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10 pages, 7529 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Reflectarray Antennas for High-Power Microwave Applications

by Jianing Zhao, Yongzhen Dong, Hao Li, Tianming Li, Wei Liu, Yihong Zhou, Haiyang Wang, Biao Hu, Fang Li, Keqiang Wang and Bin Qiu

Micromachines 2024, 15(3), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15030399 - 15 Mar 2024

Viewed by 2181

Abstract

The power capacity of reflectarray antennas (RAs) is investigated through full-wave simulations and high-power microwave (HPM) experiments in this paper. In order to illustrate the results in detail, two RA elements are designed. The simulated power handling capacity of two RA elements are 7.17 MW/m² and 2.3 GW/m², respectively. To further study the HPM RA, two RA prototypes operating at 2.8 GHz are constructed with the aperture size of 1 m × 1 m. Simulations and experimental measurements are conducted for the two prototypes. The experimental results demonstrate that, even when subjected to 1 GW of power, the radiation beam of the RA with the second elements can still propagate in the intended direction. This research will establish a basis for advancing the practicality of RAs in HPM applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Antenna System: Structural Analysis, Design and Application)

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13 pages, 16250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Broadband Continuous Transverse Stub (CTS) Array Antenna for High-Power Applications

by Yunfei Sun, Kelin Zhou, Juntao He, Zihan Yang, Chengwei Yuan and Qiang Zhang

Micromachines 2023, 14(11), 2127; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14112127 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2240

Abstract

A continuous transverse stub (CTS) array antenna with broad bandwidth and high-power handling capacity is proposed in this paper. The technologies of multi-step impedance matching and T-shaped electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) loading are utilized, which improved the antenna operating frequency bandwidth. An H-plane lens horn is used to feed the CTS array. As a result, a good bandwidth capability of more than 32% is achieved, with a gain variation less than 3.0 dB. The measured sidelobe level (SLL) is below −18 dB in the entire frequency range. Moreover, the power handling capacity of the antenna is more than 80 MW and can reach the GW level after arraying, which indicates that this antenna has application potential in the high-power microwave (HPM) field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Passive Components, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 21137 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Analysis of Intentional Electromagnetic Interference on GENEC Model Using Cylindrical Mode Matching

by Wonjune Kang, No-Weon Kang, Woosang Lee, Changyul Cheon and Young-Seek Chung

Sensors 2023, 23(6), 3278; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063278 - 20 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1627

Abstract

In recent times, due to the high operating frequency and low operating voltage of modern electronic devices, intended electromagnetic interference (IEMI) has been the cause of increasing damage. In particular, targets with precision electronics such as aircrafts or missiles have shown that a high-power microwave (HPM) may cause malfunction or partial destruction of the GPS or the avionic control system. Analysis of the effects of IEMI requires electromagnetic numerical analyses. However, there are limitations to conventional numerical techniques, such as the finite element method, method of moment, or finite difference time domain method, due to the complexity and large electrical length of a real target system. In this paper, we proposed a new cylindrical mode matching (CMM) technique to analyze IEMI of the generic missile (GENEC) model, which is a hollow metal cylinder with multiple apertures. Using the CMM, we can quickly analyze the effect of the IEMI inside the GENEC model from 1.7 to 2.5 GHz. The results were compared with those of the measurements and, for verification, with the FEKO, a commercial software program developed by Altair Engineering, and showed good agreement. In this paper, the electro-optic (EO) probe was used to measure the electric field inside the GENEC model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

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17 pages, 12528 KB

Open AccessArticle

X-Band Active Phased Array Antenna Using Dual-Port Waveguide for High-Power Microwave Applications

by Rong Liu, Naizhi Wang, Tong Li, Ruoqiao Zhang and Hongchao Wu

Electronics 2022, 11(23), 4064; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11234064 - 6 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4125

Abstract

An X-band active phased array horn antenna with high power capacity and high peak power is proposed in this paper. At the horn aperture, the baffles are loaded to suppress higher-order modes and eliminate blind spots during beam scanning. Straight walls are added to improve impedance matching. Considering that the peak power that T/R modules can provide is very limited, the proposal of a dual-port waveguide breaks through the bottleneck of the power capacity of a single-port input for the first time. The proposed curved dual-port waveguide is used to connect the horn antenna and the T/R module, which is verified to improve the power capacity of the overall internal structure. Simulated and measured results show that VSWR ≤ 2 in the frequency range of 7.5–8.5 GHz. There is no grating lobe in the ±10° scanning range and the maximum gain drop does not exceed 0.4 dB. The power capacity of the proposed HPM array is 56.34 MW. The phased array antenna has the characteristics of flexible scanning, small size, and high gain, and can be applied in high-power microwave systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)

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19 pages, 5666 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Efficient Slotted Waveguide Antenna System Integrated with Inside-Grooves and Modified Gaussian Slot Distribution

by Asif Mehmood Khan, Muhammad Mansoor Ahmed, Umair Rafique, Arslan Kiyani and Syed Muzahir Abbas

Electronics 2022, 11(18), 2948; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182948 - 17 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4178

Abstract

In this work, an efficient slotted waveguide antenna (SWA) system is designed for S-band high power microwave (HPM) applications. The designed SWA comprises of 10-slot elements placed on the broad wall of SWA with a modified Gaussian distribution (MGD), integrated with two inside-grooves and a Gaussian dielectric radome of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) material. The inside-grooves are introduced to suppress the surface current on the waveguide, which results in high gain as well as sidelobe level (SLL) reduction in the E-plane. The MGD controls the SLLs, and the unique Gaussian profile shape radome offers constant radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna system, within existing size constraints, offers a high gain of 20.1 dBi in conjunction with a high-power handling capability of greater than 100 MW. The designed SWA system has compact dimensions of 8.46λ₀ × 1.38λ₀ × 1.50λ₀, with SLLs of −20 dB and −22 dB in the H- and E-plane, respectively. The HPM antenna system, radiating at 3 GHz, is fabricated on aluminium material using the milling process. The simulated SWA system has good agreement with measured results. Moreover, the proposed SWA system offers clear advantages in terms of its robustness, design simplicity, high power handling capability, and high gain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Antennas: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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10 pages, 2105 KB

Open AccessArticle

D-Dot Sensor Response Improvement in the Evaluation of High-Power Microwave Pulses

by Jacek Jakubowski, Marek Kuchta and Roman Kubacki

Electronics 2021, 10(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020123 - 8 Jan 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3430

Abstract

This article investigates the issue of measuring high-power microwave (HPM) pulses. The high energy of these pulses poses a significant threat to many electronic systems, including those used to manage critical infrastructure. This work focuses on requirements for a potential portable measurement device and suggests the application of a method for this purpose, involving the use of a D-dot sensor and a rapid A/D converter. The applied converter enables recording the time waveform on the measuring chain output, also in the case of repetition and time duration of HPM signals. The authors also present a quantitative description of signal processing by the analogue section of the measurement chain solution presented herein and suggest algorithms for digital processing of the signals, the objective of which is to minimize low-frequency interference in the process of reconstructing the time waveform of an electric field using numerical integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetism in Electronics, Modern Engineering and Medical Applications)

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21 pages, 2649 KB

Open AccessReview

Methods of Protecting Buildings against HPM Radiation—A Review of Materials Absorbing the Energy of Electromagnetic Waves

by Krzysztof Majcher, Michał Musiał, Wojciech Pakos, Adrian Różański, Maciej Sobótka and Tomasz Trapko

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5509; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235509 - 3 Dec 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4516

Abstract

The pulsed high power microwave (HPM) technology has been developed worldwide for over 20 years. The sources of HPM pulses are a weapon of mass destruction. They pose danger especially to computer and telecommunications equipment and systems, both the military and civilian ones. This paper presents a survey of literature on electromagnetic wave radiation absorbing and shielding materials to be used in construction. Relevant protective measures should include the shielding of buildings or their parts and the absorption of radiation by building envelopes and their elements. The main focus is on the possibilities of improving the shielding and absorptive properties of common construction materials, such as concrete, mortars and synthetic resins. The survey covers the following groups of materials: carbon-based admixtures, nickel powder, iron powders, ferrites, magnetite and polymers. The final part of the survey is devoted to hybrid foam microwave absorbers in which the shape of the material’s inner structure and that of its surface play a special role. Full article

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