652 Views
18 Pages

Lithium Iron Phosphate and Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathode for Power Batteries: Attenuation Mechanisms and Modification Strategies

  • Guanhua Zhang,
  • Min Li,
  • Zimu Ye,
  • Tieren Chen,
  • Jiawei Cao,
  • Hongbo Yang,
  • Chengbo Ma,
  • Zhenggang Jia,
  • Jiwei Xie and
  • Ning Cui
  • + 1 author

23 August 2023

In the past decade, in the context of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality era, the rapid development of new energy vehicles has led to higher requirements for the performance of strike forces such as battery cycle life, energy density, and cost....

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
7,481 Views
12 Pages

24 October 2013

This paper reports a modeling methodology to predict the effects on the discharge behavior of the cathode composition of a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery cell comprising a LFP cathode, a lithium metal anode, and an organic electrolyte. A one-d...

  • Review
  • Open Access
22 Citations
12,767 Views
34 Pages

A Review of Capacity Fade Mechanism and Promotion Strategies for Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries

  • Chen Hu,
  • Mengmeng Geng,
  • Haomiao Yang,
  • Maosong Fan,
  • Zhaoqin Sun,
  • Ran Yu and
  • Bin Wei

Commercialized lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries have become mainstream energy storage batteries due to their incomparable advantages in safety, stability, and low cost. However, LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries still have the problems of capacity de...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,356 Views
18 Pages

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathodes Using Plasma-Assisted Reduced Graphene Oxide Additives for Lithium-Ion Batteries

  • Suk Jekal,
  • Chan-Gyo Kim,
  • Jiwon Kim,
  • Ha-Yeong Kim,
  • Yeon-Ryong Chu,
  • Yoon-Ho Ra,
  • Zambaga Otgonbayar and
  • Chang-Min Yoon

27 September 2024

One-dimensional lithium-ion transport channels in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) used as a cathode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) result in low electrical conductivity and reduced electrochemical performance. To overcome this limitation, three-dimensi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,807 Views
16 Pages

11 March 2024

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP), an olivine–type cathode material, represents a highly suitable cathode option for lithium–ion batteries that is widely applied in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. This work emp...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
7,263 Views
37 Pages

15 October 2022

As a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) successfully transitioned from laboratory bench to commercial product but was outshone by high capacity/high voltage lithium metal oxide chemistries. Recent change...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,455 Views
13 Pages

A Closed-Loop Process for Rapid and Selective Lithium Extraction and Resynthesis from Spent LiFePO4 Batteries

  • Ruijing Liu,
  • Yuxiao Liu,
  • Jianjiang Li,
  • Yuanlin Chen,
  • Yule Zhu,
  • Kunzheng Zhang,
  • Shuxian Zhao,
  • Liang Du,
  • Xiaoyi Zhu and
  • Lei Zhang

13 June 2025

The rapid growth of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP)-based lithium-ion batteries in energy storage raises urgent challenges for resource recovery and environmental protection. In this study, we propose a novel method for rapid and selective lith...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
6,577 Views
14 Pages

LiFePO4-Graphene Composites as High-Performance Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: The Impact of Size and Morphology of Graphene

  • Yanqing Fu,
  • Qiliang Wei,
  • Gaixia Zhang,
  • Yu Zhong,
  • Nima Moghimian,
  • Xin Tong and
  • Shuhui Sun

13 March 2019

In this work, we investigated three types of graphene (i.e., home-made G, G V4, and G V20) with different size and morphology, as additives to a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode for the lithium-ion battery. Both the LFP and the two types of graph...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,442 Views
14 Pages

Bimetal/Li2Se Nanocomposite as Cathode Prelithiation Additive for Sustainable High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries

  • Ting Liu,
  • Xuemei Hu,
  • Yadong Zhang,
  • Ting He,
  • Yunxiang Guo and
  • Junqiang Qiao

11 February 2025

Cathodes undergo unavoidable lithium loss due to the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI), which seriously affects the energy density of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. To compensate for the initial capacity loss, we introduced an...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2,518 Views
27 Pages

Recycling Spent LFP Batteries: From Resource Recovery to High-Value Functional Materials

  • Chang Wang,
  • Lizhi Wang,
  • Zixuan Fu,
  • Fan Yin,
  • Fangyu Zheng,
  • Jun Wang,
  • Fei Fang,
  • Qiangchun Liu and
  • Xiangkai Kong

30 August 2025

With the growing wave of end-of-life new energy vehicles, the recycling of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries has become increasingly imperative. In contrast to conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical approaches, recent efforts have...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
185 Citations
16,089 Views
19 Pages

Economic Optimization of Component Sizing for Residential Battery Storage Systems

  • Holger C. Hesse,
  • Rodrigo Martins,
  • Petr Musilek,
  • Maik Naumann,
  • Cong Nam Truong and
  • Andreas Jossen

22 June 2017

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) coupled with rooftop-mounted residential photovoltaic (PV) generation, designated as PV-BESS, draw increasing attention and market penetration as more and more such systems become available. The manifold BESS dep...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,607 Views
18 Pages

Comparative Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Urban Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles

  • Boris Velev,
  • Bozhidar Djudzhev,
  • Vladimir Dimitrov and
  • Nikolay Hinov

This paper presents an experimental comparison of two types of Li-ion battery stacks for low-voltage energy storage in small urban Electric or Hybrid Electric Vehicles (EVs/HEVs). These systems are a combination of lithium battery cells, a battery ma...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
7,370 Views
17 Pages

Improving Lithium-Ion Battery Performance: Nano Al2O3 Coatings on High-Mass Loading LiFePO4 Cathodes via Atomic Layer Deposition

  • Pejman Salimi,
  • Gloria Gottardi,
  • William G. Morais,
  • Ruben Bartali,
  • Nadhira Laidani and
  • Edoardo Gino Macchi

28 August 2024

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but side reactions between the electrolyte and the LFP electrode can degrade battery performance. This study introduces an innovative coating st...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1,009 Views
7 Pages

Development of a Process for Low-Cost LFP Batteries Treatment

  • Rafaella-Aikaterini Megaloudi,
  • Alexandros Galanis,
  • Paschalis Oustadakis and
  • Anthimos Xenidis

The recycling of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries from electric and hybrid vehicles was investigated, by applying mechanical pretreatment and hydrometallurgical methods. The aim was to extract lithium (Li) into the aqueous solution and prec...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
875 Views
19 Pages

Exploring Different Metal-Oxide Cathode Materials for Structural Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Dip-Coating

  • David Petrushenko,
  • Thomas Burns,
  • Paul Ziehl,
  • Ralph E. White and
  • Paul T. Coman

15 August 2025

In this study, a selection of active materials were coated onto commercially available intermediate modulus carbon fibers to form and analyze the performance of novel composite cathodes for structural power composites. Various slurries containing pol...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,301 Views
12 Pages

16 July 2024

The rapid growth of electronic devices, electric vehicles, and mobile energy storage has produced large quantities of spent batteries, leading to significant environmental issues and a shortage of lithium resources. Recycling spent batteries has beco...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,439 Views
15 Pages

Scale-Up of Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathodes with High Active Materials Contents for Lithium Ion Cells

  • Geanina Apachitei,
  • Rob Heymer,
  • Michael Lain,
  • Daniela Dogaru,
  • Marc Hidalgo,
  • James Marco and
  • Mark Copley

21 October 2023

The size of a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode mix was increased by a factor of thirty, and the capacity of the cells produced with it by a factor of three-hundred. As well as rate and cycling tests, the coatings were also characterised for adhes...

  • Review
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,232 Views
50 Pages

Recycling and Reuse of Spent LIBs: Technological Advances and Future Directions

  • Long Lv,
  • Siqi Zhou,
  • Changqi Liu,
  • Yuan Sun,
  • Jubing Zhang,
  • Changsheng Bu,
  • Junguang Meng and
  • Yaji Huang

Recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), a kind of solid waste with high pollution and high-value potential, is very important. In recent years, the extraction of valuable metals from the cathodes of spent LIBs and cathode...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,294 Views
16 Pages

Lithium Iron Phosphate/Carbon (LFP/C) Composite Using Nanocellulose as a Reducing Agent and Carbon Source

  • Macarena Kroff,
  • Samuel A. Hevia,
  • James N. O’Shea,
  • Izaskun Gil de Muro,
  • Verónica Palomares,
  • Teófilo Rojo and
  • Rodrigo del Río

9 June 2023

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) is the most promising cathode material for use in safe electric vehicles (EVs), due to its long cycle stability, low cost, and low toxicity, but it suffers from low conductivity and ion diffusion. In this work, w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
9,186 Views
14 Pages

Optimisation of Industrially Relevant Electrode Formulations for LFP Cathodes in Lithium Ion Cells

  • Geanina Apachitei,
  • Marc Hidalgo,
  • Daniela Dogaru,
  • Michael Lain,
  • Robert Heymer,
  • James Marco and
  • Mark Copley

The electrode formulation has a significant effect on the performance of lithium ion cells. The active material, binder, and conductive carbon all have different roles, and finding the optimum composition can be difficult using an iterative approach....

  • Article
  • Open Access
77 Citations
13,020 Views
22 Pages

14 January 2021

The bottleneck of recycling chains for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is the recovery of valuable metals from the black matter that remains after dismantling and deactivation in pre‑treatment processes, which has to be treated in a subsequent ste...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,303 Views
13 Pages

Raman Spectroscopy of Practical LIB Cathodes: A Study of Humidity-Induced Degradation

  • Claudio Mele,
  • Filippo Ravasio,
  • Andrea Casalegno,
  • Elisa Emanuele,
  • Claudio Rabissi and
  • Benedetto Bozzini

21 August 2025

Exposure of LIB materials to ambient conditions with some level of humidity, either accidentally owing to imperfect fabrication or cell damage, or deliberately due to battery opening operations for analytical or recycling purposes, is a rather common...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,697 Views
14 Pages

13 December 2023

Olivine-type lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become a popular choice for electric vehicles (EVs) and stationary energy storage systems. In the context of recycling, this study addresses the complex challenge of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,460 Views
16 Pages

21 December 2022

Since environmental benefits and supply chain resilience are commonly assumed for circular economy strategies, this study tests this hypothesis in the context of lithium-ion battery recycling and cell manufacturing. Therefore, the use of recyclates f...

  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
10,080 Views
24 Pages

High-Temperature Stability of LiFePO4/Carbon Lithium-Ion Batteries: Challenges and Strategies

  • Guangyao Jin,
  • Wanwei Zhao,
  • Jianing Zhang,
  • Wenyu Liang,
  • Mingyang Chen and
  • Rui Xu

Lithium-ion batteries that use lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material and carbon (graphite or MCMB) as the anode have gained significant attention due to their cost-effectiveness, low environmental impact, and strong safety profile....

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,338 Views
19 Pages

Processing Water-Based Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Cathodes with CMC Binder: The Impact of Dispersing Methods

  • Leah Jalowy,
  • Henry Lehmann,
  • Patrick Rassek,
  • Olga Fromm,
  • Marc Entenmann and
  • Dominik Nemec

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are vital for modern energy storage applications. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is a promising cathode material due to its safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness compared to the widely used nickel manganese cobal...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,932 Views
18 Pages

1 December 2020

Recycling of lithium-ion batteries will become imperative in the future, but comprehensive and sustainable processes for this are still rather lacking. Direct recycling comprising separation of the black mass components as a key step is regarded as t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,369 Views
14 Pages

31 July 2025

In this work, graphite anodes and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes are used to examine the effects of sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) electrolyte additives on the formation of the solid electrolyte int...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
7,796 Views
23 Pages

Research on the Thermal Runaway Behavior and Flammability Limits of Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries

  • Changbao Qi,
  • Hewu Wang,
  • Minghai Li,
  • Cheng Li,
  • Yalun Li,
  • Chao Shi,
  • Ningning Wei,
  • Yan Wang and
  • Huipeng Zhang

12 January 2025

Batteries are widely used in energy storage systems (ESS), and thermal runaway in different types of batteries presents varying safety risks. Therefore, comparative research on the thermal runaway behaviors of various batteries is essential. This stu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,219 Views
20 Pages

Investigating the Coating Effect on Charge Transfer Mechanisms in Composite Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

  • Anna A. Fedorova,
  • Oleg V. Levin,
  • Svetlana N. Eliseeva,
  • Tomaž Katrašnik and
  • Dmitrii V. Anishchenko

The performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) relies on the characteristics of the cathode material, including both intentionally applied coatings and naturally formed surface layers or binder adhesion. This study investigated the influence of the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
7,892 Views
12 Pages

5 December 2019

With the wide use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), battery production has caused many problems, such as energy consumption and pollutant emissions. Although the life-cycle impacts of LIBs have been analyzed worldwide, the production phase has not bee...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,535 Views
26 Pages

Design Analysis of 26650 and 18650 LFP Cells for High Power and Low Temperature Use Cases

  • Florian Wätzold,
  • Anton Schlösser,
  • Max Leistikow and
  • Julia Kowal

20 January 2025

This study investigates the design and geometric properties of high-power and low-temperature 18650 and 26650 lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells. The analysis focuses on the geometry and components’ thicknesses and deriving CAD models for both...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,623 Views
18 Pages

The electrification of the air transport sector demands for an energy storage that adds as little volume and weight to the overall system as possible. Regarding this so-called structural battery, composites enable the storage of electrical energy in...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,282 Views
21 Pages

23 June 2025

In this study, the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery type, which has a high-power density and utilizes lithium as the primary conductive terminal, has been employed. Within the scope of this research, a one-dimensional isothermal Li-ion battery model has...

  • Article
  • Open Access
494 Views
20 Pages

24 September 2025

During the homogenization process of lithium battery slurry, the slurry shearing process causes the surface of the homogenization equipment to wear and generate metal containing debris, which poses a risk of inducing battery self-discharge and even e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,372 Views
12 Pages

Battery packaging in a vehicle depends on the cell chemistry being used and its behavior plays an important role in the safety of the entire battery pack. Chemical degradation of various parts of a cell such as the cathode or anode is a concern as it...

  • Review
  • Open Access
15 Citations
7,178 Views
22 Pages

High-Entropy Materials for Lithium Batteries

  • Timothy G. Ritter,
  • Samhita Pappu and
  • Reza Shahbazian-Yassar

High-entropy materials (HEMs) constitute a revolutionary class of materials that have garnered significant attention in the field of materials science, exhibiting extraordinary properties in the realm of energy storage. These equimolar multielemental...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,549 Views
19 Pages

16 January 2025

This study explores the optimization of hydrometallurgical processes for recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) containing a mixture of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and nickel–manganese–cobalt (NMC) cathodes. Two approaches were investiga...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,645 Views
13 Pages

Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy-Amine Thermosets and Solvate IL: Towards New Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

  • Natália Magalhães,
  • Beatriz Arouca Maia,
  • Maria Helena Braga,
  • Raquel M. Santos,
  • Nuno Correia and
  • Eunice Cunha

To effectively use (Li) lithium metal anodes, it is becoming increasingly necessary to create membranes with high lithium conductivity, electrochemical and thermal stabilities, as well as adequate mechanical properties. Composite gel polymer electrol...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,620 Views
21 Pages

Investigation of a Jet-Based Direct Mixing Process for Improved Structuring of Conductive Battery Hetero-Agglomerates

  • Joscha Witte,
  • Zhi Cheng Hua,
  • Victor Kolck,
  • Harald Kruggel-Emden,
  • Stefan Heinrich and
  • Eberhard Schmidt

17 November 2023

A jet-based direct mixing process is used to effectively mix heterogeneous materials. In this work, its application in the structuring, coating and agglomeration of cathode materials for all-solid-state battery (ASSB) production is investigated, with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
44 Citations
6,770 Views
9 Pages

Electrical safety of commercial Li-ion cells based on NMC and NCA technology compared to LFP technology

  • Martin Brand,
  • Simon Gläser,
  • Jan Geder,
  • Stefan Menacher,
  • Sebastian Obpacher,
  • Andreas Jossen and
  • Daniel Quinger

27 September 2013

Since a laptop caught fire in 2006 at the latest, Li-ion cells were considered as more dangerous than other accumulators [1]. Recent incidents, such as the one involving a BYD e6 electric taxi [2] or the Boeing Dreamliner [3], give rise to questions...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,786 Views
10 Pages

The present article introduces a strategy for controlling oxidation and reduction reactions within polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) networks as a means of enhancing storage capacity through the complexation of dissociated lithium cations with multi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,932 Views
19 Pages

Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Effect of Lithium-Ion Batteries’ Shape and Chemistry on Heat Generation

  • Piyatida Trinuruk,
  • Warongkorn Onnuam,
  • Nutthanicha Senanuch,
  • Chinnapat Sawatdeejui,
  • Papangkorn Jenyongsak and
  • Somchai Wongwises

26 December 2022

Data sets of internal resistances and open-circuit voltage of a particular battery are needed in ANSYS Fluent program to predict the heat generation accurately. However, one set of available data, called Chen’s original, does not cover all type...

  • Article
  • Open Access
541 Views
22 Pages

Investigation of Electrical and Physical Cell Parameters—A Comparative CT Study on Prismatic Battery Cells

  • Daniel Evans,
  • Julin Horstkötter,
  • Daniel Martin Brieske,
  • Claas Tebruegge and
  • Julia Kowal

13 November 2025

Computed tomography (CT) imaging has proven to be effective for detecting and visualizing a wide range of inhomogeneities and defects. Applying computer vision (CV)-based image processing enables detailed feature measurements on selected CT image sli...