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38 pages, 1484 KiB  
Review
Hazardous Interactions Between Food, Herbs, and Drugs in the First Stage of Biotransformation: Case Reports of Adverse Drug Interactions in Humans
by Bożena Bukowska, Anna Grzegorowska, Eliza Szczerkowska-Majchrzak, Karol Bukowski, Kornelia Kadac-Czapska, Małgorzata Grembecka and Marlena Broncel
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(11), 5188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115188 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 1703
Abstract
Food components and herbal substances can inhibit or enhance the therapeutic effects of drugs, thus influencing their efficacy and safety. As relatively little in known of these interactions, the aim of this review is to shed further light on the potentially dangerous influences [...] Read more.
Food components and herbal substances can inhibit or enhance the therapeutic effects of drugs, thus influencing their efficacy and safety. As relatively little in known of these interactions, the aim of this review is to shed further light on the potentially dangerous influences that food and herbs may have on cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in the first stage of drug biotransformation. The review includes documented cases in which such interactions have led to health complications in patients. For example, fruit juices, such as grapefruit juice, cranberry juice, and pomegranate juice, have been found to interact with drugs, and to particularly inhibit CYP450 activity, and commonly used herbs are known to inhibit (e.g., Astragalus membranous) or induce (e.g., Hypericum perforatum) CYP enzymes involved in drug metabolism. CYP is also induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), found in grilled meat and tobacco smoke. The paper also discusses the toxic effects of tyramine, present in inter alia blue cheese, resulting from interactions with MAO-metabolised drugs. Most importantly, while the quantity of food and herbs consumed plays a significant role in the described drug interactions, it is possible for toxic effects to be observed even after the consumption of relatively small amounts. Patients are encouraged to consult a healthcare provider about any potential drug interactions that may occur when starting a new medication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Toxicology)
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30 pages, 2618 KiB  
Article
Gender Moderates the Associations Between Responsiveness to Alarming Oral Sensations, Depressive Symptoms, and Dietary Habits in Adolescents
by Leonardo Menghi, Lara Fontana, Silvia Camarda, Isabella Endrizzi, Maria Pina Concas, Paolo Gasparini and Flavia Gasperi
Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101653 - 12 May 2025
Viewed by 616
Abstract
Background/Objectives: As a peripheral effect of depression-related traits, sensory responses may predispose individuals to depressive symptoms by prompting suboptimal dietary patterns with long-term effects on mood. Mood disturbances in adolescence are strong predictors of adult mental illness, making it crucial to identify [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: As a peripheral effect of depression-related traits, sensory responses may predispose individuals to depressive symptoms by prompting suboptimal dietary patterns with long-term effects on mood. Mood disturbances in adolescence are strong predictors of adult mental illness, making it crucial to identify factors that may shift transient mood fluctuations into more severe mental health issues during this vulnerable period. Given the substantial gender differences in susceptibility to comorbidities of depression, we examined whether the link between sensory perception and depressive symptoms in nonclinical adolescents varied by gender and was related to dietary habits. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 232 healthy adolescents (41.8% girls, aged 13–17) reported their diet over the past year using the EPIC Food Frequency Questionnaire and rated their liking and perceived intensity of oral sensations from four grapefruit juices and dark chocolate puddings with varying sucrose levels. Additionally, participants completed assessments of anxiety, neuroticism, pickiness, body dissatisfaction, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to evaluate depressive symptoms. Results: We found that girls exhibited higher levels of depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and pickiness compared to boys (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test), and that greater responsiveness to bitterness (e.g., β = 0.264, p = 0.037) and astringency (β = 0.269, p = 0.029) predicted higher depressive symptoms exclusively in girls. PHQ-9 scores were positively associated with alcohol use in both girls (ρ = 0.176, p = 0.003) and boys (ρ = 0.148, p = 0.004) and inversely related to the intake of beneficial nutrients (e.g., fiber, polyunsaturated fats), particularly in girls. Intriguingly, moderation analyses suggested that associations between nutrient intake and acuity for alarming oral sensations were largely moderated by depression-related traits in girls, but not in boys. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that gender moderates the links between depressive symptoms, sensory perception, and dietary habits in healthy adolescents, possibly reflecting gender-specific coping strategies for comorbidities of depression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Image and Nutritional Status Among Adolescents and Adults)
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19 pages, 1444 KiB  
Article
Valorization of Citrus Peel Byproducts: A Sustainable Approach to Nutrient-Rich Jam Production
by Monica Negrea, Ileana Cocan, Calin Jianu, Ersilia Alexa, Adina Berbecea, Mariana-Atena Poiana and Marius Silivasan
Foods 2025, 14(8), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14081339 - 13 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2035
Abstract
The valorization of citrus peel byproducts presents a sustainable and innovative approach to reducing food waste while improving the nutritional content of fruit-based products. Citrus peels, a significant byproduct of the fruit juice industry, are abundant in bioactive compounds with recognized health benefits [...] Read more.
The valorization of citrus peel byproducts presents a sustainable and innovative approach to reducing food waste while improving the nutritional content of fruit-based products. Citrus peels, a significant byproduct of the fruit juice industry, are abundant in bioactive compounds with recognized health benefits and functional properties, making them particularly suitable for jam production. The global citrus industry generates substantial amounts of waste, with peels accounting for approximately 50% of the total fruit mass. Conventional disposal methods often result in environmental concerns and the underutilization of valuable bioresources. This study aims to investigate the potential of incorporating citrus peel into jam formulations as a means of enhancing their nutritional and functional properties. Jams were prepared using a traditional processing technique (TP) incorporating citrus peel. The experimental jam variants included pomelo peel jam (PPJ), lime peel jam (LiPJ), lemon peel jam (LePJ), clementine peel jam (CPJ), orange peel jam (OPJ), and grapefruit peel jam (GPJ). All jam samples were subjected to comprehensive analyses, including assessments of chemical composition, total soluble solids (TSSs), titrable acidity (g/100 g acid citric), macro- and microelement contents, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using the FRAP assay. The study revealed high levels of biologically active compounds, such aspolyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C, in the jams, highlighting their antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. Among the jams, lemon peel jam (LePJ) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and polyphenol content, making it a superior choice in terms of functional benefits. In terms of sensory analysis, orange peel jam (OPJ) was the most favored by consumers, demonstrating its high acceptability and potential for market success. Full article
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21 pages, 4810 KiB  
Review
Flavonoids and Furanocoumarins Involved in Drug Interactions
by Sabine Berteina-Raboin
Molecules 2025, 30(8), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081676 - 9 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2009
Abstract
Drug interactions can have significant consequences for public health, especially given the growing importance of readily available dietary supplements. The same applies to the consumption of fruit and fruit juices, which are often praised for their health benefits, but which can generate drug [...] Read more.
Drug interactions can have significant consequences for public health, especially given the growing importance of readily available dietary supplements. The same applies to the consumption of fruit and fruit juices, which are often praised for their health benefits, but which can generate drug interactions. These are well known and documented in the case of grapefruit, which should not be taken with certain medications. Grapefruit contains flavonoids and furanocoumarins, which are responsible for various interactions with the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. However, for young children and the elderly, fruit juices are often used to facilitate treatment. This review examines commonly used fruit juices, particularly from citrus, apple, and red fruits, and discusses potential interactions, disadvantages, and advantages, as well as the chemical structures involved in interactions with cytochromes P-450, P-glycoprotein, and organic anion transporter polypeptide (OATP), responsible for sometimes dangerous changes in bioavailability or potential accumulation of drugs in the body. Full article
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17 pages, 5946 KiB  
Article
Isolation, Characterization, and In Vitro Cell Studies of Plant-Based Exosome-like Nanovesicles for Treatment of Early Osteoarthritis
by Narjes Rashidi, Chaozong Liu, Pascale V. Guillot and Maryam Tamaddon
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 2211; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052211 - 28 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1731
Abstract
Osteoarthritis, affecting over 8 million people in the UK, remains a debilitating condition with limited treatment options. Current therapies primarily address symptoms and can exacerbate joint damage over time. Developing disease-modifying drugs that alleviate inflammation and promote joint regeneration is crucial for long-term [...] Read more.
Osteoarthritis, affecting over 8 million people in the UK, remains a debilitating condition with limited treatment options. Current therapies primarily address symptoms and can exacerbate joint damage over time. Developing disease-modifying drugs that alleviate inflammation and promote joint regeneration is crucial for long-term patient benefit. This study investigates the potential of exosome-like nano-vesicles isolated from grapefruit juice (GEVs) as a novel therapeutic approach for osteoarthritis. GEVs possess regenerative properties and present a promising avenue for clinical translation. In this study, nano-vesicles were isolated and characterized in terms of protein quantification, size, and morphology. In vitro studies demonstrated the safety and efficacy of GEVs, showing an enhancement in human chondrocyte migratory activity of over 13%. GEVs exhibited a dual mechanism of action, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress while promoting cellular regeneration. Specifically, they reduced the expression of COX2 and PTGS2, markers associated with inflammation and pain sensitization, and enhanced the expression of antioxidant genes SD2 and GPX in osteoarthritic-like chondrocytes. Additionally, GEVs downregulated the expression of ADAMTS-5 and hypertrophic COL10 while upregulating chondrogenic markers ACAN, COL2, and SOX9. This research signifies a significant advancement in osteoarthritis therapy, offering a natural, safe, and cost-effective treatment option with the potential for long-lasting benefits. Clinical translation of GEV therapy holds promise for improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden on healthcare systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)
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37 pages, 2140 KiB  
Systematic Review
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Fexofenadine: A Systematic Review
by Maryam Batool, Ammara Zamir, Faleh Alqahtani, Tanveer Ahmad, Hamid Saeed and Muhammad Fawad Rasool
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(12), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16121619 - 20 Dec 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3589
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Fexofenadine hydrochloride is a widely prescribed drug for treating histamine-mediated allergic reactions. This review systematically collates existing research on the clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) of fexofenadine, with a copious emphasis on examining the impact of stereoisomerism, disease states, and drug interactions. Methods: The [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Fexofenadine hydrochloride is a widely prescribed drug for treating histamine-mediated allergic reactions. This review systematically collates existing research on the clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) of fexofenadine, with a copious emphasis on examining the impact of stereoisomerism, disease states, and drug interactions. Methods: The search engines PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were scanned systematically for articles concerning the clinical PK of fexofenadine in humans. The extensive literature search yielded 85 articles meeting the inclusion standards. Results: The PK parameters of fexofenadine showed a linear correlation between increasing doses and proportional elevations in PK parameters such as area under the curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0–∞) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). Under fed conditions, its bioavailability was reduced by approximately 50%. Findings from patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) displayed a 63% decline in oral clearance (CL/F) of fexofenadine. A drug–food interaction study has displayed that grapefruit juice decreased Cmax (201 ng/mL vs. 128 ng/mL), accompanied by a 30% reduction in the bioavailability of fexofenadine. Furthermore, a drug–herb interaction study with St John’s Wort (SJW) has reported a reduction in CL/F by 10% after a single dose, but long-term administration reversed this effect, resulting in elevated CL/F by 17% of fexofenadine. Conclusions: Since no prior systematic review on the PK of this drug exists, this review amalgamates all pertinent PK parameters in humans by pooling up-to-date data from published studies. This detailed literature review can be advantageous for researchers who want to develop and assess PK models. Full article
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17 pages, 3484 KiB  
Article
Immobilization of Naringinase onto Polydopamine-Coated Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Juice Debittering Applications
by Scott D. Kimmins, Antonella Henríquez, Celia Torres, Lorena Wilson, Marcos Flores, Edgar Pio, Domingo Jullian, Bruno Urbano, Stephanie Braun-Galleani, Carminna Ottone, Lisa Muñoz, Martha Claros and Paulina Urrutia
Polymers 2024, 16(23), 3279; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233279 - 25 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1328
Abstract
Chemical amination of the enzyme was demonstrated to favor immobilization onto polydopamine (PDA)-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the first time, to the best of the author’s knowledge. MNPs prepared via hydrothermal synthesis were coated with PDA for the immobilization of naringinase. X-ray diffraction, [...] Read more.
Chemical amination of the enzyme was demonstrated to favor immobilization onto polydopamine (PDA)-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the first time, to the best of the author’s knowledge. MNPs prepared via hydrothermal synthesis were coated with PDA for the immobilization of naringinase. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the MNPs were composed mainly of Fe3O4 with an average size of 38.9 nm, and coated with a 15.1 nm PDA layer. Although the specific activities of α-L-rhamnosidase (RAM) and β-D-glucosidase (GLU) of free naringinase decreased with amination, the immobilization yields of the aminated enzyme increased by more than 40% for RAM and more than 10-fold for GLU. The immobilization improved the enzyme’s thermal stability (at 50 °C), reaching a half-life of 40.7 and 23.1 h for RAM and GLU activities, respectively. The biocatalyst was successfully used for the debittering of grapefruit juice, detecting a reduction in naringin of 56% after 24 h. These results demonstrate that the enzyme amination is an effective strategy to enhance the immobilization on a PDA coating and could be applied to other enzymes in order to obtain an easily recoverable biocatalyst using a simple immobilization methodology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Polymers and Their Composites in Biotechnology)
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16 pages, 1136 KiB  
Article
Grapefruit Extracts and Black Chokeberry Juice as Potential Antioxidant and Antifungal Agents for Carrot Seed Treatment
by Magdalena Jarosz, Hanna Dorna, Dorota Szopińska, Włodzimierz Krzesiński and Artur Szwengiel
Agronomy 2024, 14(12), 2764; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122764 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 891
Abstract
Grapefruit extracts and black chokeberry juice have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of grapefruit-based preparations, Biosept Active and Citrogrep, and black chokeberry juice on the germination, vigor, and health of carrot seeds. The seeds [...] Read more.
Grapefruit extracts and black chokeberry juice have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of grapefruit-based preparations, Biosept Active and Citrogrep, and black chokeberry juice on the germination, vigor, and health of carrot seeds. The seeds of two cultivars were soaked for 30 min in 0.25% grapefruit-based preparations and in 5 and 25% chokeberry juice. Standard ISTA methods were used to evaluate seed germination and health. The chemical composition of the applied preparations and juice was analyzed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The grapefruit-based preparations differed significantly in their chemical composition, qualitatively and quantitatively, but in both of them, flavanones and flavones prevailed. Biosept Active improved seed germination especially in the cultivar, which was characterized by a lower initial seed quality. The significant positive correlations between germination at the first and final counts, as well as the contents of flavanones and flavones, were identified in this cultivar. Moreover, the negative correlations between the percentages of diseased seedlings, dead seeds, the percentages of seed infested with Cladosporium spp., Epicoccum nigrum, Melanospora simplex, and Ulocladium spp., and the investigated compounds were found. Chokeberry juice, at the higher concentration, showed some antioxidant activity; however, it frequently stimulated the growth of the fungi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Crop Diseases Control)
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12 pages, 1924 KiB  
Article
The Validation and Determination of Empagliflozin Concentration in the Presence of Grapefruit Juice Using HPLC for Pharmacokinetic Applications
by Wael Abu Dayyih, Zainab Zakaraya, Mohammad Hailat, Nafe M. Al-Tawarah, Sahem Alkharabsheh, Haya Khalid Nadher, Zeyad Hailat, Samia M. Alarman, Anas Khaleel and Riad Awad
Molecules 2024, 29(6), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29061236 - 11 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2577
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disorder whose primary manifestation usually initiates with elevated blood sugar levels. Several antidiabetic agents are used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus, of which empagliflozin is an oral sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT-2) inhibitor in the kidney. This [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disorder whose primary manifestation usually initiates with elevated blood sugar levels. Several antidiabetic agents are used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus, of which empagliflozin is an oral sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT-2) inhibitor in the kidney. This research aims to develop and validate a simple analytical method for determining empagliflozin levels in biological fluid and to further evaluate grapefruit juice’s impact on empagliflozin pharmacokinetics in rats. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to establish a simple, rapid, and accurate method for determining empagliflozin levels in rat plasma, in the presence of grapefruit juice. Four groups of rats (n = 10 rats in each) were used in the preclinical study. Group A (healthy rats) received empagliflozin alone; Group B (healthy rats) received empagliflozin with grapefruit; Group C (diabetic rats) received empagliflozin with grapefruit; and Group D (healthy, negative control) received no medication. The rats (n = 10) were given grapefruit juice instead of water for seven days before receiving the empagliflozin dose (0.16 mg/kg). Some pharmacokinetic parameters for each group were determined. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of empagliflozin in Group A without grapefruit intake were 730 ng/mL and 9264.6 ng × h/mL, respectively, with Tmax (2 h). In Group B, Cmax was 1907 ng/mL and AUC was 10,290.75 ng × h/mL in the presence of grapefruit, with Tmax (1 h); whereas, in Group C, the Cmax was 2936 ng/mL and AUC was 18657 ng × h/mL, with Tmax (2 h). In conclusion, our results showed that the co-administration of grapefruit with empagliflozin should be cautiously monitored and avoided, in which grapefruit elevates the plasma level of empagliflozin. This may be attributed to the inhibition of the uridine enzyme in the grapefruit by hesperidin, naringin, and flavonoid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chromatography—The Ultimate Analytical Tool II)
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5 pages, 2800 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Voltammetric Sensors for the Simultaneous Quantification of Natural Phenolics in Coffee and Citrus Juices
by Anastasiya Zhupanova and Guzel Ziyatdinova
Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15314 - 26 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 718
Abstract
Phenolic antioxidants of various groups are important nutrients in the human diet, providing positive health effects. Nevertheless, these effects are dose dependent and require the control of natural phenolic contents in their sources. Coffee and citrus juices containing significant amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids [...] Read more.
Phenolic antioxidants of various groups are important nutrients in the human diet, providing positive health effects. Nevertheless, these effects are dose dependent and require the control of natural phenolic contents in their sources. Coffee and citrus juices containing significant amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanones, respectively, are among the most widely consumed beverages all over the world. The electroactivity of phenolics allows the application of voltammetric sensors for quantification purposes. Highly sensitive and selective voltammetric sensors for the simultaneous quantification of hydroxycinnamic (caffeic (CA), ferulic (FA), and p-coumaric(p-CA)) acids and flavanones (hesperidin and naringin) have been developed for the first time using glassy carbon electrodes modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized via polyaminobenzene sulfonic acid (f-SWCNTs) and polymeric coverages from triphenylmethane dyes (phenol red (PR) or aluminon). Polymeric layers have been obtained in potentiodynamic modes. The conditions of the dye’s electropolymerization have been optimized using the voltammetric response of hydroxycinnamic acids or flavanone mixtures. Three separated oxidation peaks of CA, FA, and p-CA at the electrode with polyPR as well as hesperidin and naringin at the polyaluaminon-modified electrode have been observed. The oxidation currents are significantly increased comparing those at the bare glassy carbon (GCE) and carbon nanotube-modified electrodes. Both sensors provide a highly sensitive response to target analytes in the differential pulse voltammetric mode. Other natural phenolics of various classes do not affect the response of the sensors developed to the target analyte. The quantification of hydroxycinnamic acids in coffee and flavanones in orange and grapefruit juices has been successfully realized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)
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16 pages, 794 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Effect of Various Potential Antimicrobial Agents on the Quality of the Unpasteurized Carrot Juice
by Katarzyna Ratajczak, Agnieszka Piotrowska-Cyplik and Paweł Cyplik
Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6297; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176297 - 28 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1848
Abstract
Short shelf-life and poor microbial quality of minimally processed foods of plant origin pose a serious problem for the food industry. Novel techniques of minimal treatment combined with disinfection are being researched, and, for fresh juice, the addition of antimicrobial agents appears to [...] Read more.
Short shelf-life and poor microbial quality of minimally processed foods of plant origin pose a serious problem for the food industry. Novel techniques of minimal treatment combined with disinfection are being researched, and, for fresh juice, the addition of antimicrobial agents appears to be a promising route. In this research, fresh, nonfiltered, unpasteurized carrot juice was mixed with four potential antimicrobials (bourbon vanilla extract, peppermint extract, cannabidiol oil, and grapefruit extract). All four variants and the reference pure carrot juice were analyzed for metapopulational changes, microbial changes, and physicochemical changes. The potential antimicrobials used in the research have improved the overall microbial quality of carrot juice across 4 days of storage. However, it is important to notice that each of the four agents had a different spectrum of effectiveness towards the groups identified in the microflora of carrot juice. Additionally, the antimicrobials have increased the diversity of the carrot juice microbiome but did not prevent the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, the use of antimicrobial agents such as essential oils or their derivatives may be a promising way of improving the microbial quality and prolonging the shelf-life of minimally processed foods, such as fresh juices, but the technique requires further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interesting Applications of Plant Extracts in Food)
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13 pages, 908 KiB  
Article
Natural Occurrence of Alternaria Toxins in Citrus-Based Products Collected from China in 2021
by Xiaomin Han, Wenjing Xu, Luxinyi Wang, Ruina Zhang, Jin Ye, Jing Zhang, Jin Xu and Yu Wu
Toxins 2023, 15(5), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15050325 - 9 May 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2601
Abstract
A total of 181 citrus-based products, including dried fruits, canned fruits, and fruit juices, collected from China and from abroad in 2021 were analyzed for the four Alternaria toxins (ALTs): alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) via [...] Read more.
A total of 181 citrus-based products, including dried fruits, canned fruits, and fruit juices, collected from China and from abroad in 2021 were analyzed for the four Alternaria toxins (ALTs): alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Although the concentrations of the four ALTs varied by product and geographically, TeA was the predominant toxin followed by AOH, AME, and TEN. Products made in China showed higher levels of ALTs than those made abroad. Maximum levels of TeA, AOH, and AME in analyzed domestic samples were 4.9-fold, 1.3-fold, and 1.2-fold, respectively, higher than those in imported products. Furthermore, 83.4% (151/181) of the analyzed citrus-based products were contaminated with at least two or more ALTs. There were significant positive correlations between AOH and AME, AME and TeA, and TeA and TEN in all analyzed samples. More importantly, the solid and the condensed liquid products had higher concentrations of ALTs than the semi-solid product samples, as well as tangerines, pummelos, and grapefruits compared to the other kinds of citrus-based products. In conclusion, co-contamination with ALTs in commercially available Chinese citrus-based products was universal. Extensive and systematic surveillance of ALTs in citrus-based products, both domestic and imported, is required to obtain more scientific data for the determination of the maximum allowable concentrations of ALTs in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Food Safety Issues Associated with Mycotoxins)
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14 pages, 3131 KiB  
Article
Potential of Plant Exosome Vesicles from Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Juices as Functional Ingredients and Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles
by Alina Kilasoniya, Luiza Garaeva, Tatiana Shtam, Anastasiia Spitsyna, Elena Putevich, Bryan Moreno-Chamba, Julio Salazar-Bermeo, Elena Komarova, Anastasia Malek, Manuel Valero and Domingo Saura
Antioxidants 2023, 12(4), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040943 - 17 Apr 2023
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 6565
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have gained attention as promising bioactive nutraceutical molecules; their presence in common fruit juices has increased their significance because human interaction is inevitable. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of PEVs derived from grapefruit and [...] Read more.
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have gained attention as promising bioactive nutraceutical molecules; their presence in common fruit juices has increased their significance because human interaction is inevitable. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of PEVs derived from grapefruit and tomato juices as functional ingredients, antioxidant compounds, and delivery vehicles. PEVs were isolated using differential ultracentrifugation and were found to be similar in size and morphology to mammalian exosomes. The yield of grapefruit exosome-like vesicles (GEVs) was higher than that of tomato exosome-like vesicles (TEVs), despite the latter having larger vesicle sizes. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of GEVs and TEVs was found to be low in comparison to their juice sources, indicating a limited contribution of PEVs to the juice. GEVs showed a higher efficiency in being loaded with the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) than TEVs, as well as a higher efficiency than TEV and PEV-free HSP70 in delivering HSP70 to glioma cells. Overall, our results revealed that GEVs present a higher potential as functional ingredients present in juice and that they exert the potential to deliver functional molecules to human cells. Although PEVs showed low antioxidant activity, their role in oxidative response in cells should be further addressed. Full article
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26 pages, 996 KiB  
Review
Pharmacokinetic Boosting of Kinase Inhibitors
by Niels Westra, Daan Touw, Marjolijn Lub-de Hooge, Jos Kosterink and Thijs Oude Munnink
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(4), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041149 - 5 Apr 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3406
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Pharmacokinetic boosting of kinase inhibitors can be a strategy to enhance drug exposure and to reduce dose and associated treatment costs. Most kinase inhibitors are predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4, enabling boosting using CYP3A4 inhibition. Kinase inhibitors with food enhanced absorption can [...] Read more.
(1) Introduction: Pharmacokinetic boosting of kinase inhibitors can be a strategy to enhance drug exposure and to reduce dose and associated treatment costs. Most kinase inhibitors are predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4, enabling boosting using CYP3A4 inhibition. Kinase inhibitors with food enhanced absorption can be boosted using food optimized intake schedules. The aim of this narrative review is to provide answers to the following questions: Which different boosting strategies can be useful in boosting kinase inhibitors? Which kinase inhibitors are potential candidates for either CYP3A4 or food boosting? Which clinical studies on CYP3A4 or food boosting have been published or are ongoing? (2) Methods: PubMed was searched for boosting studies of kinase inhibitors. (3) Results/Discussion: This review describes 13 studies on exposure boosting of kinase inhibitors. Boosting strategies included cobicistat, ritonavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, grapefruit juice and food. Clinical trial design for conducting pharmacokinetic boosting trials and risk management is discussed. (4) Conclusion: Pharmacokinetic boosting of kinase inhibitors is a promising, rapidly evolving and already partly proven strategy to increase drug exposure and to potentially reduce treatment costs. Therapeutic drug monitoring can be of added value in guiding boosted regimens. Full article
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13 pages, 2747 KiB  
Article
Quality and Flavor of ‘Aliza’ Fruit: A Unique Pomelo × Mandarin Hybrid
by Hagar Pardo, Abiola Owoyemi, Livnat Goldenberg, Yossi Yaniv, Ofir Benjamin, Adi Doron-Faigenboim, Ron Porat and Nir Carmi
Horticulturae 2023, 9(4), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040420 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8683
Abstract
‘Aliza’ is a new pomelo × mandarin hybrid (Citrus maxima, cv. Red Chandler × Citrus reticulata, cv. Ora) developed by the Israeli citrus breeding program at the Volcani Institute. Here, we aimed to characterize the quality and flavor of ‘Aliza’ [...] Read more.
‘Aliza’ is a new pomelo × mandarin hybrid (Citrus maxima, cv. Red Chandler × Citrus reticulata, cv. Ora) developed by the Israeli citrus breeding program at the Volcani Institute. Here, we aimed to characterize the quality and flavor of ‘Aliza’ fruit as compared to other commercial citrus fruit, specifically pomelo (C. maxima), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), orange (Citrus sinensis) and mandarin (C. reticulata). ‘Aliza’ fruits have a similar size as grapefruits, but have a thinner peel and a unique yellowish/golden color. ‘Aliza’ fruits are completely seedless and have especially high juice contents. They also have a unique, highly preferred flavor, characterized by high sweetness and moderate bitterness and acidity, with strong citrusy and tropical fruity aromas. Sensory analyses conducted with the aid of a trained panel and an electronic tongue revealed that the flavor of ‘Aliza’ fruits is different from the flavors of other citrus species. Consumer acceptance and preference tests revealed that ‘Aliza’ fruit are highly appreciated and favored. The aroma volatile profile of ‘Aliza’ fruit was somewhat similar to those of pomelo and grapefruit, but very different from those of orange and mandarin. Overall, ‘Aliza’ fruits can be distinguished from other citrus fruits by their unique color, high juice content and exceptional, unique flavor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavor Chemistry and Sensory Evaluation of Horticultural Products)
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