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Keywords = farmland circulation

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20 pages, 2192 KiB  
Article
Grain Self-Sufficiency in Guangdong, China: Current Trends and Future Perspectives
by Yi Xiao, Jianya Zhao, Yanglan Zhang and Shu Wang
Foods 2025, 14(7), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071126 - 25 Mar 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1067
Abstract
The rising number of disturbances caused by natural hazards, epidemics, and international conflicts seriously threatens global agriculture and food systems. In order to combat the increasing uncertainty, the Chinese government proposed a “dual circulation” strategy, which puts forward a new requirement of promoting [...] Read more.
The rising number of disturbances caused by natural hazards, epidemics, and international conflicts seriously threatens global agriculture and food systems. In order to combat the increasing uncertainty, the Chinese government proposed a “dual circulation” strategy, which puts forward a new requirement of promoting self-sufficiency. Among various food categories, grain serves as a cornerstone for sustaining human life during public crises. Guangdong Province is one of the most economically developed and highly densely populated regions in China; therefore, it faces significant pressure to enhance food security. This study investigates the spatial and temporal patterns of the rate of grain self-sufficiency (RSSG) at the county levels in Guangdong Province from 2014 to 2023. The findings reveal the following: (1) rice remains the predominant grain crop, with its sown area and production consistently accounting for over 75%; (2) the RSSG is 28.14% on average, which is lower than the governmental goal of 30%; (3) the RSSG has significant regional disparities and distinct agglomeration patterns; and (4) scenario simulations indicate that grain yield improvement and grain loss reduction have the potential to promote the RSSG to 34.14%. Based on the research findings, this paper proposes the following policy recommendations: (1) prioritize farmland preservation and implement the “storing grain in the land” strategy to ensure food supply; (2) adopt advanced agricultural technologies under the “storing grain in the technology” strategy to improve grain yield; (3) reduce grain loss by strengthening disaster prevention, improving storage management, and enhancing storage efficiency; and (4) strengthen interdepartmental coordination. The integrated application of these strategies will help Guangdong Province enhance its grain self-sufficiency, ensure food security, and contribute to the achievement of national food security goals. Full article
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13 pages, 2369 KiB  
Article
Effect of Vegetation Growth, Agricultural Irrigation and Climatic Variability on Streamflow in Wujiang, China
by Jiaming Wang, Guangxing Ji and Yingxin Hu
Forests 2024, 15(11), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111928 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 866
Abstract
Vegetation restoration and farmland irrigation are important environmental factors affecting the water cycle process in basins. Analyzing the impact of vegetation restoration and farmland irrigation on runoff is an international frontier and hot topic in current research, which is crucial for the management [...] Read more.
Vegetation restoration and farmland irrigation are important environmental factors affecting the water cycle process in basins. Analyzing the impact of vegetation restoration and farmland irrigation on runoff is an international frontier and hot topic in current research, which is crucial for the management and protection of water resources, especially for the ecological protection and high-quality development of basins. Based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), effective irrigated area (EIA), and meteorology and hydrology data for Wujiang River (WJR), this research aims to quantitatively calculate the influence degree of vegetation recovery, agricultural irrigation, and climatic variability on discharge alteration in WJR. First, Mann–Kendall and Pettitt approaches were used for recognizing the mutation year of streamflow data at Wulong station from 1982 to 2015. Then, a corrective Budyko model was built by constructing multiple linear regression equations for the NDVI, climate factors, EIA, and Budyko parameters. Finally, the corrective Budyko model was adopted to reveal how vegetation restoration, agri-cultural irrigation, and climate variation influence discharge alteration in WJR. The results showed the following: (1) Both runoff depth (R) and rainfall (Pr) exhibited a non-significant de-clining tendency, while potential evapotranspiration (ET0) demonstrated a non-significant in-creasing tendency. The NDVI and EIA both demonstrated a notable upward tendency (p < 0.01). (2) The mutation year of discharge in WJR was 2004. (3) The underlying surface parameters ω have a strong correlation with vegetation, agricultural irrigation, and climate factors. (4) The contribution of rainfall (Pr), potential evapotranspiration (ET0), NDVI, EIA, and human activities to runoff depth in WJR were 57.34%, 24.67%, -11.75%, 11.71%, and 18.02%, respectively. This re-search is helpful for elucidating the effects of ecological construction measures and agricultural irrigation on streamflow in WJR, and offers great scientific significance and practical value for understanding the evolution mechanism of water circulation and for managing regional water resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Hydrology under Climate Change)
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19 pages, 1386 KiB  
Article
Will Agricultural Infrastructure Construction Promote Land Transfer? Analysis of China’s High-Standard Farmland Construction Policy
by Lili Chen, Jiquan Peng, Yufeng Chen and Qingyan Cao
Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9234; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219234 - 24 Oct 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
The construction of high-standard basic farmland is the cornerstone of high-quality agricultural development. In theory, the construction of high-standard farmland will affect changes in land management patterns but there is a limited amount of literature on the relationship between high-standard basic farmland construction [...] Read more.
The construction of high-standard basic farmland is the cornerstone of high-quality agricultural development. In theory, the construction of high-standard farmland will affect changes in land management patterns but there is a limited amount of literature on the relationship between high-standard basic farmland construction and land transfer. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China, this study uses the continuous double difference method to analyze the impact of high-standard farmland construction policies on land transfer. The results show the following: the high-standard farmland construction policy implemented by the Chinese government can promote land transfer, which will significantly increase the proportion of land transfer area by 0.196 units. After robustness testing, it was found that this result is still reliable. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the construction of high-standard farmland has a stronger promoting effect on land transfer in major grain-producing areas, eastern and central regions, mountainous, and more economically structured planting areas. The mechanism test shows that the construction of high-standard farmland promotes land circulation through three paths: improving agricultural production conditions, improving factor utilization efficiency, and resisting disasters and increasing income. This study provides a valuable reference for improving the construction of high-standard farmland and promoting land circulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use/Cover Change and Its Environmental Effects: Second Edition)
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26 pages, 4120 KiB  
Article
How Does High-Standard Farmland Construction Affect Agroecological Efficiency—From the Perspective of Factor Endowment
by Jin Ren, Xinrui Chen, Zimeng Miao and Tingting Gao
Land 2024, 13(10), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101673 - 14 Oct 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1652
Abstract
Based on the factor endowment theory and the agriculture-induced technological innovation theory, this study examines the impact of high-standard farmland construction (HFC) on agricultural ecological efficiency (AEE) and sustainable agricultural development. Using empirical data from 30 provinces in China between 2005 and 2022, [...] Read more.
Based on the factor endowment theory and the agriculture-induced technological innovation theory, this study examines the impact of high-standard farmland construction (HFC) on agricultural ecological efficiency (AEE) and sustainable agricultural development. Using empirical data from 30 provinces in China between 2005 and 2022, it explores how high-standard farmland construction techniques can enhance AEE, considering factor endowment preferences and geographical characteristics. Empirical research indicates that high-standard farmland significantly enhances AEE, particularly in the eastern region, the main grain-producing areas, and the regions with less geographical fluctuation. Additionally, agricultural innovations, capital accumulation, and land circulation reinforce the benefits of such construction, whereas labor mobility has a moderating effect. Quantile regression analyses show that the impact of HFC on AEE initially increases and then diminishes, potentially due to inadequate post-management and maintenance. Consequently, the study recommends that the government enhance policy support and supervision for high-standard farmland projects, integrate agricultural technology with capital accumulation, optimize human resource allocation, guide labor mobility, and reform land transfer systems to boost AEE and sustainability. Full article
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17 pages, 504 KiB  
Article
Neighborhood Does Matter: Farmers’ Local Social Interactions and Land Rental Behaviors in China
by Jiafeng Gu
Land 2024, 13(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13010076 - 9 Jan 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1757
Abstract
The transfer of farmland is an important area of rural development research; however, the impact of rural social networks has been neglected in studies. The aim of this study is to explore the effects, mechanisms, and heterogeneity of neighbors’ behavior on the process [...] Read more.
The transfer of farmland is an important area of rural development research; however, the impact of rural social networks has been neglected in studies. The aim of this study is to explore the effects, mechanisms, and heterogeneity of neighbors’ behavior on the process of land renting by farmers. Based on the data of the China Family Panel Studies in 2018, this research empirically analyzes the impact of community-level, local social interactions on the land rental behavior of farmers and its mechanisms using a spatial probit model. The results of this study indicate that neighbors’ land rental behavior positively and significantly affects that of other farmers in the same village. In addition, neighbors’ land rental encourages other farmers in the same village to follow suit through an increase in the perceived importance of the Internet among the farmers. In addition, there is heterogeneity in neighborhood influence. Notably, the impact of social networks on the renting out of the land by farmers, as evidenced in this study, is a key factor in accelerating the circulation of rural land and promoting rural development, thus contributing to the process of rural revitalization and its recording in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Land Use and Rural Development)
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18 pages, 6988 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Impacts of Future Climate and Land-Use Changes on Streamflow under Multiple Scenarios: A Case Study of the Upper Reaches of the Tarim River in Northwest China
by Qiang Han, Lianqing Xue, Tiansong Qi, Yuanhong Liu, Mingjie Yang, Xinyi Chu and Saihua Liu
Water 2024, 16(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16010100 - 27 Dec 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2114
Abstract
Climate change and land use/cover change (LUCC) are two major factors that alter hydrological processes. The upper reaches of the Tarim River, situated in the northwest region of China, experience a dry and less rainy climate and are significantly influenced by human activities. [...] Read more.
Climate change and land use/cover change (LUCC) are two major factors that alter hydrological processes. The upper reaches of the Tarim River, situated in the northwest region of China, experience a dry and less rainy climate and are significantly influenced by human activities. This study comprehensively assessed the impacts of individual and combined climate changes and LUCCs on streamflow. Three general circulation models (GCMs) were utilized to predict future climate changes under three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP119, SSP245, and SSP585). Cellular Automata–Markov (CA–Markov) was employed to predict future LUCC under three scenarios (i.e., ecological protection, historical trend, and farmland development). Streamflow for the period 2021–2050 was simulated using the calibrated MIKE SHE model with multiple scenarios. The results showed that from 2021 to 2050, increments in both average annual precipitation and average annual temperature under the three SSPs were predicted to lead to an increased streamflow. In comparison to the conditions observed in 2000, under three LUCC scenarios for 2030, the grassland area decreased by 1.04% to 1.21%, while the farmland area increased by 1.97% to 2.26%, resulting in reduced streamflow. The related changes analysis indicated that the variation in streamflow during winter is most significant, followed by spring. The study predicted that climate change would increase streamflow, while LUCC would decrease it. Due to the greater impact of LUCC, considering the combined effect of both factors, runoff would decrease. The contribution analysis indicated that climate change contributed between −7.16% and −18.66%, while LUCC contributed between 107.16% and 118.66%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ecohydrology in Arid Inland River Basins)
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12 pages, 1518 KiB  
Article
Straw Return Decomposition Characteristics and Effects on Soil Nutrients and Maize Yield
by Yun Yang, Yun Long, Shiwei Li and Xiaohong Liu
Agriculture 2023, 13(8), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13081570 - 6 Aug 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3189
Abstract
Straw return benefits soil nutrient circulation and avoids the environmental pollution caused by incineration. The straw return effect is determined by many factors, such as the returning mode and tillage method. To find the most suitable straw return mode in the hilly areas [...] Read more.
Straw return benefits soil nutrient circulation and avoids the environmental pollution caused by incineration. The straw return effect is determined by many factors, such as the returning mode and tillage method. To find the most suitable straw return mode in the hilly areas of south China, we conducted experiments with preceding maize straw in Nanchong (Sichuan Province, China) for three years. Five treatments were tested: (A) rotary tillage without straw return (RT), (B) crushed straw return with rotary tillage (CRT), (C) crushed straw return without rotary tillage (CSR), (D) whole straw return with rotary tillage (WRT), and (E) whole straw return without rotary tillage (WSR). The results indicated that CRT had the fastest decomposition rate, followed by CSR. Moreover, CRT had the fastest nutrient release rates for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, as well as the highest maize yield (6.62% higher than RT). CRT increased the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium in the soil, as well as improved the soil pH. Furthermore, the numbers of bacteria, Actinomycetes, and fungi in the soil under CRT, CSR, and WSR treatments were higher than those under the other two treatments. This study has important reference value for exploring the most favourable straw return method for improving farmland fertility. Full article
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16 pages, 300 KiB  
Article
Can Land Circulation Improve the Health of Middle-Aged and Older Farmers in China?
by Keyan Li, Can Liu, Junlong Ma and Martinson Ankrah Twumasi
Land 2023, 12(6), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061203 - 9 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1662
Abstract
Compared with the urban aging population, the rural aging population in China is larger, and is subject to a lower per capita income, lower social security coverage, and insufficient security capacity. Therefore, ensuring the health of middle-aged and older farmers is an inevitable [...] Read more.
Compared with the urban aging population, the rural aging population in China is larger, and is subject to a lower per capita income, lower social security coverage, and insufficient security capacity. Therefore, ensuring the health of middle-aged and older farmers is an inevitable requirement for maintaining the stability of rural areas and society. This study uses data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) 2018, an ordered probit model and instrumental variable approach to empirically analyze the effect of land circulation out on the physical health of middle-aged and older farmers over 45. The results indicate that land circulation out positively and significantly affects farmers’ health. Again, farmer’s non-agricultural work and household income play a significant role in this positive relationship between land circulation out and farmers’ health. Thus, the promotion of non-agricultural work for farmers and household income enhancement could alleviate household budget constraints while increasing health investment. The findings provide policies advocating for rural health development from land circulation perspectives. Full article
15 pages, 1152 KiB  
Article
Study on the Affecting Factors of Land Circulation in Minority Areas of Ledong County, Hainan Province, China
by Minpei Liu, Peihong Jia, Kouyuan Liu, Lingyu Yang and Hongping Yan
Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 5686; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075686 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1705
Abstract
Land circulation can promote large-scale operations, improve land-use efficiency, and increase farmers’ income. Taking 186 rural households in Ledong County in Hainan Province, the study uses binary logistic regression to analyze the factors affecting farmers’ willingness to transfer land. The results show that [...] Read more.
Land circulation can promote large-scale operations, improve land-use efficiency, and increase farmers’ income. Taking 186 rural households in Ledong County in Hainan Province, the study uses binary logistic regression to analyze the factors affecting farmers’ willingness to transfer land. The results show that age, education level, and family labor force were negatively correlated with farmers’ willingness to accept land circulation. Meanwhile, gender, nonagricultural population, source of family income, annual family income, infrastructure, and understanding of policy were positively correlated with willingness to transfer. Recommendations regarding strengthening the training and education of farmers, increasing publicity, improving farmers’ awareness of land circulation, promoting market supervision, enhancing the land circulation market mechanism, and improving the rural security system are proposed. Ledong should also strengthen policy support regarding the cultivation of new agricultural business entities, and establish an intermediary service platform for land circulation. This study, therefore, aims to provide a theoretical and practical basis for a farmland circulation mechanism and the large-scale operation of agricultural land in Ledong County. Full article
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17 pages, 1210 KiB  
Article
How Does Farmland Tenure Security Affect Rural Household Income? Empirical Evidence of China’s Survey Data
by Juan Zhang, Qinping Chen, Hongxi Chen and Zehua Feng
Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 5645; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075645 - 23 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1836
Abstract
A stable farmland tenure can optimize farmers’ allocation of production factors and then determine the income level and structure of farmers. In recent years, the reform of China’s farmland tenure system had been making efforts to strengthen the stability of farmland tenures. Will [...] Read more.
A stable farmland tenure can optimize farmers’ allocation of production factors and then determine the income level and structure of farmers. In recent years, the reform of China’s farmland tenure system had been making efforts to strengthen the stability of farmland tenures. Will the farmland tenure security restrict agricultural development? Based on the data of the 2018 China Labor Dynamics Survey (CLDS), this paper empirically analyzes the impact of farmland tenure stability on rural household income and its mechanism. The results showed that the stability of land rights increased the per capita total income, wage income and agricultural productive income of farmers significantly. The stability of the farmland tenure significantly increased the income of rural households in plain areas and the income of rural households in villages with highly mechanied; additionally, employment opportunities increased significantly. The mechanism analysis showed that the stability of the farmland tenure had a significant positive effect on the total income of farmers by promoting the division of labor and agricultural investment. On this basis, this paper puts forward measures such as strictly controlling the readjustment of agricultural land, improving the rural labor market and financial market, and guiding nonplain areas to develop tertiary industry according to local conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)
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15 pages, 263 KiB  
Article
Effect of Spatial Characteristics of Farmland Plots on Transfer Patterns in China: A Supply and Demand Perspective
by Yang Guo, Meiling Cui and Zhigang Xu
Land 2023, 12(2), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020444 - 9 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1958
Abstract
(1) Background: The tense relationship between man and land makes transferring farmland rights in the market critical for improving agricultural production efficiency and promoting large-scale agricultural management. (2) Methods: This study considers the impact of the spatial characteristics of farmland plots on the [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The tense relationship between man and land makes transferring farmland rights in the market critical for improving agricultural production efficiency and promoting large-scale agricultural management. (2) Methods: This study considers the impact of the spatial characteristics of farmland plots on the economies of scale of farmers in terms of farmland use and heterogeneity. The effect of plots’ area and location on the directional flow of plots in the farmland transfer market from the perspective of matching supply and demand is also investigated. An empirical test is conducted on farmer actions and plot characteristics data based on surveys from 2015 and 2018 in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Henan, Zhejiang, and Sichuan. (3) Results: The plots’ area and location affect economies of scale for different potential transfer plots. This leads to large plots and adjacent plots in the market transferring to large-scale households, while scattered small plots mainly transfer to ordinary households. (4) Conclusions: The fixed spatial characteristics of the plots determine the scattered circulation of farmland in the transfer market, hindering the centralized utilization of farmland and restricting efficiency in farmland transfer market allocation. The findings from the context of China are similar to what has been found elsewhere. This suggests the need for a unified trading platform for farmland transfer and strengthening the mutual transformation of land and agricultural machinery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Land Use Transitions and Land System Science)
13 pages, 666 KiB  
Article
Impact of Confirmation of Farmland Rights on Farmers’ Welfare: Based on the Micro-Empirical Investigation of Farmers in China
by Jianghua Guan, Ke Huang, Xi Lan, Junfeng Zhang and Huiqin Li
Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9710; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159710 - 7 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1893
Abstract
The confirmation of farmland rights would have a great impact on the welfare of farmers in China. Taking Chinese farmers as the research object, the relationship between farmland rights confirmation, farmland transfer and the welfare of farmers was studied by adopting the propensity [...] Read more.
The confirmation of farmland rights would have a great impact on the welfare of farmers in China. Taking Chinese farmers as the research object, the relationship between farmland rights confirmation, farmland transfer and the welfare of farmers was studied by adopting the propensity score matching method (PSM) and logistic model. The result showed that: (1) The confirmation of farmland rights could improve the welfare of farmers. The dominant factors that affected the impact of the confirmation of farmland rights included family net income, medical insurance, self-health evaluation, difficulty of land financing, stability of land management rights, the difficulty of employment, satisfaction with circulation prices, and the improvement of neighborhood relations. (2) Implementing the confirmation of farmland rights could improve the welfare of farmers, and there were significant differences between farmers. The value of the welfare of farmers who had been transferred out was higher than that of farmers who had been transferred in. (3) After implementing the confirmation of farmland rights, the welfare of farmers would be improved by the net income of the household, the stability of land management rights and the improvement of neighborhood relations, while the welfare of farmers would be hindered from continuous improvement by the difficulty of employment, and satisfaction with circulation prices had opposite effects on the welfare of farmers who had transferred in or out. Based on these results, the suggestions put forward include building a price mechanism of effective circulation, utilizing differentiated skill training, and improving various measurements to show the advantages for welfare of the confirmation of farmland rights. Full article
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22 pages, 9912 KiB  
Article
Response of Soil Fauna Diversity to Agricultural Landscape Het-Erogeneity in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River—A Case Study in Gongyi City, China
by Panpan Zhang, Chenchen Zhang, Shunping Ding, Ziqi Bian, Peikun Li, Jian Zhang and Shengyan Ding
Diversity 2022, 14(8), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080602 - 28 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2155
Abstract
Soil fauna contribute to important ecological functions such as improving soil structure and promoting nutrient circulation. They are the common environmental indicators in agricultural landscape. Therefore, this study took Gongyi City, Henan Province, China, located in the middle and lower reaches of the [...] Read more.
Soil fauna contribute to important ecological functions such as improving soil structure and promoting nutrient circulation. They are the common environmental indicators in agricultural landscape. Therefore, this study took Gongyi City, Henan Province, China, located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, as the study area, to explore the impact of multi-scale landscape heterogeneity on soil fauna diversity and the response of soil fauna to it. Our results showed that patch types and degree of fragmentation in the study area increased significantly with the increase of spatial scale. The diversity indices of soil fauna in different habitats showed that the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson’s diversity index, Pielou’s evenness index, and Margalef richness index were the lowest in farmland habitat. Diversity indices of artificial forests were higher than those of natural forests. Diversity indices of soil fauna under different geomorphic conditions showed that Pielou’s evenness index and Margalef richness index had significant differences under different geomorphic conditions (p < 0.05). The effects of multi-scale landscape heterogeneity on soil fauna diversity were different. In the 150 m buffer zone, soil fauna community composition and diversity indices were strongly correlated with patch richness index, patch richness density, and other landscape indices (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the contribution rate of landscape index to soil fauna community composition were 45.05%, 32.5%, and 42% in farmland, plantation, and natural forest, respectively. Therefore, the 150 m buffer zone could be used as the characteristic response scale of soil fauna diversity. The multi-scale interaction of landform, habitat, and landscape also had a significant impact on soil fauna diversity. Full article
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18 pages, 2979 KiB  
Article
Exploration of Informal Farmland Leasing Mode: A Case Study of Huang Village in China
by Tingting Fang, Yuefei Zhuo, Cifang Wu, Yihu Zhou, Zhongguo Xu and Guan Li
Land 2022, 11(5), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050756 - 21 May 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3192
Abstract
How to effectively promote the large-scale and market-oriented farmland leasing process in China is one of the most important practical issues concerning the current academic circle and decision makers. However, restricted by the current situation of rural social development, farmers’ spontaneous and informal [...] Read more.
How to effectively promote the large-scale and market-oriented farmland leasing process in China is one of the most important practical issues concerning the current academic circle and decision makers. However, restricted by the current situation of rural social development, farmers’ spontaneous and informal farmland leasing is still widespread. Exploring the long-term evolution characteristics of informal farmland leasing at the village scale is of great significance for optimizing the process of farmland leasing, perfecting the farmland leasing market, and promoting moderate-scale farmland management. Therefore, based on field survey data from the whole village and social network analysis methods, this research conducted a detailed empirical study on the characteristics, development process, and consequences of informal farmland leasing behavior in a traditional rural society in central China. The results show that with the development of time, the scope of informal farmland leasing in Huang village has been expanding, of which more than 70% of the farmland in 2020 was leased among acquaintances. Farmland leasing among acquaintances is becoming a trend toward informal farmland leasing in some villages. At present, 13 large-scale households lease 73.9% of the total area of farmland leasing in Huang village. The informal farmland leasing in the village has basically formed a centralized circulation pattern with the villager group as the core, which can promote moderate-scale farming to a certain extent. However, there are also problems, such as the ability of a simple internal leasing mode to resist external risks is limited. The findings may be helpful in rethinking China’s farmland leasing policy and provide useful insights into the multifaceted rural sustainability of other similar traditional villages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use and Rural Sustainability)
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18 pages, 3289 KiB  
Article
Design and Testing of a Separation and Desalination Device for Farmland Saline–Alkaline Water in Arid Areas
by Qiaonan Yang, Can Hu, Jie Li, Xiaokang Yi, Jie Zhang and Zhilin Sun
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 6178; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106178 - 19 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2141
Abstract
To solve the problem of soil salination and to desalinate saline–alkaline water in arid areas, this study involved the design and testing of a separation and desalination device for farmland saline–alkaline water that is suitable for arid areas. The results of this study [...] Read more.
To solve the problem of soil salination and to desalinate saline–alkaline water in arid areas, this study involved the design and testing of a separation and desalination device for farmland saline–alkaline water that is suitable for arid areas. The results of this study indicate that after the pretreatment of farmland saline–alkaline water, the water yielded by the pretreatment device had a mean turbidity of <1 and a mean silt density index (SDI) of <3, which met the working conditions of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. When used to filter saline–alkaline water, the composite NF–RO membrane system achieved a desalination rate of 97.06%, a total hardness removal rate of 97.83%, and a Cl removal rate of 99.65%, which satisfied the standard for irrigation water quality. Some indicators of the yielded water reached the hygienic standard for drinking water, thus successfully reutilizing water resources. The circulating solar collector tube of the device was designed with a collection area of 6 m2, which could basically satisfy the heat demand of the flash tank for distillation. The design of the flash tank and the shell-and-tube circulating condenser met the requirements for vapor condensation. The crystals in the solar salt box precipitated under solar action. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the primary compound of the crystals as NaCl, suggesting that the precipitates have potential value as industrial salts. This study offers new technical references and helpful engineering guidance for arid saline–alkaline enrichment areas facing the problem of saline farmland irrigation water. Full article
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