Sign in to use this feature.

Years

Between: -

Subjects

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Journals

Article Types

Countries / Regions

Search Results (94)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = in vitro batch culture

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
27 pages, 2101 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Essential Oil Mixtures: Synergistic Effects on Cattle Rumen Fermentation and Methane Emission
by Memoona Nasir, María Rodríguez-Prado, Marica Simoni, Susana M. Martín-Orúe, José Francisco Pérez and Sergio Calsamiglia
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142105 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 452
Abstract
Ruminant livestock contribute significantly to methane emissions, necessitating sustainable mitigation strategies. Essential oils (EOs) show promise for modulating ruminal fermentation, but their synergistic effects remain underexplored. Two 24 h in vitro experiments evaluated the synergistic effects of EO blends on rumen microbial fermentation. [...] Read more.
Ruminant livestock contribute significantly to methane emissions, necessitating sustainable mitigation strategies. Essential oils (EOs) show promise for modulating ruminal fermentation, but their synergistic effects remain underexplored. Two 24 h in vitro experiments evaluated the synergistic effects of EO blends on rumen microbial fermentation. Exp. 1 screened five oils using two triad combinations. Triad 1 tested 10 combinations of thyme (THY), peppermint (PPM), and cinnamon leaf (CIN) oils. Triad 2 tested 10 combinations of anise (ANI), clove leaf (CLO), and peppermint (PPM) oils. Each blend was tested at 400 mg/L, using batch culture methods measuring: pH, ammonia-N (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The two most effective blends, designated as T1 and T2, were selected for Exp. 2 to assess total gas and methane (CH4) production using pressure transducer methods. All treatments were incubated in a rumen fluid–buffer mix with a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate substrate (pH 6.6). In Exp. 1, data were analyzed according to the Simplex Centroid Design using R-Studio. In Exp. 2, an analysis was conducted using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Mean comparisons were assessed through Tukey’s test. The results from Exp. 1 identified CIN+PPM (80:20) and ANI+CLO (80:20) as optimal combinations, both increasing total VFAs while reducing acetate/propionate ratios and NH3-N concentrations. In Exp. 2, both combinations significantly reduced total gas and CH4 productions compared to the control, with CIN+PPM achieving the greatest methane reduction (similar to monensin, the positive control). Specific essential oil combinations demonstrated synergistic effects in modulating rumen fermentation and reducing methane emissions, offering potential for sustainable livestock production. Further in vivo validation is required to optimize dosing and assess long-term effects on animal performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Ruminants)
Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 857 KiB  
Review
Integrating Technological Innovations and Sustainable Practices to Abate Methane Emissions from Livestock: A Comprehensive Review
by Amr S. Morsy, Yosra A. Soltan, Waleed Al-Marzooqi and Hani M. El-Zaiat
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6458; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146458 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 554
Abstract
Livestock farming is a vital component of global food security, yet it remains a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane (CH4), which has a global warming potential 28 times greater than carbon dioxide (CO2). This review [...] Read more.
Livestock farming is a vital component of global food security, yet it remains a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane (CH4), which has a global warming potential 28 times greater than carbon dioxide (CO2). This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge surrounding the sources, biological mechanisms, and mitigation strategies related to CH4 emissions from ruminant livestock. We first explore the process of methanogenesis within the rumen, detailing the role of methanogenic archaea and the environmental factors influencing CH4 production. A thorough assessment of both direct and indirect methods used to quantify CH4 emissions is presented, including in vitro techniques (e.g., syringe method, batch culture, RUSITEC), in vivo techniques (e.g., respiration chambers, Greenfeed, laser CH4 detectors), and statistical modeling approaches. The advantages and limitations of each method are critically analyzed in terms of accuracy, cost, feasibility, and applicability to different farming systems. We then examine a wide range of mitigation strategies, organized into four core pillars: (1) animal and feed management (e.g., genetic selection, pasture quality improvement), (2) diet formulation (e.g., feed additives such as oils, tannins, saponins, and seaweed), (3) rumen manipulation (e.g., probiotics, ionophores, defaunation, vaccination), and (4) manure management practices and policy-level interventions. These strategies are evaluated not only for their environmental impact but also for their economic and practical viability in diverse livestock systems. By integrating technological innovations with sustainable agricultural practices, this review highlights pathways to reduce CH4 emissions while maintaining animal productivity. It aims to support decision-makers, researchers, and livestock producers in the global effort to transition toward climate-smart, low-emission livestock farming. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 4235 KiB  
Article
MH002, a Novel Butyrate-Producing Consortium of Six Commensal Bacterial Strains Has Immune-Modulatory and Mucosal-Healing Properties
by Iris Pinheiro, Selin Bolca, Lien Van den Bossche, Wiebe Vanhove, Sara Van Ryckeghem, Davide Gottardi, Debby Laukens and Sam Possemiers
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6167; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136167 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 841
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. It is generally accepted that IBD is characterized by an inappropriate immune response to the intestinal microbiome in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite the available treatment options ranging from salicylates [...] Read more.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. It is generally accepted that IBD is characterized by an inappropriate immune response to the intestinal microbiome in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite the available treatment options ranging from salicylates and corticosteroids, to immunosuppressants and biologics, there is still a high unmet medical need for patients who respond poorly to drugs or are not able to tolerate them. Microbiome-based therapeutics offer a valid treatment strategy for IBD with enhanced safety. A butyrate-producing consortium of six commensal strains (MH002) was evaluated in a series of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments mimicking multiple IBD-related dysfunctions, namely disrupted intestinal permeability and immune activation. MH002 rapidly produced high levels of butyrate in fed-batch cultures, and significantly increased butyrate levels within one day after administration to IBD-derived gut microbial communities in vitro. Both in Caco-2/peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultures, and IBD patients-derived organoids and colonic explants, MH002 reduced inflammation and restored epithelial barrier integrity. In addition, MH002 promoted wound repair in vitro. Finally, MH002 protected mice and rats from chemically induced colitis. Altogether, results showed that MH002 presents a novel therapeutic avenue for the treatment of IBD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Microbiome)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1218 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Total Terminal Galactosylation of CHO Cell-Derived TNF-α Blocker-IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody Using Time-Dependent Galactose Supplementation
by Mallikarjuna Pulipeta, Pradeep Kumar Iyer, Rajendra Kumar Palakurthy, Narasimha Pullaguri, Rajasekhar Pinnamaneni and Srinivas Reddy Chilukuri
Biologics 2025, 5(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5020016 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 816
Abstract
Background: Recombinant monoclonal antibodies represent a vital category of biologics, constituting the largest class of molecules used to treat autoimmune disorders, cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic conditions. The IgG1 subclass is the most potent among all the immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) antibodies, inducing [...] Read more.
Background: Recombinant monoclonal antibodies represent a vital category of biologics, constituting the largest class of molecules used to treat autoimmune disorders, cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic conditions. The IgG1 subclass is the most potent among all the immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) antibodies, inducing Fc-related effector functions. N-linked glycan distribution of therapeutic IgG1s affects Fc-related effector functions such as CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity) and ADCC (antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) biological activities and efficacy in vivo. Hence, as a critical quality attribute (CQA), the glycosylation profile of therapeutic IgG1s must be consistently preserved, which is primarily influenced by manufacturing process factors. In the era of biosimilars, it is challenging for biopharmaceutical manufacturers to not only obtain the desired glycan distribution consistently but also to meet the innovator molecule specifications as per the regulatory agencies. Methods: This study investigates the CHO fed-batch process parameters that affect the titer and terminal galactosylation of the TNF-α blocker-IgG1. It was hypothesized that galactose supplementation would enhance the galactosylation of TNF-α blocker-IgG1. Results: It was observed that such in-cultivation process shift does not affect cell culture parameters yet significantly enhances the galactosylation of TNF-α blocker-IgG1. Interestingly, the results indicate that supplementing D-galactose from the exponential phase of the CHO fed-batch process had the greatest effect on Fc galactosylation, increasing the amount of total galactosylated TNF-α blocker-IgG1 from 7.7% to 15.8%. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a relatively easy and viable technique for cell culture engineering that is more appropriate for industrial production than costly in vitro glycoengineering. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2659 KiB  
Article
Ruminal Yeast Strain with Probiotic Potential: Isolation and Characterization and Its Effect on Rumen Fermentation In Vitro
by Pin Song, Xiaoran Yang, Manman Hou, Yue Chen, Liping Liu, Yuyan Feng and Yingdong Ni
Microorganisms 2025, 13(6), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061270 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 533
Abstract
The objective of this study is to isolate, identify, and describe rumen yeast strains and assess their probiotic potentials and effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Yeasts were isolated from ruminal fluids, yielding 59 strains from nine distinct species. A number of tests [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to isolate, identify, and describe rumen yeast strains and assess their probiotic potentials and effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Yeasts were isolated from ruminal fluids, yielding 59 strains from nine distinct species. A number of tests were conducted to assess their anaerobic traits, growth rate, acid tolerance, and lactate utilization ability, and a second screening in fresh ruminal fluid to evaluate in vitro pH and acid accumulation was conducted. The probiotic yeast Candida rugosa (NJ-5) was selected for in vitro culture studies on rumen fermentation. Finally, Candida rugosa (NJ-5) with good probiotic characteristics was chosen to investigate its effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. The batch culture technique was used to explore the effects of Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture on rumen fermentation parameters. By altering the fermentation substrate to a concentrate-to-roughage ratio of 70:30, which simulated a high-concentration diet. The CON, LYC, MYC, and HYC groups were supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2%, and 5% Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture (dry matter basis), respectively. The pH value and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents were determined at 6, 12, and 24 h after fermentation. The results showed that adding Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture successfully modulated in vitro rumen fermentation. Compared to the CON group, HYC had a significantly mitigated reduction in pH in fermentation, resulting in a significant increase in total VFAs and acetate levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture supplementation did not significantly alter ruminal bacterial alpha diversity (p > 0.05). At the phylum and genus taxonomic levels, Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture addition increased the relative abundance of several functionally important bacterial groups in the rumen microbial community. Compared to the CON group, the HYC group concurrently had an increased abundance of Desulfobacterota, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, F082, and Ruminococcus (p < 0.05) but a significantly reduced abundance of Cyanobacteria, Bdellovibrionota, Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002, Enterobacter, and Succinivibrio (p < 0.05). The in vitro fermentation experiment demonstrated that the optimal dry matter supplementation of Candida rugosa (NJ-5) into the basal diet was 5%, which could be effective for maintaining ruminal fermentation stability when ruminants were fed a high-concentrate diet. This study provides empirical support for the use of yeast as a nutritional supplement in ruminant livestock management, as well as a theoretical underpinning for further animal research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 260 KiB  
Article
Effects of Onion Peel Inclusion on In Vitro Fermentation, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Nutrient Degradability in Dairy Cow Diets
by Lydia K. Olagunju, Oludotun O. Adelusi, Peter A. Dele, Yasmine Shaw, Rosetta M. Brice, Oluteru E. Orimaye, Jorge A. Villarreal-González, Hye Won Kang, Ahmed E. Kholif and Uchenna Y. Anele
Animals 2025, 15(7), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15070969 - 27 Mar 2025
Viewed by 837
Abstract
Enteric greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions represent a major challenge in livestock production, contributing significantly to global methane output. Various strategies have been explored to mitigate these emissions, including dietary modifications, feed additives, and genetic improvements. In the present study, the focus was on [...] Read more.
Enteric greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions represent a major challenge in livestock production, contributing significantly to global methane output. Various strategies have been explored to mitigate these emissions, including dietary modifications, feed additives, and genetic improvements. In the present study, the focus was on onion peel (OP), a byproduct of the onion processing industry that has shown promise as a natural feed supplement with potential methane-reducing properties. We evaluated the effect of different inclusion levels of OP at 2.5% (OP2.5), 5% (OP5), 7.5% (OP7.5), and 10% (OP10) on the in vitro fermentation of two diets: a total mixed ration referred to as high concentrate (HC), and corn silage referred to as high forage (HF). A 48 h batch culture experiment using a 2 × 3 × 5 factorial arrangement was conducted to assess total gas production (GP), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations, and nutrient degradability. Measurements were taken at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h of incubation. Significant additive × diet interactions were observed for most of the parameters. The HC diet produced more gas but less CH4, CO2, NH3, and H2S compared to the HF diet (p < 0.05). At 24 h of incubation, the OP at all levels increased CH4, CO2, NH3, and H2S concentrations in the HF diet (p < 0.05). The OP2.5 treatment had the lowest (quadratic effect, p < 0.05) degradable dry matter (dDM) in the HC diet, while the OP linearly (p < 0.001) increased degradable acid detergent fiber (dADF) in both diets. The lowest total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and acetate (quadratic effect, p = 0.027) were observed with the OP5 treatment in the HC diet, while OP5, OP7.5, and OP10 had lower total VFA concentration in the HC diet. At 48 h of incubation, the OP7.5 treatment increased (p < 0.05) GP and CH4 and CO2 production in the HC diet. However, the OP5 treatment had the lowest CH4 production (quadratic effect, p = 0.027) in the HF diet. The highest dDM was observed with OP7.5 treatment (quadratic effect, p = 0.038) in the HC diet with lower values noted at different inclusion levels in the HF diet. Inclusion of OP had no effect on total VFA, and individual VFA in both diets. In conclusion, OP supplementation is more suitable for HF diets than HC diets. A 5% inclusion level is recommended to decrease ruminal CH4production and improve nutrient degradability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Ruminants)
18 pages, 2261 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Seed Germination, Seedling Development, Multiple Shoot Induction and Rooting of Actinidia chinensis
by Mapogo Kgetjepe Sekhukhune and Yvonne Mmatshelo Maila
Plants 2025, 14(6), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060939 - 17 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 634
Abstract
Worldwide, the yellow-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is an important crop that possesses great economic significance due to its nutritional, medicinal and ornamental values. The call for the expansion of the kiwifruit industry in South Africa, due to rising local and international [...] Read more.
Worldwide, the yellow-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is an important crop that possesses great economic significance due to its nutritional, medicinal and ornamental values. The call for the expansion of the kiwifruit industry in South Africa, due to rising local and international market demand, resulted in the introduction of new plant species in sub-mountainous areas, where soil and climate conditions are more suitable for intensive kiwifruit production than in lowland areas. Consequently, a need to develop suitable commercial protocols for mass propagation of A. chinensis emerged. This study introduces an optimized micropropagation protocol for A. chinensis, facilitating seed germination, seedling development and multiple shoot induction. For seed germination, the effect of cold stratification (CS) and gibberellic acid (GA3) alone and in combination on in vitro germination of A. chinensis seeds was studied. Sterile seeds were stratified at 4 °C for 28 and 42 days. Batches of stratified and non-stratified (control) seeds were germinated on plant growth regulator-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) media and also on sterile filter paper bridges moistened with dH2O and GA3 concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm. Seeds from the control and the CS treatments alone did not germinate on MS medium. However, on filter paper bridges, seeds cold stratified for 28 days yielded only a 20% germination percentage (GP), whereas CS for 42 days did not promote germination. A maximum GP of 64% and a mean germination time (MGT) of 27.52 days were achieved at a 2000 ppm GA3 concentration. Cold stratification (28 days) followed by GA3 treatments yielded an optimum GP of 80% and optimum MGT of 18.94 days at GA3 concentrations of 500 ppm. In contrast, CS (42 days) followed by GA3 yielded a maximum GP of 72% and MGT of 18.80 days at a GA3 of 500 ppm. Conclusively, CS alone had little effect on germination, whereas CS (28 and 42 days) followed by GA3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved GP. Germinated seeds on moist filter paper can produce seedlings when sub-cultured on MS medium for seedling development. For multiple shoot induction, in vitro shoot culture of A. chinensis was carried out using apical and basal shoot explants from the above in vitro-produced seedlings. These explants were cultured on MS supplemented with 2.2 µM and 4.4 µM 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) for shoot multiplication. Axillary shoot proliferation was not observed on apical shoot explants after 4 weeks of culture on MS medium with 2.2 µM BAP. In contrast, the basal shoot explants produced 2–3 axillary shoots, tendrils and calluses at the base on the same medium. The highest number (3–4) of multiple shoots was attained from these basal shoot explants after subculture (10–12 weeks) in the same culture medium. In contrast, only elongation and rooting of apical shoot explants, without axillary shoot induction, occurred after the subculture. Regenerated plantlets derived from both apical and basal shoot explants were successfully acclimatised under a controlled environment at 24 ± 2 °C and 16 h photoperiod of 150–200 µmol m−2 s−1 light intensity. A similar response was observed for both types of explants of A. chinensis when cultured on MS with 4.4 µM BAP, although the higher concentration of BAP affected the morphological appearance of the regenerated plantlets that had shorter stems and smaller and narrower leaves compared to plantlets derived from 2.2 µM BAP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3628 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Investigation of the Effects of Bacillus subtilis-810B and Bacillus licheniformis-809A on the Rumen Fermentation and Microbiota
by Raphaële Gresse, Bruno Ieda Cappellozza, Didier Macheboeuf, Angélique Torrent, Jeanne Danon, Lena Capern, Dorthe Sandvang, Vincent Niderkorn, Giuseppe Copani and Evelyne Forano
Animals 2025, 15(4), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040476 - 7 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1950
Abstract
Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) have shown the potential to improve livestock performance and overall health. Extensive research has been conducted to identify new DFMs and understand their mechanisms of action in the gut. Bacillus species are multifunctional spore-forming bacteria that exhibit resilience to harsh [...] Read more.
Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) have shown the potential to improve livestock performance and overall health. Extensive research has been conducted to identify new DFMs and understand their mechanisms of action in the gut. Bacillus species are multifunctional spore-forming bacteria that exhibit resilience to harsh conditions, making them ideal candidates for applications in the feed industry and livestock production. This study investigates the mode of action of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis in the rumen using diverse in vitro techniques. Our results revealed that both strains germinated and grew in sterile rumen and intestinal contents from dairy cows and bulls. Gas composition analysis of in vitro cultures in a medium containing 40% rumen fluid demonstrated that germination of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis strains reduced oxygen levels, promoting an anaerobic environment favorable to rumen microbes. Enzymatic activity assays showed that B. licheniformis released sugars from complex substrates and purified polysaccharides in filtered rumen content. Additionally, the combination of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis survived and grew in the presence of a commercial monensin dose in rumen fluid media. The effects of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis on rumen fermentation activity and microbiota were studied using an in vitro batch fermentation assay. In fermenters that received a combination of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis, less CO2 was produced while dry matter degradation and CH4 production was comparable to the control condition, indicating better efficiency of dry matter utilization by the microbiota. The investigation of microbiota composition between supplemented and control fermenters showed no significant effect on alpha and beta diversity. However, the differential analysis highlighted changes in several taxa between the two conditions. Altogether, our data suggests that the administration of these strains of Bacillus could have a beneficial impact on rumen function, and consequently, on health and performance of ruminants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 4544 KiB  
Article
Donor Variability Alters the Characteristics of Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells
by Jingyuan Ya and Ulvi Bayraktutan
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47020073 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1111
Abstract
Primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are widely used in a large number of in vitro studies each year to better mimic their physiological characteristics in vivo. However, potential changes in primary endothelial cells stemming from donor variability or culture conditions may affect [...] Read more.
Primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are widely used in a large number of in vitro studies each year to better mimic their physiological characteristics in vivo. However, potential changes in primary endothelial cells stemming from donor variability or culture conditions may affect the reliability and reproducibility of the experiments. While working on a project regarding BMEC senescence, we noticed behavioral differences between two different batches of cells. Comparative analyses of cellular characteristics revealed that while one batch of BMECs developed a typical cobblestone morphology, the other batch displayed a spindle-shape morphology. Despite showing similar tubulogenic and barrier-forming capacities, the spindle-shaped BMECs displayed greater proliferation rates, stronger staining for CD34, a marker of stemness and higher resistance to oxidative stress-induced senescence and replicative senescence. Conversely, the spindle-shaped cells demonstrated a much weaker staining for the endothelial marker CD31. Taken together, these findings indicate that it is important to scrutinize endothelial characteristics to ensure experimental accuracy when cellular responses markedly vary between the so-called endothelial cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 2865 KiB  
Article
Rumen Bacterial Community Responses to Three DHA Supplements: A Comparative In Vitro Study
by Jianmin Zou, Genna Ba, Dian Wang, Mengmeng Li, Shaohong Jin, Chong Chen, Wei Tan, Jian He, Hengsheng Du, Pengjie Wang and Yinhua Zhu
Animals 2025, 15(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020196 - 13 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1018
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the loss of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from three supplements (two powders and one oil) after digestion (rumen and gastrointestinal) and their effects on the number and composition of rumen bacteria, using an in vitro approach. [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to investigate the loss of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from three supplements (two powders and one oil) after digestion (rumen and gastrointestinal) and their effects on the number and composition of rumen bacteria, using an in vitro approach. The concentration of supplements has a significant impact on the DHA loss rate and algal oil exhibited the highest rate of loss, but bioaccessibility was not significantly different from the other supplements. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that three DHA supplements altered the bacterial composition of in vitro batch cultures inoculated with rumen microorganisms from cows, and caused changes in the relative abundance of important bacterial phyla, families, and genera. DHA supplements altered the abundance of bacterial species, including Prevotella, Ruminobacter, Succiniclassicum, Succinivibrio, Lachnospiraceae, and Muribaculaceae. Importantly, these changes may be associated with the ruminal response in biohydrogenation. Algal oil has the most significant impact on rumen microbiota by reducing the richness and diversity of rumen microbiota, and significantly altering the composition of multiple important microbiota. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1832 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Evaluation of Ruminal Digestibility, Fermentation Characteristics, and Bacterial Diversity of Kenaf Crop at Various Cutting Heights
by Mengwei Li, Faiz-ul Hassan, Qian Lin, Muhammad Adeel Arshad, Muhammad Uzair Akhtar, Lijuan Peng, Chengjian Yang, Xin Liang and Jiaxiang Huang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010050 - 12 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1176
Abstract
The current study investigated the in vitro degradability, in vitro gas production, methane (CH4) production, and ruminal bacterial community of kenaf plants cut at different heights (130, 160, 190, 220, and 250 cm). These samples were subjected to an in vitro [...] Read more.
The current study investigated the in vitro degradability, in vitro gas production, methane (CH4) production, and ruminal bacterial community of kenaf plants cut at different heights (130, 160, 190, 220, and 250 cm). These samples were subjected to an in vitro batch culture system using buffalo rumen fluid to measure gas and CH4 production at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h of incubation. Results reveal that crude protein (CP) concentration was the highest at the 220 cm height compared with the other heights. With the increase in height, gas and CH4 production decreased. However, the CH4 production at 190 cm was higher compared with the other plant heights. Dry matter degradation was higher at 190 cm and 220 cm, while ammonia-N and microbial CP were higher at the 220 cm height compared with the other heights. However, neutral detergent fiber degradation was the highest at the 130 cm height. Total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, acetic acid/propane ratio, and pH value did not differ among the treatments, except for propionic acid, which was higher at the 130 cm and 160 cm heights. Overall, harvesting kenaf at plant heights of up to 220 cm was better in terms of its promising nutritional quality, improved dry matter degradation, and microbial CP contents. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 12861 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Approach of High-Precision 3D Printing and Low Cell Adhesion for Enhanced Self-Assembled Spheroid Formation
by Chunxiang Lu, Aoxiang Jin, Chuang Gao, Hao Qiao, Huazhen Liu, Yi Zhang, Wenbin Sun, Shih-Mo Yang and Yuanyuan Liu
Biosensors 2025, 15(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15010007 - 26 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1491
Abstract
Spheroids, as three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates, can be prepared using various methods, including hanging drops, microwells, microfluidics, magnetic manipulation, and bioreactors. However, current spheroid manufacturing techniques face challenges such as complex workflows, the need for specialized personnel, and poor batch reproducibility. In this [...] Read more.
Spheroids, as three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates, can be prepared using various methods, including hanging drops, microwells, microfluidics, magnetic manipulation, and bioreactors. However, current spheroid manufacturing techniques face challenges such as complex workflows, the need for specialized personnel, and poor batch reproducibility. In this study, we designed a support-free, 3D-printed microwell chip and developed a compatible low-cell-adhesion process. Through simulation and experimental validation, we rapidly optimized microwell size and the coating process. We successfully formed three types of spheroids—human immortalized epidermal cells (HaCaTs), umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs), and human osteosarcoma cells (MG63s)—on the chip. Fluorescent viability staining confirmed the biocompatibility and reliability of the chip. Finally, drug response experiments were conducted using the chip. Compared to traditional methods, our proposed strategy enables high-throughput production of size-controlled spheroids with excellent shape retention, while enhanced gas exchange during culture improves differentiation marker expression. This platform provides an efficient and cost-effective solution for biosensing applications, such as drug screening, disease modeling, and personalized therapy monitoring. Furthermore, the chip shows significant potential for real-time in vitro monitoring of cellular viability, reaction kinetics, and drug sensitivity, offering valuable advancements in biosensor technology for life sciences and medical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nano- and Micro-Technologies in Biosensors)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 285 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharides and Onion Peels on In Vitro Batch Culture Fermentation of High Concentrate and Forage Diets
by Lydia K. Olagunju, Oludotun O. Adelusi, Peter A. Dele, Yasmine Shaw, Rosetta M. Brice, Oluteru E. Orimaye, Jorge A. Villarreal-González, Hye Won Kang, Ahmed E. Kholif and Uchenna Y. Anele
Animals 2024, 14(22), 3180; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223180 - 6 Nov 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1019
Abstract
The current study evaluated the effect of combining mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) and onion peel (OP) on ruminal in vitro total gas (GP), greenhouse gas emissions, dry matter and fiber fraction digestibility, partitioning factor (PF24; mg degradable DM per mL gas), microbial [...] Read more.
The current study evaluated the effect of combining mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) and onion peel (OP) on ruminal in vitro total gas (GP), greenhouse gas emissions, dry matter and fiber fraction digestibility, partitioning factor (PF24; mg degradable DM per mL gas), microbial mass, and volatile fatty acids using two dietary substrates: high forage (HF) and high concentrate (HC) diets. The study was arranged as a 2 × 2 × 6 factorial design with two dietary substrates, two time points (6 and 24 h), and six treatments. The treatments included a control group with no MOS or OP administration and groups administered with 2% of a mixture containing MOS and OP in the following ratios: 1:0 (MOS), 0:1 (OP), 1:1 (MOS:OP), 1:2 (MOS:2OP), and 1:3 (MOS:3OP). No significant diet × treatment interactions were observed for any of the measured parameters. However, treatments decreased (p < 0.05) the undegraded portion of HC, and treatment × substrate interactions were significant (p < 0.05) for PF24 and microbial mass. The treatments in the HC diet produced higher GP (p < 0.001) at 6 h compared to the treatments in the HF diet. Administration of MOS:2OP to the HC diet increased GP at 24 h of incubation, while the lowest GP was observed with the OP in the HF diet. The administration of MOS, OP, and MOS:2OP to the HC diet decreased methane production at 24 h of incubation. Additionally, MOS:2OP and MOS:3OP increased (p < 0.001) degradable acid detergent fiber (dADF) in the HC diet at 6 h of incubation. Both OP and MOS:3OP decreased the degradability of acid detergent lignin in the HC diet (p < 0.001). The OP also resulted in the lowest DM disappearance (p < 0.001) at 24 h of incubation in the HF diet, while the MOS:3OP had the highest dADF. At the end of incubation, the highest productions of total volatile fatty acids and acetate were observed (p = 0.002) with the MOS:OP administration in the HC diet, whereas the lowest values were observed with MOS and OP administration to the HF diet. The inclusion of mannan oligosaccharide and onion peel combinations as additives improved substrate (HC and HF) fermentation, leading to higher GP and volatile fatty production, and modulated fiber degradability by improving the breakdown of acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Ruminants)
21 pages, 282 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Protein and Energy Levels on Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Activity Under Different Incubation Temperatures
by Yong-Ho Jo, Won-Seob Kim, Yoo-Rae Kim, Mun-Su Ju, Jalil Ghassemi Nejad and Hong-Gu Lee
Animals 2024, 14(21), 3093; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14213093 - 26 Oct 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1752
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of different incubation temperatures on ruminal fermentation and rumen microorganisms and determine the appropriate protein and energy levels to enhance microbial protein synthesis using an in vitro system. Rumen inoculum was collected from two fistulated Holstein [...] Read more.
This study aimed to explore the effects of different incubation temperatures on ruminal fermentation and rumen microorganisms and determine the appropriate protein and energy levels to enhance microbial protein synthesis using an in vitro system. Rumen inoculum was collected from two fistulated Holstein heifers (trial 1: BW: 652.3 kg ± 25.2; trial 2: BW: 683.3 kg ± 30.2) and assessed using a closed-batch culture system. The experimental model employed a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement using incubation temperatures set to 39 and 41 °C, with protein levels set to 12.0, 13.5, 15.0, 16.5, and 18.0% of DM in trial 1 or with energy levels set to 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, and 2.8 Mcal/kg of DM in trial 2. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure. The results showed increased (p < 0.05) NH3-N concentrations and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) with higher incubation temperatures, while the liquid-associated bacterial (LAB) amounts decreased (p < 0.05) in trials 1 and 2. The interaction between the energy level and incubation temperature affected (p < 0.05) the LAB protein levels in trial 2. Higher protein levels led to increased (p < 0.05) NH3-N and acetate concentrations, but it decreased (p < 0.05) the propionate percentage. Conversely, higher energy levels decreased (p < 0.05) the amount of acetate and increased the propionate concentration, altering the acetate-to-propionate ratio. However, no interaction involving TVFA and LAB was observed between the incubation temperature and the protein or energy levels. Changes in the NH3-N, TVFAs, and LAB protein amounts were observed under different incubation temperatures and energy levels. In conclusion, these findings provide insight into the metabolic adaptation under different ruminal temperatures and the impacts of dietary adjustments on rumen fermentation and microbial activity. However, there are limitations to replicating the complex physiological responses that occur within the whole body solely through in vitro experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutritional Manipulation of Rumen Fermentation)
13 pages, 497 KiB  
Article
Effects of Active Dry Yeast Supplementation in In Vitro and In Vivo Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Bacterial Community
by Haitao Liu, Fei Li, Zhiyuan Ma, Miaomiao Ma, Emilio Ungerfeld, Zhian Zhang, Xiuxiu Weng, Baocang Liu, Xiaoyu Deng and Liqing Guo
Animals 2024, 14(19), 2916; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14192916 - 9 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1456
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of active dry yeast (ADY) on nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation, using both in vitro and in vivo experiments with lambs. In vitro, ADYs were incubated with rumen fluid and a substrate mixture to assess gas production, pH, [...] Read more.
This study assessed the impact of active dry yeast (ADY) on nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation, using both in vitro and in vivo experiments with lambs. In vitro, ADYs were incubated with rumen fluid and a substrate mixture to assess gas production, pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles, and lactate concentration. In vivo, Hu lambs were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: a control group and four groups receiving one of two dosages of either Vistacell or Procreatin7. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters, and bacterial community composition were measured. Pro enhanced the propionate molar proportion while it decreased the n-butyrate molar proportion. Vis reduced the lactate concentration in vitro. In the in vivo experiment, Vis increased the propionate molar proportion and the Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001 abundance while it decreased the n-butyrate molar proportion and the Lachnospiraceae_ND3007 abundance. Additionally, Vis showed a greater impact on improving the NDF digestibility and total VFA concentration in vivo compared to Pro. Overall, the effects of ADYs on rumen fermentation were found to vary depending on the specific ADY used, with Vis being the most suitable for lamb growth. It was observed that Vis promoted propionate fermentation and Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001 abundance at the expense of reduced n-butyrate fermentation and Lachnospiraceae_ND3007 abundance. Importantly, differences were noted between the outcomes of the in vitro and in vivo experiments concerning the effects of ADYs on rumen fermentation, highlighting the need for caution when generalizing batch culture results to the in vivo effects of ADYs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutritional Manipulation of Rumen Fermentation)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop