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Keywords = green space quantity promotion

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27 pages, 3020 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Review of Ecosystem Services of Community Gardens in English- and Chinese-Language Literature
by Xiaoying Ding, Haotian Zhang, Xiaoxiao Fan, Xiaoyu Zhang, Xiaopeng Yue and Ping Shu
Buildings 2025, 15(12), 2137; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122137 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Community gardens are regarded as important green spaces that promote sustainable cities. Some studies have explored the ecosystem services of community gardens in different areas. However, existing studies lack a systematic review of research on community garden ecosystem services, and there is no [...] Read more.
Community gardens are regarded as important green spaces that promote sustainable cities. Some studies have explored the ecosystem services of community gardens in different areas. However, existing studies lack a systematic review of research on community garden ecosystem services, and there is no comparative study of English- and Chinese-language literature. This paper comprehensively reviewed key English- and Chinese-language literature on the ecosystem services of community gardens from the Web of Science and CNKI and analyzed publication years, numbers, research locations, and research topics. The results showed that the number of studies in English and Chinese has increased significantly since 2015, with a consistent upward trend. Research locations are concentrated in urban areas of Europe, America, and eastern China. Both English- and Chinese-language literature focuses on “food supply (quantity)” in the provisioning services, as well as “learning and education” and “social cohesion and integration” in cultural services. The above results are related to the governance frameworks, the management systems, the climatic conditions, and the sustainable development needs of local cities and planning strategies. Given that most of the existing research focuses on the classification and mechanisms of community garden ecosystem services, it is proposed that future research deeply explore the design factors affecting community garden ecosystem services and pay attention to the links between different ecosystem services. The main findings of this review emphasize the correlation between community garden ecosystem services and contextual factors, and point out future research directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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21 pages, 3735 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Carbon Emission Efficiency in Western Valley Cities in China
by Xinhong Zhang, Na Zhang, Shihan Wang, Jianhong Dong and Xiaofeng Pan
Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5025; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115025 - 30 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 479
Abstract
As China steadily advances its “dual carbon” strategy, understanding the factors influencing carbon emission efficiency (CEE) is crucial for promoting high-quality urban development. This study examines Western Valley cities (WVCs), which play a key role in regional development and exhibit a distinct spatial [...] Read more.
As China steadily advances its “dual carbon” strategy, understanding the factors influencing carbon emission efficiency (CEE) is crucial for promoting high-quality urban development. This study examines Western Valley cities (WVCs), which play a key role in regional development and exhibit a distinct spatial structure. Using a super-efficiency slacks-based measure (SBM) model and economic and social panel data, we measured CEE and analyzed its spatiotemporal evolution. A geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) was then applied to assess the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of influencing factors. Our findings revealed that the overall CEE of these cities remains relatively low, with a complex pattern of change. While efficiency levels in northern, southern, and central cities have gradually increased, there are notable differences in the quantity and spatial distribution of cities with high, relatively high, relatively low, and low efficiency over time. Additionally, the positive effects of technological investment, road density, population density, and per capita gross domestic product on CEE follow an increasing trend, whereas the negative impacts of energy intensity, green space ratio, secondary industry proportion, land use scale, and gas consumption gradually weaken. Additionally, the magnitude and direction of these effects vary significantly across northern, central, and southern cities. These findings provide important theoretical and practical insights for region-specific strategies aimed at reducing emissions and improving efficiency in WVCs. Full article
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23 pages, 5839 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Serviceability of Urban Green Spaces from a Spatial Perspective: A Comparative Study Across 368 Cities on the Chinese Mainland
by Yuetong Qin, Yibin Ma, Mengjie Gong, Shaodong Li and Pengfei Chen
Land 2025, 14(4), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040711 - 26 Mar 2025
Viewed by 608
Abstract
Assessing urban green spaces’ (UGSs) serviceability is crucial for ecosystems and well-being, but traditional approaches focus only on the quantity of UGSs while neglecting their spatial configuration or depend on region-specific data sources, significantly limiting their applicability for comprehensive assessments and comparisons of [...] Read more.
Assessing urban green spaces’ (UGSs) serviceability is crucial for ecosystems and well-being, but traditional approaches focus only on the quantity of UGSs while neglecting their spatial configuration or depend on region-specific data sources, significantly limiting their applicability for comprehensive assessments and comparisons of UGSs. To address this problem, we proposed a novel triangular indicator framework for evaluating UGS serviceability from a spatial perspective using public geospatial data. This framework integrated three independent indicators to capture the ecological value and residents’ utilization of UGSs and one composite indicator for the proportion of high-quality UGS services. Our approach was applied across 368 cities in mainland China, and significant geographical differences in UGS provision and usage equality were identified. Cities with similar UGS service characteristics were grouped using clustering, providing tailored improvement suggestions. Lastly, a regression analysis was conducted to compare the proposed indicator system with traditional metrics in relation to economic, demographic, and environmental satisfaction data, highlighting the advantages of our approach and its complementary role alongside traditional ones. This study offers a new method for large-scale UGS evaluation, aiding policymakers in refining UGS distribution, improving environmental equality, and formulating effective planning strategies to promote sustainable urban development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Justice in Urban Planning (Second Edition))
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24 pages, 5988 KiB  
Article
Coupling Coordination Analysis and Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity Between Green Space Quality and Economic Development: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta in China
by Xueting Pan and Jialing Zhao
Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17051778 - 20 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 929
Abstract
The role of green spaces in ecological civilization construction has been increasingly recognized, particularly due to their multifaceted attributes and significant impact on economic development. Based on data from 2015 to 2020, this study constructs an evaluation index system to analyze the spatiotemporal [...] Read more.
The role of green spaces in ecological civilization construction has been increasingly recognized, particularly due to their multifaceted attributes and significant impact on economic development. Based on data from 2015 to 2020, this study constructs an evaluation index system to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of green space quality and its coupling coordination with economic development in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), focusing on three core dimensions: green space quantity, supply potential, and accessibility. The results indicate that green space quality in the YRD exhibits a fluctuating growth trend, with notable north–south disparities. While the coupling coordination degree between green space quality and economic development has gradually improved, it remains in a state of mild imbalance or primary coupling. Grey relational analysis reveals that green space quantity has the greatest impact on economic development, though its expansion potential is limited, whereas the influence of supply potential and accessibility has significantly increased, fostering a growing equilibrium within the green space system. Based on these findings, this study recommends stabilizing green space quantity while prioritizing the enhancement of supply potential and accessibility, strengthening cross-regional ecological cooperation, maximizing the economic benefits of green spaces, and promoting high-quality green development in the region. Full article
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11 pages, 8213 KiB  
Article
Shades of Green: A Visual Approach to Assessing Environmental Inequality in Cleveland, Ohio
by Taraneh Meshkani
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020052 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 580
Abstract
This study explores environmental inequality through a novel quantitative approach, analyzing urban vegetation in two contrasting neighborhoods in Cleveland, Ohio—East Cleveland and Shaker Heights. Utilizing computer vision and Google Street View image analysis techniques, this research quantifies the distribution, quality, and visual characteristics [...] Read more.
This study explores environmental inequality through a novel quantitative approach, analyzing urban vegetation in two contrasting neighborhoods in Cleveland, Ohio—East Cleveland and Shaker Heights. Utilizing computer vision and Google Street View image analysis techniques, this research quantifies the distribution, quality, and visual characteristics of tree canopy and grass. This study addresses the following question: how can visual data illuminate environmental inequalities in urban landscapes? The findings reveal significant disparities between the two neighborhoods, not only in tree canopy coverage but also in the visual characteristics and density of vegetation. Shaker Heights displays more abundant, healthier, and better-maintained greenery compared to East Cleveland. These results highlight the intersection of socio-economic factors and urban vegetation quality, suggesting that both the quantity and visual attributes of greenery serve as indicators of neighborhood wealth and environmental investment. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of computer vision techniques in accessing and analyzing visual data to represent environmental inequalities. It advocates for targeted urban planning interventions to promote equitable green space policies, considering both the quantity and quality of urban vegetation. Full article
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26 pages, 31486 KiB  
Article
Assessing and Enhancing Green Quantity in the Open Spaces of High-Density Cities: A Comparative Study of the Macau Peninsula and Monaco
by Jitai Li, Fan Lin, Yile Chen and Shuai Yang
Buildings 2025, 15(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020292 - 20 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1367
Abstract
Green open space in high-density cities has positive significance in terms of improving the quality of the living environment and solving problems such as “urban diseases”. Taking the high-density urban districts of the Macau Peninsula and Monaco as examples, this study divides the [...] Read more.
Green open space in high-density cities has positive significance in terms of improving the quality of the living environment and solving problems such as “urban diseases”. Taking the high-density urban districts of the Macau Peninsula and Monaco as examples, this study divides the planning index of open space green quantity into two dimensions: the blue-green spaces occupancy rate (BGOR) within urban land areas and the blue-green spaces visibility rate (BGVR) of the main streetscape. Using satellite remote-sensing maps, GIS databases, and street-view images, this study evaluates the current green quantity in both regions and compares them to identify best practices. This study aims to assess and enhance the green quantity found in the open spaces of high-density cities, using the Macau Peninsula and Monaco as case studies. The primary research questions are as follows: (1) How can the green quantity in open spaces be effectively measured in high-density urban environments? (2) What planning strategies can be implemented to increase the green quantity and improve the urban living environment in such areas? Therefore, this study proposes planning strategies such as three-dimensional greening, converting grey spaces to green spaces, and implementing policies to encourage public participation in greening efforts. These strategies aim to enhance the green quantity in open spaces, thereby improving the urban living environment in high-density cities like Macau and providing a reference for similar urban areas in the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research towards the Green and Sustainable Buildings and Cities)
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22 pages, 1144 KiB  
Article
Digitization and Green Technology Innovation of Chinese Firms Under Government Subsidy Policies
by Hao Kong, Linhui Sun and Wei Zhang
Systems 2024, 12(11), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12110447 - 23 Oct 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2458
Abstract
In the context of the digital economy, digital technology is an important driving force to promote green development and achieve the “dual-carbon goal”. Taking 1746 Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share enterprises from 2015 to 2022 as research objects, we empirically examine the relationship between [...] Read more.
In the context of the digital economy, digital technology is an important driving force to promote green development and achieve the “dual-carbon goal”. Taking 1746 Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share enterprises from 2015 to 2022 as research objects, we empirically examine the relationship between government subsidies, digital transformation, and corporate green technology innovation. The study shows that (1) there is an inverted “U”-shaped relationship between government subsidies and corporate green technological innovation, while digital transformation plays a mediating role, and there is a difference between the quality and quantity of digital transformation in promoting green technological innovation. (2) Through the analysis of the moderating effect, it is found that market concentration has an obvious inhibitory effect between enterprise digital transformation and green technology innovation. (3) The study, by classifying the nature of enterprises, shows that the promotion effect of digital transformation on green technology innovation is weaker under heavily polluted enterprises than under non-heavily polluted enterprises, but the promotion interval of the relationship between government subsidies and green technology innovation is larger. Therefore, enterprises should make full use of digital technology to inject new impetus into their innovation activities, and the government should fully consider the appropriate space for enterprises to receive subsidies, make reasonable use of the incentive effect of government subsidies, and smooth the information docking channels for government and enterprise subsidies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Business Model Innovation in the Context of Digital Transformation)
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19 pages, 22895 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Distribution Analysis of Spatial Vitality of Specialized Garden Plant Landscapes during Spring: A Case Study of Hangzhou Botanical Garden in China
by Tian Liu, Bingyi Mi, Hai Yan, Zhiyi Bao, Renwu Wu and Shuhan Wang
Forests 2024, 15(1), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010208 - 20 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2176
Abstract
Specialized gardens, as integral components of botanical gardens, bear multiple functions, encompassing plant collection and conservation, scientific research, and public education, as well as serving aesthetic and recreational purposes. Their quality profoundly reflects the landscape artistry of botanical gardens, directly influencing the quality [...] Read more.
Specialized gardens, as integral components of botanical gardens, bear multiple functions, encompassing plant collection and conservation, scientific research, and public education, as well as serving aesthetic and recreational purposes. Their quality profoundly reflects the landscape artistry of botanical gardens, directly influencing the quality of visitors’ enjoyment and the overall experience within the botanical garden. This study aims to investigate the spatial vitality of specialized garden plant landscapes, effectively assessing the usage patterns of plant landscape spaces and promoting the optimal utilization of underutilized spaces. Taking Hangzhou Botanical Garden as a case study, considering the warming climate and suitable temperatures in spring, when most plants enter the flowering period and outdoor visitor frequency increases, the primary observational period focuses on spring to measure the spatial vitality of specialized garden plant landscapes. We obtained data through field measurements and on-site observations. Specifically, We measured and recorded information on plant species, quantity, height, crown width, and growth conditions within the plots. Additionally, we employed ground observations and fixed-point photography to document visitor numbers and activity types. We quantified spatial vitality through four indicators: visitor density, space usage intensity, diversity of age group, and richness of activity type. We explored the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of spatial vitality and investigated the relationship between plant landscape characteristics and spatial vitality using variance analysis and correlation analysis. The results indicate that, in spring, the average spatial vitality index of specialized gardens ranks from highest to lowest as follows: Lingfeng Tanmei (1.403), Rosaceae Garden (1.245), Acer and Rhododendron Garden (0.449), and Osmanthus and Crape Myrtle Garden (0.437). Additionally, the spatial vitality of specialized garden plant landscapes in spring is significantly positively correlated with the ornamental period of specialized plants, characteristics of plant viewing, accessible lawn area, spatial accessibility, and spatial enclosure. Therefore, to create vibrant specialized plant landscapes, managers and planners, when engaging in the planning and design of specialized garden plant landscapes, need to fully consider and respect the visual aesthetics and functional needs of visitors. This study will serve as a theoretical reference for subsequent research on the vitality of plant landscape spaces and other small-scale spaces. It will also provide practical guidance for the construction of plant landscapes in specialized gardens within botanical gardens and other urban green spaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landsenses in Green Spaces)
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28 pages, 31979 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Perception of Local Characteristics in Cultural Street Vending Spaces, Taking Xi’an Baxian Temple as an Example
by Yingtao Qi, Liping Yue, Tie Guo, Dian Zhou, Yulin Ren, Mengying Wang, Yujia Liu and Yujun Yang
Buildings 2024, 14(1), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010192 - 11 Jan 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2247
Abstract
The mode of urban renewal in China has changed from incremental expansion to a value-added stage, and the development of cities has increasingly focused on the human experience and quality improvement. However, Cultural Street Vending and the unique street spaces in the historic [...] Read more.
The mode of urban renewal in China has changed from incremental expansion to a value-added stage, and the development of cities has increasingly focused on the human experience and quality improvement. However, Cultural Street Vending and the unique street spaces in the historic districts that bear important connotations to the city have shown a trend of rapid decline and even disappearance. Therefore, how to identify the characteristics and connotations of such street vending spaces, grasp the relationship between perception of locality and built environment elements in different states and formulate targeted protection and renewal strategies is presently an urgent problem to be solved. Many studies have now discussed in detail the identification of elements, street perception and preservation strategies for historic districts. However, the Cultural Street Vending space, which carries special urban memory connotations, has been neglected, especially the characterisation of this type of space in different time dimensions. This paper takes the Cultural Street Vending space as a research object and focuses on the perceptual differences between its market day and non-market day, aiming at grasping the perceptual characteristics and constituent elements of this type of street space in different time states, as well as the patterns of changes they undergo. This paper took the Baxian Temple, a typical Cultural Street Vending space in a historic district of Xi’an, as the research object and took 30 architecture students as the evaluators to score 33 pairs of adjectives and recall the elements of nine streets. This paper compared and analysed the differences in the structure of people’s psychological perception of the street in the state of market day and non-market day by SD method. It was found that the activities of the vendors obviously promoted people’s positive emotions, and three commonality factors including impression, vitality and morphosis were extracted through the factor analysis. Moreover, through the element recall method to understand the change in element perception on the market day, we found that the range of people’s perception was smaller on the market day and summarised the element map of the space and the element components of high, medium and low characteristics. The correlation analysis between psychological quantities and environmental elements revealed that people’s positive psychology has a positive correlation with vendors, goods and street components and a negative correlation with greening, colour and texture. This study can provide an important research basis for the development of conservation and renewal strategies for this type of Cultural Street Vending space. Full article
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21 pages, 5415 KiB  
Article
The Social Equity of Urban Parks in High-Density Urban Areas: A Case Study in the Core Area of Beijing
by Chang Wang, Siyuan Wang, Yilun Cao, Haojun Yan and Yunyuan Li
Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13849; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813849 - 18 Sep 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3558
Abstract
Urban parks beautify the environment and promote urban public health, and their spatial allocation is significant in maintaining environmental justice. However, the current allocation of urban parks focuses on quantity fairness and pays insufficient attention to accessibility and quality fairness. This study investigated [...] Read more.
Urban parks beautify the environment and promote urban public health, and their spatial allocation is significant in maintaining environmental justice. However, the current allocation of urban parks focuses on quantity fairness and pays insufficient attention to accessibility and quality fairness. This study investigated the core area of Beijing and analyzed the fairness of urban park allocation based on park accessibility, area, and quality. We used big data crawling, the two-step floating catchment area method, comprehensive equity evaluation of parks, spatial autocorrelation, and non-parametric tests. The results showed inequality in terms of accessibility, area, and quality, with high spatial distribution in the north and low spatial distribution in the south. The accessibility, shortest distance, and total area of urban parks in high-income residential areas were 3.0, 2.1, and 1.8 times higher, respectively, than those of the low-income residential areas. This indicates that high-income groups have better accessibility, live closer to, and have access to larger urban parks. Middle-income and above groups had access to green space, whereas medium-to-low-income residential areas had poor access to parks, particularly high-quality parks. These findings provide decision-making and planning references for the optimal allocation and rational planning of urban parks. Full article
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28 pages, 20001 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Community Environment in Populous Residential Districts: Neighborhood Amenities and Residents’ Daily Needs
by Kai Zhang and Dong Yan
Sustainability 2023, 15(17), 13255; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713255 - 4 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3786
Abstract
Due to urban population growth, dense communities have emerged as a common approach to improve land utilization and minimize resource consumption to foster sustainable development in cities. In densely populated neighborhoods, the accessibility, availability, and appropriateness of amenities play a crucial role in [...] Read more.
Due to urban population growth, dense communities have emerged as a common approach to improve land utilization and minimize resource consumption to foster sustainable development in cities. In densely populated neighborhoods, the accessibility, availability, and appropriateness of amenities play a crucial role in the sustainable development of cities and residents’ quality of life. This study integrates the distribution of amenities within densely populated cities and utilizes residential assessments to analyze the effectiveness of these amenities in meeting the daily needs of residents. This analysis is based on a survey conducted in the three most populated cities in China. The study utilizes two sets of data: amenity distribution information and a questionnaire regarding the state of amenities and residents’ daily needs. The survey began in 2019 and was completed in 2021. A total of 1060 valid questionnaires were collected, with Shanghai accounting for 42%, and Beijing and Chongqing accounting for 30% and 28%, respectively. The findings demonstrate a higher density of amenities in populous areas, indicating a response to the overall requirements of residents. In these areas, the transportation network is extended more widely. Moreover, neighborhoods equipped with outdoor green spaces, ample parking, security services, and accessible public institutions received positive evaluations from residents, as they actively fulfilled their living needs. In neighborhood planning, prioritizing the coverage and quantity of these amenities can enhance the functionality and effectiveness of dense residential areas. This approach promotes sustainable development goals by improving the efficiency of urban resource allocation and establishing a convenient neighborhood environment. Full article
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15 pages, 1837 KiB  
Article
Spatial Patterns of Urban Green-Blue Spaces and Residents’ Well-Being: The Mediating Effect of Neighborhood Social Cohesion
by Xinrui Wang, Libin Ouyang, Jian Lin, Pengfei An, Wanjing Wang, Lin Liu and Longfeng Wu
Land 2023, 12(7), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071454 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3434
Abstract
Urban green-blue spaces (UGBS) can benefit residents’ well-being through multiple pathways. Previous studies have confirmed that the quantity and composition of UGBS can promote neighborhood social cohesion, which subsequently contributes to residents’ physical and mental health. However, there has been little attention paid [...] Read more.
Urban green-blue spaces (UGBS) can benefit residents’ well-being through multiple pathways. Previous studies have confirmed that the quantity and composition of UGBS can promote neighborhood social cohesion, which subsequently contributes to residents’ physical and mental health. However, there has been little attention paid to the spatial patterns of UGBS in such relationships. This study adopted landscape pattern indexes to characterize the spatial patterns of UGBS and explored the mediation effect of neighborhood social cohesion between the spatial patterns of UGBS and residents’ well-being, measured by self-rated health (SRH) and happiness. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) was used for analyses with data obtained from the 2018 Shandong Provincial Social Survey Questionnaire (SGSS), which included 773 selected residents in urban areas. The results indicated that (1) there was a mediation effect of neighborhood social cohesion between the spatial patterns of UGBS and residents’ SRH and happiness; (2) the aggregation and diversity of UGBS had greater impacts on enhancing neighborhood social cohesion than the size, complexity, and fragmentation; (3) the aggregation and diversity of UGBS had indirect effects on improving happiness and SRH, and the aggregation of UGBS had a direct positive effect on SRH. By focusing on the spatial patterns of UGBS and neighborhood social cohesion, this study extends current debates on the pathways among UGBS, social cohesion, and public health. Urban planning strategies were proposed to increase the benefits of UGBS in urban areas. Full article
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17 pages, 2109 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Changes in the Volatile Compounds of Tea Made from Summer Tea Leaves by GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS
by Jiyuan Xu, Ying Zhang, Fei Yan, Yu Tang, Bo Yu, Bin Chen, Lirong Lu, Liren Yuan, Zhihua Wu and Hongbing Chen
Foods 2023, 12(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010146 - 27 Dec 2022
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 4696
Abstract
Compared with spring tea, summer tea has the advantages of economy and quantity. However, research on the aroma characteristics of summer tea is currently limited. In this study, summer fresh tea leaves (castanopsis. sinensis, cv. Fuliangzhong) (FTLs) were processed intoblack tea [...] Read more.
Compared with spring tea, summer tea has the advantages of economy and quantity. However, research on the aroma characteristics of summer tea is currently limited. In this study, summer fresh tea leaves (castanopsis. sinensis, cv. Fuliangzhong) (FTLs) were processed intoblack tea (BT) and green tea (GT). The changes in the volatile compounds during the tea processing were quantified using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and head space-solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and then analyzed on the basis of relative odor activity value (ROAV). Results showed low amounts of flavor compounds, such as linalool oxides, geraniol, and sulcatone, were found in FTLs, but after processing, high amounts of the same in BT and GT. Summer BT and GT contained characteristic compounds similar to spring tea, including linalool, geraniol, (E,E)-2,4-decdienal, β-ionone, methyl salicylate, geranyl acetone, and decanal. All these compounds have high content and ROAV values, which give the same flavor to summer teas as spring tea. This study confirmed that summer fresh tea leaves were suitable to produce black and green tea with good flavor. Monitoring changes in aroma compounds by GC-IMS coupled with GC-MS, the quality of summer tea is expected to be promoted towards the quality of spring tea by improving processing methods for valuable-tea production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory and Flavor Analysis of Foods and Their Volatile Profile)
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18 pages, 5191 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of the Thermal Environment during Summer in Coastal Open Space and Research on Evaluating the Cooling Effect: A Case Study of May Fourth Square, Qingdao
by Ying Zhang, Xijun Hu, Xilun Cao and Zheng Liu
Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 15126; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215126 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2073
Abstract
Urban green space is considered an important part of urban ecological construction be-cause of the efficiency of green space in reducing ambient temperature. It was previously reported that the quantity and layout of arbors and paving are very important factors for cooling. To [...] Read more.
Urban green space is considered an important part of urban ecological construction be-cause of the efficiency of green space in reducing ambient temperature. It was previously reported that the quantity and layout of arbors and paving are very important factors for cooling. To research the combination mode of the quantity and layout of arbors and paving able to effectively lower the temperature during the summer in a coastal open space environment where little architecture exists, we built a numerical model of heat transfer using ENVI–met numerical modeling simulation, for which the May Fourth Square in Qingdao was selected. The results showed that the ratio coverage of the arbor layer and pavement fragmentation were positively correlated with the cooling effect. We found that setting the passageway conformed to the sea breeze by arbors and close planting at the air outlet effectively reduced the site temperature. After optimizing the site’s greening layout, the cooling effect over the process of time decreased in the height direction. At the same time, the cooling effect increased before 15:00 and then reduced gradually in the time dimension. Compared to the original site, the total cooling efficiency reached 1.41 × 108 J, equaling electric energy of about 39.2 kW·h. This research solves the issue of the synergy between planting and pavement for cooling coastal open spaces in summer and provides a basis to formulate a promotion strategy for landscape design areas with similar geographical and climatic conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Built Environment and Human Comfort)
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16 pages, 303 KiB  
Article
Well-Being in the Time of Corona: Associations of Nearby Greenery with Mental Well-Being during COVID-19 in The Netherlands
by Ralitsa Shentova, Sjerp de Vries and Jana Verboom
Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 10256; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610256 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3052
Abstract
Nature’s mental health benefits are well-established in the literature, but there is little research on which types and characteristics of urban greenery are most relevant for mental well-being in general, and during the COVID-19 pandemic in particular. This study examined the link between [...] Read more.
Nature’s mental health benefits are well-established in the literature, but there is little research on which types and characteristics of urban greenery are most relevant for mental well-being in general, and during the COVID-19 pandemic in particular. This study examined the link between having a (green) garden or a green view from the main window of the home, as well as the perceived quantity and quality of neighbourhood green areas and streetscape greenery, and the self-reported change in mental well-being since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Adults residing in the Netherlands (N = 521, 67% female) completed an online survey in December 2020 and January 2021. It included items on the frequency of contact with the aforementioned outdoor spaces, as well as their quantity, natural features, and quality. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the quantity of the greenery mattered, but the quality was more strongly associated with well-being. In particular, well-maintained, attractive, and varied streetscape greenery was just as relevant as a garden with diverse plants. This beneficial association between streetscape greenery and mental well-being was stronger for female participants. Understanding the benefits of the different types and characteristics of urban greenery, and who they are most relevant for, can assist policymakers and planners in designing cities that promote health and resilience. Full article
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