Search Results (5,554)

Phenolic acids are known allelopathic compounds that may serve as the primary cause of continuous cropping obstacles in Coix lacryma-jobi L. (Coix). However, the concentrations, types, and specific stress responses of Coix to these phenolic acids still require further investigation. In this study, the cultivar ‘Wanyi 2′ was used to examine the effects of different phenolic acids and their concentrations on the growth of Coix. Four concentrations (0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L) and four phenolic acid types (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, and ferulic acid) were used to assess their influences on plant growth, leaf physiological parameters, and metabolic pathways under greenhouse conditions. In this greenhouse pot experiment, the effects of the four phenolic acids showed a similar tendency: a low concentration (10 mg/L) tended to promote the growth and root development of Coix seedlings, whereas high concentrations (100 and 1000 mg/L) generally showed inhibitory effects. Among these phenolic acids, ferulic acid exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect at the highest concentration (1000 mg/L), while salicylic acid showed the most pronounced growth-promoting effect at low concentrations (10 mg/L). In addition, high levels of phenolic acids markedly increased antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress-related substances in Coix leaves, while reducing soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP) contents. Our data suggest that under phenolic acid stress, Coix leaves exhibited changes in the metabolism of phenolic acids (e.g., 4-methoxysalicylic acid, gallic acid) and amino acids (e.g., glutathione, proline), which may be associated with the adaptive response to allelochemical-induced stress. Overall, this study provides insights that may support strategies to optimize plant growth regulators and mitigate continuous cropping barriers in Coix. Full article

Micro-dwarf tomato cultivars are increasingly considered for urban and controlled-environment agriculture due to their compact architecture and suitability for high-density planting. In this study, we evaluated the effects of different leaf removal intensities on leaf-level physiological performance, fruit yield, and fruit quality in three micro-dwarf tomato cultivars (Mohamed, Hahms Gelbe Topftomate, and Red Robin) grown under contrasting seasonal light conditions. Plants were subjected to low (15%), moderate (30%), or severe (90%) leaf removal, and leaf-level gas exchange was measured across canopy layers, along with yield and fruit quality assessments. Severe leaf removal (90%) increased carbon assimilation, transpiration, and stomatal conductance in middle and lower canopy leaves by up to approximately twofold compared with control plants, indicating improved light availability at the leaf level. However, these physiological enhancements did not consistently translate into higher yield, reflecting reduced whole-plant source capacity under excessive leaf removal. Low to moderate leaf removal (15–30%) generally increased or maintained yield and fruit number, whereas severe leaf removal reduced yield in Hahms Gelbe and Red Robin, particularly under low seasonal radiation. Fruit quality was largely unaffected by leaf removal, except for total soluble solids, which declined by approximately 12% under severe leaf removal across cultivars, consistent with sugar dilution under source limitation. Overall, these results demonstrate that optimal leaf removal in micro-dwarf tomatoes requires balancing improved canopy light distribution with maintenance of sufficient leaf area for carbon assimilation. For the tested compact canopies, LR15–30% represented a generally safe, practical range, whereas LR90% posed a substantial risk of source limitation, particularly at lower radiation; the exact threshold, however, remained cultivar- and light-dependent. Full article

Sourdoughs are complex microbial ecosystems fundamental to traditional breadmaking. Despite extensive research, variability among traditional sourdough ecosystems remains a key area of investigation. In this context, 13 type I sourdough starters from Villaurbana (Sardinia, Italy) were characterised combining molecular and biochemical techniques. Bacterial and fungal communities were identified by NGS-based amplicon sequencing, while lactic and acetic acid, and residual sugars were quantified. The bacterial population was dominated by the genus Fructilactobacillus, whereas the fungal community spanned multiple genera. To explore the mycobiota, 130 yeast isolates were identified sequencing D1–D2 domain and through MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Six yeast species were detected: Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the dominant species (58.46%), followed by non-Saccharomyces yeasts (41.54%), including Torulaspora delbrueckii, Pichia fermentans, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Maudiozyma humilis, and Monosporozyma unispora. Strain-level typing via microsatellite analysis revealed high intraspecific diversity among S. cerevisiae and T. delbrueckii isolates. S. cerevisiae strains were distributed across distinct genetic lineages, with some clustering alongside industrial reference strains and others displaying unique evolutionary trajectories. T. delbrueckii strains formed two clonal groups substantially divergent from reference strains. This study supports the restitution of characterized yeast strains to the community as a resource for establishing a new microbial consortium representative of Villaurbana sourdough tradition. Full article

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are foods formulated through extensive industrial processing, with little or no natural food constituents, and include ingredients such as artificial colors, flavors, and other food additives to enhance shelf life and palatability. They are typically energy-dense and poor in essential nutrients, including products such as sugar-sweetened beverages, packaged snacks, processed meats, instant noodles and confectioneries. UPF intake has been associated with a wide range of metabolic and inflammatory diseases, especially obesity and adiposity. The transition to independent living and increased dietary autonomy among young adults, particularly university students, are associated with higher reliance on UPF. This narrative review aims to examine the global evidence on the association between UPF consumption and obesity and adiposity outcomes among young adults. Most reviewed studies demonstrated a consistent positive association between UPF consumption and increased obesity and adiposity risks among young adults. UPF consumption within this population is substantial, ranging between 25% and 50% of total energy intake (TEI). The association between UPF consumption and increased risk of obesity and adiposity can be explained through multiple biological and behavioral mechanisms, including high energy density and palatability, disruption of satiety signaling, gut microbiota alterations, and hormonal dysregulation. To reduce the long-term burden of obesity among young adults, public efforts should be directed to important health interventions, such as university awareness nutritional programs, front-of-pack labeling, and policy-level restrictions on UPF marketing. Full article

Betalains are natural antioxidant pigments valued as food colorants (E162), yet their combined responses to light quality and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) during long-term growth remain poorly understood. In this study, the interactive effects of blue light and MeJA on growth, betacyanin, betaxanthin, antioxidant enzyme activities [peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)], malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline (PRO) were investigated at weeks 3, 10, and 13 of sugar beet seedling growth. Four treatments were established: white light (W, control), white light + MeJA (WM), white light + blue light (WB), and white light + blue light + MeJA (WBM). The results showed that WB rapidly induced betaxanthin accumulation and enhanced SOD and POD activities while reducing MDA at week 3. MeJA alone triggered an explosive increase in betacyanin (45.74 mg·g⁻¹ FW) at week 10, accompanied by elevated activities of POD, SOD, and CAT. The combined treatment (WBM) maintained the highest betacyanin (36.48 mg·g⁻¹ FW) and betaxanthin (8.97 mg·g⁻¹ FW) contents, the lowest MDA level (17.17 nmol·g⁻¹ FW), and a high proline level (528.39 μg·g⁻¹ FW) at week 13, providing sustained pigment maintenance at the late stage. The three antioxidant enzymes exhibited a temporal division of labor: high SOD activity at the early stage, while POD and CAT activities continuously increased during the middle and late stages. Notably, the correlation between proline and MDA shifted from positive at week 10 to negative at week 13, suggesting a temporal transition in the protective role of proline against membrane lipid peroxidation during late-stage development. In conclusion, blue light and MeJA enhance the antioxidant capacity of sugar beet seedlings through a temporally synergistic pattern of “priming by blue light, burst by MeJA, and maintenance by combined treatment,” offering a potential preharvest regulation strategy for the production of natural pigments and functional food ingredients. Full article

Jackfruit seeds, a by-product of the jackfruit processing industry, comprise a substantial proportion of starch. As a result, jackfruit seeds are emerging as a viable source of fermentable sugars for fermentation processes. In this study, α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis TKU004 was employed to hydrolyze gelatinized jackfruit seed starch slurry, and the hydrolysis conditions were systematically optimized using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM). Three independent variables, including incubation temperature (40–60 °C), enzyme-to-substrate ([E]/[S]) ratio (5–10 U/g), and reaction time (2–6 h), were evaluated, with dextrose equivalent (DE, %) as the response. The optimal hydrolysis parameters were determined to be 47 °C, an [E]/[S] ratio of 10 U/g, and a reaction time of 5.1 h, yielding a predicted DE of 31.72%. Experimental validation confirmed a DE of 32.85 ± 1.12%, in close agreement with the model prediction. HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) analysis of the hydrolysate revealed a composition of 14.20% glucose, 56.51% maltose, and 29.29% maltooligosaccharides, indicating that this process is well-suited for producing high-maltose syrup. In short, this study demonstrates the feasibility of valorizing jackfruit seed waste into value-added carbohydrate products through enzymatic hydrolysis with B. licheniformis α-amylase. Full article

Background/Objectives: The obesity epidemic coexists with the phenomenon of “hidden hunger” (Type B malnutrition)—a micronutrient deficiency amidst a caloric excess. Traditional dietary assessment methods often distort the actual picture by ignoring technological losses during cooking, which necessitates the use of digital tools. Methods: A cross-sectional study (N = 3267) was conducted using the digital platform “NIAP”. The analysis was based on valid 3–7-day dietary records with algorithmic accounting for nutrient retention factors during thermal processing. The nutrient profiles of individuals with a normal body mass index (BMI) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) were compared. Results: The epidemiology of intake shortfalls was highly prevalent and pronounced: 99.9% of the cohort had ≥1 inadequacy (with a mean negative deviation of −77.3% for vitamin D and −59.2% for Omega-3), and 61.5% exhibited ≥10 simultaneous multiple intake shortfalls. These inadequacy rates remained robust in a sensitivity analysis excluding under-reporters. The obesity group consumed significantly more energy, saturated fatty acids, added sugars, cholesterol, and sodium, but demonstrated a lower relative macronutrient intake (g/kg of body weight). Absolute fiber intake did not differ between the groups, indicating a decrease in its density per 1000 kcal in the diet of individuals with obesity; the intake of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed a downward trend. The Na:K ratio was significantly higher in the obesity group (1.19 vs. 1.04, p < 0.001). Correlation analysis confirmed an inverse relationship between BMI and the overall nutrient density of the diet. Conclusions: A high-energy diet does not compensate for systemic micronutrient inadequacy among the evaluated cohort. Obesity is associated with a dietary imbalance favoring “empty calories” and pro-inflammatory components against a background of severe multiple dietary inadequacies. The integration of algorithmic dietary assessment that accounts for cooking losses is critical for objective diagnosis and personalized nutritional intervention. Full article

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a high-potency natural sweetener derived from licorice, has long been limited in alcoholic beverages due to its characteristic lingering sweetness in both aqueous and ethanol matrices. From an industrial perspective, licorice extract offers superior economic viability and processing efficiency compared to high-purity monomers. To clarify the sensory behaviour of licorice extract in formulated spirits, this study characterized the sensory attributes of licorice extract (containing 23.75% GA) in 42% and 52% vol base spirits. Quantitative results showed that the detection thresholds, recognition thresholds, and upper limits of comfort were 2.23, 15.45, and 75.13 mg/L in the 42% vol base spirit, and 5.28, 25.64, and 72.98 mg/L in the 52% vol base spirit, respectively. Suitable addition levels were identified as 30 mg/L for 42% vol and 40 mg/L for 52% vol base spirits. The relative sweetness of GA was determined to be 175.83 times that of sucrose. Sucrose showed a sweetness duration of 10 to 12 s, whereas licorice extract exceeded 16 s. Puerarin showed the strongest effect in mitigating lingering sweetness, reducing the sweetness duration to values comparable to those of sucrose at 50 mg/L in the water system and 30 mg/L in the 10% vol edible alcohol system. Molecular docking suggested that puerarin may interact more favourably with the sweet taste receptor than GA, with a binding energy of −52.72 kJ/mol, and may weaken the predicted GA–receptor interaction, as reflected by the shift in GA binding energy from −41.00 to −21.30 kJ/mol. Overall, this study provides sensory parameters specific to different ethanol matrices for applying licorice extract in formulated spirits and offers a plausible receptor-level explanation, supported by molecular docking, for the ability of puerarin to mitigate GA-induced lingering sweetness, thereby supporting the development of formulated spirits with reduced sugar content. Full article

This study aims to reveal the synergistic degradation and conversion of lignocellulose by spatially distributed gastric microorganisms, facilitating efficient anaerobic fermentation of plant biomass. Contents from camel stomach compartments, feces, and plant biomass were collected for analyses of total carbon, total nitrogen, lignocellulose, FTIR, and XRD. Portions were cultured in vitro to measure gaseous products, organic acids, and ammonia nitrogen, combined with high-throughput sequencing for microbial community analysis. The results indicate a compartment-specific degradation pattern of protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin across stomach compartments, driven by distinct pH environments: cellulose in the rumen (pH 7.71), hemicellulose and protein in the reticulum (pH 7.78), and lignin in the abomasum (pH 3.72). Synergistic interactions among key degraders in the reticulum, including Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group (15.9%), Cyllamyces (5.1%), Prevotella (7.4%), and Methanobrevibacter (39.6%), enhanced production of reducing sugars, organic acids, and ammonia nitrogen, with CO₂, CH₄, and NH₃ yields being 1.3, 3.1, and 2.0 times those in the rumen. These findings reveal an efficient sequential bioconversion system, highlighting the reticulum as a key region with a stable microbial network, and offer a biomimetic basis for expanding enzyme resources and designing staged anaerobic bioreactors, thereby contributing to sustainable bioenergy development and conversion of lignocellulosic resources. Full article

Preserving minimally processed fruits represents a technological challenge. Therefore, non-thermal plasma (NTP) is proposed as one of the preservation methods. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of NTP before and after packaging sliced apples in two films: One with high and another with low oxygen barrier features. Different parameters were evaluated during 14 days at 4 °C. Samples treated before packaging showed lower crunchiness and browning development, as indicated by chromatic and textural parameters. NTP reduced mesophiles, psychrotrophs, and yeasts and molds on the slices by 1–2 log units, although it had no effect on the antioxidant content of the apple slices, which were better preserved with high-barrier packaging. Samples treated with NTP, and low barrier packaging showed lower sugar content on day one. When applied after packaging, NTP contributed to better preservation of slice microstructure and tissue viability. Results showed that the combination of NTP applied after packaging and high-barrier film was the most suitable for maintaining fruit quality, mainly by better preserving slice color. In turn, tissue microstructure, texture analysis, and viability tests also supported this conclusion. Full article

Resistant starch type 3 (RS3) exhibits physiological benefits in regulating post-meal blood sugar levels and enhancing gut microbiota balance. In this study, mung bean starch was isolated and modified through debranching, annealing (ANN) and heat-moisture treatment (HMT). The multi-scale structures investigated by SEM, FT-IR, and XRD unveiled the formation of short-range ordered, helix, and crystalline structures. Notably, RS3 formed through debranching and HMT exhibited both a remarkably high RS content of 54.71% and a low estimated glycemic index (eGI) of 51.78. Statistical evaluation through correlation and stepwise regression analyses suggested that short-range molecular order was the primary factor associated with the resistance of RS3 to enzymatic hydrolysis, while the chain length of B-chains exerted secondary yet notable influences. This work provided novel insights into the interplay between processing methodologies, ordered molecular structures, and starch digestibility resistance. Full article

Background: Kidney disorders are strongly related to metabolic disturbances, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Excessive intake of sugar and saturated fats promotes lipid accumulation, cellular energy issues and inflammatory responses. Cannabigerol (CBG), a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid, has recently gained attention for its metabolic, anti-inflammatory and potential protective properties. Methods: The present study investigated the effect of two weeks of CBG administration (last 14 days of the experiment) on fatty acid (FA) composition, FA metabolic pathways and FA transporters in rats subjected to a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS) for 6 weeks. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control, CBG, HFHS, and HFHS+CBG. Kidney tissue and urine samples were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) for lipid fractions and FA profiles, while protein expression of FA transporters and metabolic enzymes was assessed by immunoblotting. Polysaccharides and collagen fibers were visualized using Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) and AZAN staining, respectively. ELISA and colorimetric kits were used to measure urinary albumin and creatinine contents. Results: HFHS feeding altered renal lipid homeostasis, increasing saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA and MUFA, respectively) levels and affecting desaturation and elongation ratios. CBG supplementation affected renal lipid metabolism by lowering triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation, restoring polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in phospholipid (PL) and altering FA ratios, suggesting an improvement in lipid balance. CBG also increased the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and decreased the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), suggesting a shift toward enhanced FA oxidation and reduced lipogenesis. Conclusions: Overall, CBG exerted good effects on renal lipid metabolism and may mitigate early lipid-mediated injury associated with metabolic kidney disorders. Full article

Non-fried whole-wheat instant noodles feature high dietary fiber and balanced nutrition but suffer from poor rehydration, texture, and flavor. This study aims to improve the quality of these noodles through mixed fermentation of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The rehydration characteristics, textural profile, sensory quality, microstructure, volatile flavor compounds, and in vitro digestibility of non-fried instant whole-wheat noodles were evaluated. Yeast primarily reduced rehydration time and improved mouthfeel, whereas LAB mainly contributed to the formation of a continuous and uniform gluten network as well as the enhancement of noodle flavor. Moderate addition of the mixed culture (1% yeast + 0.05% LAB) promoted the construction of a homogeneous gluten network in non-fried whole-wheat instant noodles, effectively reducing starch digestibility and estimated glycemic index (eGI). However, excessive addition caused opposite effects on these noodles. This study provides an effective processing strategy for the production of high-quality, low-eGI whole-wheat instant noodles, which are suitable for people pursuing healthy diets and controlling blood sugar levels. Full article

Background: Honey possesses anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties due to its complex mixture of carbohydrates, phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins, and minerals. However, comprehensive data on monofloral honeys from Saudi Arabia’s Qassim region are lacking. Objective: This study evaluated the nutritional composition, glycemic index, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of five Qassim honeys (Talh, Keina, Samr, Berseem, Ashr) and identified chemical components responsible for their therapeutic potential. Methods: Physicochemical parameters, sugar profiles, minerals, vitamins, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), diastase activity, and HMF were analyzed. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays, anti-inflammatory activity by BSA denaturation inhibition, and in vitro glycemic index by simulated digestion. Statistical comparisons used one-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD (n = 5). Results: All honeys met international quality standards (moisture < 20%, HMF < 40 mg/kg, F + G > 60 g/100 g). Samr honey showed the highest TPC (890 mg GAE/kg) and TFC (226 mg QE/kg). Ashr and Berseem exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging (92% and 91%). Samr was the most potent ABTS scavenger (IC₅₀ 26.7 μg/mL). Ashr displayed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity (86.9%), followed by Berseem (72.0%). All honeys had low glycemic index (51–55). Talh and Samr (Acacia-derived) were richest in K, Mg, P, Fe, and Zn; Keina (Eucalyptus) was highest in Ca; Berseem (clover) had the lowest mineral content. Samr honey contained the highest levels of vitamin C and B vitamins. Conclusions: The five Qassim monofloral honeys possess distinct nutritional and bioactive profiles. Samr honey is exceptionally rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and B vitamins, contributing to high antioxidant capacity. Ashr and Berseem honeys showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. All honeys are low-glycemic and meet quality standards. These findings support their use as functional foods and provide a basis for botanical authentication and quality control. Full article

Magnesium fertilizer application generally improves both the internal and visual quality of tomato fruits grown in magnesium-deficient soils. However, it remains unclear whether similar effects occur in magnesium-sufficient soils under high nitrogen fertilization. A field experiment was conducted in Wuhan, China, using soil with suitable available Mg content (385.97 mg kg⁻¹) and four nitrogen (N) application rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha⁻¹) combined with foliar Mg spraying. This study evaluated tomato yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and fruit quality. Nitrogen application combined with foliar Mg significantly increased yield and biomass. The highest fruit yield was achieved with 200 kg N ha⁻¹ plus foliar Mg, showing a 104.9% increase compared with the control, while the greatest biomass was observed under 300 kg N ha⁻¹ with Mg spraying. Foliar Mg application also enhanced leaf nitrogen accumulation, shoot magnesium accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency. Furthermore, fruit titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenols, redness, chroma, and yellowness were significantly improved. Fruit redness was positively associated with sugars, amino acids, vitamin C, and phenolic compounds. Overall, foliar Mg application under 200 kg N ha⁻¹ improved tomato yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and fruit quality. Full article