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Keywords = limescale layers

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12 pages, 69161 KB  
Article
Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Limescale on the Wettability of Indirect Evaporative Cooling System Plates
by Roberta Caruana, Luca Marocco, Paolo Liberati and Manfredo Guilizzoni
Fluids 2024, 9(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9030076 - 17 Mar 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2460
Abstract
Indirect evaporative cooling systems have attracted much interest in recent years as they guarantee good cooling effectiveness, with lower energy demand with respect to traditional systems, thus helping to address the issue of climate change. Many studies have shown that an increase in [...] Read more.
Indirect evaporative cooling systems have attracted much interest in recent years as they guarantee good cooling effectiveness, with lower energy demand with respect to traditional systems, thus helping to address the issue of climate change. Many studies have shown that an increase in the wettability of recuperator plates results in an improvement in the system performance. However, if the water injected into the system comes from the city water supply, it will contain calcium carbonate residuals, which will form limescale layers on the plates, thus possibly changing their wetting behavior. Therefore, the wettability of three surfaces (an aluminum uncoated surface, AL, a standard epoxy coating, STD, and a hydrophilic lacquer, HPHI) was analyzed in the presence of limescale formations, and compared with that obtained in a previous study for corresponding clean surfaces. The results showed that the HPHI contact angle was reduced in the presence of limescale (median: 50°), that for STD was slightly increased (median: 81°), and that for AL was again reduced (median: 75°). Consequently, HPHI was confirmed to be the most wettable surface in both clean and limescale conditions. Finally, an analysis was undertaken evaluating the spreading factor and the reversible work of adhesion, which were in good agreement with the qualitative visual observations of the plates covered with limescale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluids and Surfaces, 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 3399 KB  
Article
Acoustic Limescale Layer and Temperature Measurement in Ultrasonic Flow Meters
by Johannes Landskron, Florian Dötzer, Andreas Benkert, Michael Mayle and Klaus Stefan Drese
Sensors 2022, 22(17), 6648; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176648 - 2 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3366
Abstract
Guided acoustic waves are commonly used in domestic water meters to measure the flow rate. The accuracy of this measurement method is affected by factors such as variations in temperature and limescale deposition inside of the pipe. In this work, a new approach [...] Read more.
Guided acoustic waves are commonly used in domestic water meters to measure the flow rate. The accuracy of this measurement method is affected by factors such as variations in temperature and limescale deposition inside of the pipe. In this work, a new approach using signals from different sound propagation paths is used to determine these quantities and allow for subsequent compensation. This method evaluates the different propagation times of guided Lamb waves in flow measurement applications. A finite element method-based model is used to identify the calibration curves for the device under test. The simulated dependencies on temperature and layer thickness are validated by experimental data. Finally, a test on simulated data with varying temperatures and limescale depositions proves that this method can be used to separate both effects. Based on these values, a flow measurement correction scheme can be derived that provides an improved resolution of guided acoustic wave-based flow meters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)
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