Search Results (89)

Background/Objectives: Frailty is a multifactorial clinical syndrome characterized by diminished physiological reserves and increased vulnerability to stressors. It is increasingly recognized as a predictor of poor outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation (CR). However, how frailty is defined, assessed, and addressed across outpatient CR programmes remains unclear. This scoping review aimed to map the extent, range, and nature of research examining frailty in the context of outpatient CR, including how frailty is measured, its impact on CR participation and outcomes, and whether sex and gender considerations or participation barriers are reported. Methods: Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search across six electronic databases (from inception to 15 May 2025). Eligible peer-reviewed studies included adult participants assessed for frailty using validated tools and enrolled in outpatient CR programmes. Two reviewers independently screened citations and extracted data. Results were synthesized descriptively and narratively across three domains: frailty assessment, sex and gender considerations, and barriers to CR participation. The protocol was registered with the Open Science Framework. Results: Thirty-nine studies met inclusion criteria, all conducted in the Americas, Western Pacific, or Europe. Frailty was assessed using 26 distinct tools, most commonly the Kihon Checklist, Fried’s Frailty Criteria, and Frailty Index. The median pre-CR frailty prevalence was 33.5%. Few studies (n = 15; 38.5%) re-assessed frailty post-CR. Sixteen studies reported sex or gender data, but none applied sex- or gender-based analysis (SGBA) frameworks. Only eight studies examined barriers to CR participation, identifying physical limitations, emotional distress, cognitive concerns, healthcare system-related factors, personal and social factors, and transportation as key barriers. Conclusions: The literature on frailty in CR remains fragmented, with heterogeneous assessment methods, limited global representation, and inconsistent attention to sex, gender, and participation barriers. Standardized frailty assessments and individualized CR programme adaptations are urgently needed to improve accessibility, adherence, and outcomes for frail individuals. Full article

Objectives: To identify clinical, functional, laboratory, and patient-reported parameters associated with medium-term risk of hospitalization or death among older adults attending a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic, and to assess the predictive performance of these measures for individual risk stratification. Methods: In this cohort study, 350 adults aged ≥65 years were assessed at baseline and followed for an average of 8 months. The primary outcome was a composite of hospitalization or all-cause mortality. Parameters assessed included frailty and comorbidity measures, functional parameters, such as gait speed and grip strength, laboratory biomarkers, and patient-reported measures, such as quality of life (QoL, assessed on a Likert scale) and the presence of depressive symptoms. Predictive performance was evaluated using univariable logistic regression and multivariable modeling. Discriminative ability was assessed via area under the ROC curve (AUC), and selected models were internally validated using repeated k-fold cross-validation. Results: Overall, 40 participants (11.4%) experienced hospitalization or death. Traditional clinical risk indicators, including frailty and comorbidity scores, were significantly associated with the outcome. Patient-reported QoL (AUC = 0.74) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores (AUC = 0.67) demonstrated useful overall discriminatory ability, with high specificities at optimal cut-offs, suggesting they could act as “red flags” for adverse outcomes. However, the limited sensitivities of individual predictors underscore the need for more comprehensive screening instruments with improved ability to identify at-risk individuals earlier. A multivariable model that incorporated several predictors did not outperform QoL alone (AUC = 0.79), with cross-validation confirming comparable discriminative performance. Conclusions: Patient-reported measures—particularly quality of life and depressive symptoms—are valuable predictors of hospitalization or death and may enhance traditional frailty and comorbidity assessments in outpatient geriatric care. Future work should focus on developing or integrating screening tools with greater sensitivity to optimize early risk detection and guide preventive interventions. Full article

Background: Oral frailty is a state between normal oral function and oral hypofunction. Oral frailty progresses to oral hypofunction and dysphagia, which leads to malnutrition, and then to physical frailty and sarcopenia. Oral frailty is reported to be associated with physical frailty and malnutrition in hemodialysis patients, but there have been no reports on peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods: This prospective cohort study investigated the associations of oral frailty with physical frailty, sarcopenia, and malnutrition in patients on PD. Patients were divided into an oral frailty group and a non-oral frailty group according to the Oral Frailty Index-8. Patients were assessed for physical frailty, sarcopenia, and malnutrition at baseline and 1 year later, and changes in each measure were compared between the two groups. Physical frailty was assessed using the Revised Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study Criteria (Revised J-CHS) and the FRAIL scale. Sarcopenia was assessed using the diagnostic criteria reported by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019 (AWGS2019 criteria) and the Screening Tool for Sarcopenia Combined with Calf Circumference (SARC-CalF), skeletal muscle index (SMI), calf circumference (CC), grip strength, and gait speed. Nutritional status was assessed with the Short-Form Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF), the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Results: Of the 58 eligible patients, 51 completed the study. The oral frailty group was significantly older and had slower gait speed, fewer teeth, higher intact parathyroid hormone, higher C-reactive protein, higher frequency of cardiovascular disease, and lower employment at baseline. The oral frailty group had significantly worse physical frailty (Revised J-CHS, p = 0.047; FRAIL scale, p = 0.012), sarcopenia (SMI, p = 0.018; CC, p = 0.002), and nutritional status (MNA-SF, p = 0.029; MUST, p = 0.005; GLIM criteria, p = 0.022; weight, p < 0.001; BMI, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in the worsening of sarcopenia (AWGS2019 criteria, SARC-CalF, grip strength, and gait speed). Conclusions: Oral frailty in patients on PD was associated with the development and progression of physical frailty and malnutrition, and may be associated with the development and progression of sarcopenia. Full article

Background/Objectives: Frailty screening is crucial for identifying vulnerable older adults who may benefit from interventions. However, the implementation of screening in primary care and integration into personalised care pathways remains limited. This study examined the feasibility of a two-step frailty screening approach combining PRISMA-7 and the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). The study assessed PRISMA-7 cut-offs’ impact on frailty classification, CFS agreement, and activation of integrated domiciliary care. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Northern Italy. General practitioners screened patients aged ≥75 years using the PRISMA-7 tool; if the result was positive (score ≥ 3), the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) was subsequently applied. Descriptive statistics, group comparisons, correlation analyses, and logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the predictors of frailty and activation of integrated domiciliary care. Comparisons were made for PRISMA-7 cut-off values ≥3 and ≥4. Results: Among the 18,658 patients evaluated using PRISMA-7, 46.0% were identified as frail with a threshold of ≥3 and 28.8% with ≥4. In a subset of 7970 patients assessed using both PRISMA-7 and the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), CFS confirmed frailty (score ≥ 5) in 48.3% of the patients at a PRISMA-7 cut-off of three and 68.2% at a cut-off of four. The female sex predicted frailty by CFS, whereas the male sex was correlated with frailty at the PRISMA-7 cut-off of three. Rural location was correlated with frailty by PRISMA-7 but showed an inverse relationship with frailty by CFS. Integrated domiciliary care began in 14.2% of the patients meeting the clinical criteria, with a higher frequency in rural areas. Concordance between PRISMA-7 and CFS increased with patient age, and at a cut-off of four. Conclusions: Two-step frailty screening using PRISMA-7 and CFS is viable for primary care. Using a PRISMA-7 cut-off score of ≥4 may reduce frailty overestimation, enhance congruence with clinical assessments, and reduce sex-related bias. These findings support incorporating structured screening into personalised care planning and refining frailty tools to improve equity and effectiveness. Full article

Background and Objectives: Along with the ageing of the population, cancer and cardiovascular (CV) diseases more frequently coexist, complicating patients’ management. Here, we focus on elderly oncologic patients, describing clinical features and comorbidities, discussing therapeutic management CV risk factors and CV complications risen during our CV follow-up, and exploring the different items of the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) and the correlation between cardiac function by means of standard 2D echocardiography and each of the CGA items. Methods: A total of 108 consecutive patients (mean age 73.55 ± 5.43 years old; 40.7% females) referred to our cardio-oncology unit were enrolled, and three different groups were identified: Group 1, patients naïve for oncologic treatments (mean age 73.32 ± 5.40; 33% females); Group 2, patients already on antineoplastic protocols (mean age 73.46 ± 5.09; 44.1% females); and Group 3, patients who had already completed cancer treatments (mean age 74.34 ± 6.23; 55% female). The correlation between CGA, performed in a subgroup of 62 patients (57.4%), and echocardiographic parameters was assessed. Results: Group 2 patients had the highest incidence of CV events (CVEs) (61.8% vs. 14.8% in Group 1, 15% in Group 3; p ≤ 0.001) and withdrawals from oncologic treatments (8.8% vs. none in Group 1; p = 0.035). Group 2 had worse 48-month survival (47.1% vs. 22.2% in Group 1, 20% in Group 3; p = 0.05), which was even more evident when focusing on patients who died during follow-up. When assessing echocardiographic parameters, physical activity showed an inverse correlation with the left ventricular mass index (p = 0.034), while the Frailty index showed a direct correlation with the E/e’ ratio (p = 0.005). Conclusions: A thorough baseline CV assessment is important in elderly oncologic patients eligible for anticancer treatment. In this population, CGA can be a simple, feasible screening tool that might help identify patients at a greater risk of developing CVEs correlating to several pivotal cardiovascular parameters. Full article

Introduction: Canada’s aging population is leading to an increased number of older adults being diagnosed with cancer. This population faces unique challenges, including frailty, comorbidities, polypharmacy, and malnutrition, which can negatively affect treatment outcomes. The role of registered dietitians (RDs) in managing nutrition-related issues in this population is well-documented, but there is limited research on their integration into geriatric oncology clinics. We evaluated the impact of integrating a registered dietitian (RD) into the Older Adult with Cancer Clinic (OACC) at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of older adult cancer patients seen at the OACC, comparing outcomes before and after the RD’s integration. The focus was on weight characteristics and change, malnutrition screening/identification, and management. The two-item Canadian Nutrition Screening Tool (CNST) was introduced during the RD’s integration and was also examined to see its usefulness in identifying malnutrition risk. Chi-squared tests and t-tests were used for data analysis. Results: The pre-cohort (n = 140) had a mean age of 80.2 years, 48.6% female, and 77.9% vulnerable (Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES-13) ≥ 3). The post-cohort (n = 117) had a mean age of 81.4 years, 59.8% female, and 80.3% vulnerable (VES-13 ≥ 3). Weight change within 3 ± 1 months after the initial OACC consult was similar between pre and post groups with −1.4 kg and −1.2 kg, respectively (p = 0.77). Patients at nutritional risk, as determined by the OACC team, generated significantly more referrals to the RD in the post group (100% vs. 36.4%, p < 0.001). Among patients who had CNST screening and saw the RD, there was a higher rate of high nutrition risk among CNST-positive compared to CNST-negative patients (67.2% versus 44.4%, respectively). After the integration of the RD, a greater number of patients at nutritional risk received nutritional education and referrals to other healthcare professionals (43 versus 1). Conclusions: The integration of an RD into the OACC led to improved referral rates, nutritional education, and referrals to other healthcare professionals. Moreover, patients who were CNST positive were more likely to have high nutritional risk. Full article

Background/Objectives: Frailty screening is essential in primary care for the early identification of vulnerable older adults. PRISMA-7 is a widely used screening tool, but Item 2 (“Are you male?”) introduces potential sex bias and overestimates frailty in men. PRISMA-6, a modified version that excludes Item 2, might provide a more equitable alternative. This study evaluates PRISMA-6’s alignment with the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and its impact on sex-specific frailty classification. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 142 general practices across South Tyrol, including 9190 general practice patients aged ≥75 years. Frailty was assessed using PRISMA-7, PRISMA-6, and the CFS. Correlations between tools were calculated using Kendall’s Tau-b, whereas Fisher’s z-test was used to compare differences in alignment. The frailty prevalence and odds ratios were stratified according to sex and age. Results: PRISMA-6 showed a stronger correlation with the CFS (τ = 0.492) than PRISMA-7 (τ = 0.308, z = −10.2, p < 0.001). This effect was pronounced in men (z = −9.8, p < 0.001), whereas no difference was observed in women (z = 0.00, p = 1.000). PRISMA-6 reduced the frailty detection rate in men and was more closely aligned with the CFS. Conclusions: PRISMA-6 demonstrated improved alignment with the CFS and reduced sex bias compared to PRISMA-7. However, its use as a screening tool for men requires prospective validation in diverse settings. PRISMA-6 shows promise as a reliable and equitable frailty screening tool and should be considered for use in future studies, particularly in primary care settings, while awaiting further prospective validation. Full article

Background/Objectives: The Rapid Geriatric Assessment (RGA) is a tool designed to screen for frailty, sarcopenia, anorexia related to aging, and cognitive impairment. This study aimed to translate and validate the RGA for use among Italian community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This cross-cultural study involved 100 community-dwelling older adults randomly recruited through convenience sampling from general practitioner offices in Genoa (Italy), between January and June 2019. The RGA includes the Simple FRAIL Questionnaire Screening Tool, SARC-F Screening for Sarcopenia, Simplified Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ), and Rapid Cognitive Screening (RCS). These were validated against gold-standard tools: the Abbreviated Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (aCGA) and Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI). Additional assessments included the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and Handgrip test. The validation process included forward–backward translation, synthesis, and consensus by independent reviewers. Psychometric properties, internal consistency (Cronbach alpha), and validity correlations were analyzed. Results: The RGA demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties, with internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.59) and significant validity correlations (RGA and aCGA, rho = 0.34, p = 0.001; RGA and MPI, rho = 0.49, p < 0.001). Discriminant validity was confirmed by significant correlations between specific subitems and reference measures: FRAIL with TUG (p < 0.05), SARC-F with Handgrip strength (p = 0.013), SNAQ with BMI, and RCS with MMSE (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The Italian version of the RGA is a reliable screening tool for geriatric syndromes in community-dwelling older adults. While it does not replace a CGA, the RGA may identify individuals who may benefit from further evaluation using a complete CGA. Full article

Background: Frailty, sarcopenia, nutritional risk, and cognitive impairment are prevalent geriatric syndromes that adversely affect health outcomes in older adults, underscoring the need for an effective screen tool to enable early detection and timely intervention. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional validation design and translated, culturally adapted, and validated the Chinese version of the Rapid Geriatric Assessment (C-RGA) among 416 nursing home residents. The C-RGA consists of four subscales: the simple frail questionnaire screening tool (FRAIL), SARC-F for sarcopenia (SARC-F), the Simplified Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ), and the Rapid Cognitive Screen (RCS). Results: The C-RGA demonstrated high content validity (S-CVI/Ave = 0.982) and strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.839). Factor analysis confirmed its four-domain structure, accounting for 61.497% of the variance. Model fit indices demonstrated good construct validity (χ²/df = 1.122, RMSEA = 0.024, GFI, AGFI, and CFI > 0.90), supporting the robustness of the assessment tool. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong association between FRAIL and SARC-F with SNAQ (r = −0.671, 95% CI: [−0.742, −0.600], p < 0.01) and a moderate correlation with RCS (r = −0.426, 95% CI: [−0.513, −0.339], p < 0.01), underscoring the interplay among nutritional deficits, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment. Conclusions: The C-RGA demonstrates strong psychometric properties, supporting its potential use as a screening tool for the early detection of frailty, sarcopenia, nutritional risk, and cognitive impairment among nursing home residents, enabling timely and targeted interventions. Future research should further assess its applicability across diverse healthcare settings to enhance its generalizability and clinical utility. Full article

Background/Objectives: Malnutrition and frailty are independent risk factors of prolonged hospitalization and mortality, respectively. However, the combined association of these conditions with the risk of prolonged hospitalization and mortality in hospitalized elderly patients remains unclear. Our object was to investigate the combined association of malnutrition and frailty on the risk of prolonged hospitalization and mortality in hospitalized elderly patients. Methods: The current study was a retrospective analysis of 470 patients admitted to the geriatric care unit of a tertiary hospital in Taiwan between 01 August 2019 and 31 March 2023. The Mini Nutritional Assessment-short form and Clinical Frailty Scale were used as evaluation tools for nutritional and frailty status, respectively. Patients were divided into four groups based on nutritional and frailty status. The association between these conditions and the risk of prolonged hospitalization and mortality was investigated using multivariate logistic and Cox proportional hazard models and adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Among 470 patients, 144 (31%) exhibited no malnutrition risk or frailty, 146 (31%) exhibited malnutrition risk but no frailty, 46 (10%) exhibited frailty but no malnutrition risk, and 134 (28%) exhibited both malnutrition risk and frailty. Compared to patients with neither condition, those with both conditions had higher risks of prolonged hospitalization (odds ratio 3.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68–6.12) and mortality (hazard ratio 4.33; 95% CI 2.01–9.34). Conclusion:: The co-occurrence of malnutrition and frailty has significant detrimental impacts on the risk of prolonged hospitalization and mortality in hospitalized older adults. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of early screening and intervention for malnutrition and frailty among hospitalized elderly patients. Full article

Background/Objectives: Frailty screening facilitates the identification of older adults at risk of adverse health outcomes. The Program of Research to Integrate Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy 7 (PRISMA-7) is a widely utilised frailty tool; however, concerns regarding its potential sex bias persist due to item 2, which assigns a frailty point for male sex. This study compared the PRISMA-7 with a modified version, the PRISMA-6 (excluding item 2), to assess their suitability for frailty screening in South Tyrol, Italy. Objectives included evaluating the impact of item 2 on frailty classification and exploring the feasibility of the PRISMA-6 as a more equitable alternative. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1695 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥75 years was conducted in South Tyrol. Frailty was assessed using both the PRISMA-7 and PRISMA-6. Sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle data were collected to examine associations with frailty classifications. Logistic regression was applied to identify predictors of frailty for each tool. Agreement between the PRISMA-7 and PRISMA-6 was assessed, and internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: Frailty prevalence was 33.9% with the PRISMA-7 and 27.0% with the PRISMA-6. The PRISMA-7 classified men as frail more frequently than women (34.7% vs. 33.0%), while the PRISMA-6 reversed this trend (men, 21.4%; women, 33.0%). Excluding item 2 improved internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: PRISMA-7, 0.64; PRISMA-6, 0.75) and aligned frailty classifications with predictors such as age, health status, and physical activity. Logistic regression revealed significant sex differences with the PRISMA-7 but not with the PRISMA-6. Conclusions: The PRISMA-7 introduces sex bias by overestimating frailty in men, whereas the PRISMA-6 provides a more equitable and consistent alternative. The findings highlight the PRISMA-6’s potential as a reliable tool for unbiased frailty screening. Future research should validate the PRISMA-6 against established frailty tools to support its integration into primary care settings. Full article

Background/Objectives: Malnutrition is a very common condition among older people and strongly affects their quality of life. The current literature relates the presence of nutritional deficiencies to several health-related factors that usually emerge at advanced stages of life. This study aimed to assess the associations between malnutrition and its determinants in a group of institutionalized older people via the Mini Nutritional Assessment–Short Form (MNA-SF) and the full MNA. Methods: The MNA-SF was compared with the full MNA to evaluate the nutritional status of 207 older people. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: The data revealed that institutionalized older people with cognitive impairment, frailty syndrome, dysphagia, a low BMI, a high duration of institutionalization, and a low educational level are more likely to be malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Conclusions: The results reveal that the MNA or MNA-SF may not identify common determinants of malnutrition or nutritional risk. The identified determinants depend on the test. Therefore, the data obtained determine the need to use adequate nutritional screening tools to control the presence of malnutrition. Nutritional screening is essential to decrease public costs, hospitalizations, rates of disability, dependence, morbidity, and even mortality among institutionalized older people. Full article

Background: Patients with dementia (PwD) nearing end of life (nEOL) do not always receive optimal end-of-life care, including timely specialist palliative care input. In hospitalized PwD likely to be nEOL, we aimed to determine the prevalence of goals of care discussions; the incidence and timing of referral to palliative care; factors associated with palliative care referral and timely (within 2 days) palliative care referral; and the prevalence of polypharmacy (>5 medications) and in-hospital deprescribing (cessation). Methods: A retrospective chart review of a cohort of PwD admitted under geriatric medicine 1 July 2021–30 June 2022 was conducted, screening to identify nEOL status. Results: A total of 298 patients (mean age of 83.5 [SD 7.4] and 51.3% females) were included in the final analysis. Eleven percent of eligible patients (33/298) died during admission. Overall, 80.9% had discussed an advance care plan (ACP). The mean time from admission to the discussion of an ACP was 1 day (SD = 5.02). One in twenty (5.4%) had their goals of care revised during admission, with 15 transitioning to palliation. Only 7.1% were referred to palliative care during admission. The mean time to referral was 9.8 days (SD 7.3; range 0–26). One in fourteen (7.4%) were discharged from hospital on an end-of-life pathway. In multivariable analysis, both the clinical frailty score (CFS) (aOR per unit increase 3.66; 95%CI 1.65–8.09, p = 0.001) and meeting ≥ 2 deterioration criteria (per CriSTAL tool) (OR 3.68; 95% CI 1.07–12.70, p = 0.039) were independently associated with referral to palliative care. Polypharmacy was common at admission (76.2%), with a mean number of medications of 8.4 (SD = 4). The median number of medications ceased during admission was two (IQR 0–4). Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, we found a high quality of care of PwD likely nEOL, reflected by frequent ACPs in hospital, but it fell short of palliative care specialist input. Polypharmacy on admission and discharge may be further improved by aligning medication use with goals of care among PwD approaching the end of life, and considering the hospital nurse-driven identification of practice gaps is encouraged. Full article

Background/Objectives: One-leg standing test with eyes open (OLST), a well-known balance assessment, is simple to implement and requires no special measuring equipment or space. Prefrailty has greater reversibility than frailty, and early detection of prefrailty is essential for frailty prevention in older adults, especially women. However, the association between the OLST and prefrailty remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the relationship between the OLST and prefrailty and to validate the effectiveness of the OLST as a screening tool for prefrailty in older Japanese women. Methods: This study included 208 community-dwelling older women (mean age: 74.4 ± 5.1 years; range: 65–89) who underwent frailty assessments and OLST. Prefrailty was assessed using the Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study (J-CHS) criteria. The association between prefrailty and OLST was assessed by binary logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to examine the effectiveness of OLST as a screening tool for prefrailty. Results: OLST time was significantly associated with prefrailty, and those with higher OLST times were less likely to have prefrailty (ORs: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97–0.99; p < 0.001). The area under the curve of the OLST for prefrailty was 0.713 (p < 0.001), and the optimal OLST cut-off time for discriminating prefrailty was 24 s (sensitivity: 0.56, specificity: 0.77). Conclusions: OLST could be used as a screening tool for prefrailty in older Japanese women. These findings may contribute to the early detection and prevention of frailty. Full article

Background/Objectives: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of hospitalisations worldwide. Micronutrient deficiencies may influence CAP risk and severity, but their impact on CAP outcomes remains unclear. This study investigated the influence of multivitamin use on hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, in-hospital mortality, and 30-day readmissions in hospitalised CAP patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all CAP admissions, identified using ICD-10-AM codes, at two tertiary hospitals in Australia between 2018 and 2023. Pneumonia severity was determined using the CURB65 score, while frailty and nutritional status were assessed using the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) and the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). Multivitamin use at admission was identified through the hospital pharmacy database. Propensity score matching (PSM) controlled for 22 confounders and the average treatment effect on the treated (ATET) was determined to evaluate clinical outcomes. Results: The mean (SD) age of the 8162 CAP cases was 75.3 (17.5) years, with 54.7% males. The mean (SD) CURB65 score was 1.9 (1.0), with 29.2% having severe CAP (CURB65 ≥ 3). On admission, 563 patients (6.9%) were on multivitamin supplements. Multivitamin users were younger, had more comorbidities, higher frailty, and higher socioeconomic status than non-users (p < 0.05). The ATET analysis found no significant differences in LOS (aOR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03–5.98, p = 0.307), in-hospital mortality (aOR 1.04, 95% CI 0.97–1.11, p = 0.239), or other outcomes. Conclusions: Multivitamin use was documented in 6.9% of CAP patients and was associated with multimorbidity and frailty but not with improved clinical outcomes. Further research is needed to determine if specific vitamin supplements may offer benefits in this population. Full article