Search Results (685)

Essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a focal dystonia characterized by abnormal brainstem excitability and impaired inhibitory control within trigeminal–facial circuits. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is the established first-line treatment, primarily acting at the neuromuscular junction. However, whether BoNT-A also modulates central brainstem circuits in BEB patients remains unclear, and dedicated neurophysiological studies have yielded conflicting results. To investigate whether BoNT-A modulates brainstem interneuronal excitability in BEB using the blink reflex recovery cycle and to correlate clinical outcomes with neurophysiological results. Thirteen patients with BEB underwent neurophysiological and clinical evaluation before (T0) and one month after (T1) BoNT-A treatment. The blink reflex recovery cycle was assessed at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 200, 300, 500, and 1000 ms. Clinical severity was assessed using the BSPSS, JRS, and BDS scales. The R2 amplitude ratio showed a statistically significant decrease after treatment across all ISIs (all p ≤ 0.001), indicating reduced brainstem interneuronal excitability. All clinical scales demonstrated statistically significant improvement after treatment (BSPSS, JRS, BDS; all p < 0.001). This pilot study provides preliminary evidence that BoNT-A treatment may reduce brainstem interneuronal excitability in BEB patients, as evidenced by a substantial and consistent decrease in R2 amplitude ratios of the blink reflex recovery cycle. These findings are consistent with a central modulatory effect of BoNT-A beyond its established peripheral action. Larger controlled studies are warranted to confirm these results. Full article

Background: Chung–Jansen syndrome (CHUJANS) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic condition caused by pathogenic variants in the PHIP gene, which encodes a protein involved in neurodevelopmental processes and IGF-1 signalling. The phenotype is characterised by variable degrees of intellectual disability, early-onset obesity or overweight, distinctive facial dysmorphisms, and behavioural disturbances. We here present a case of Chung–Jansen syndrome with a detailed endocrine work-up, highlighting the metabolic component of this syndrome. Case Presentation: We describe the case of a 21-year-old woman referred to our centre for evaluation of oligomenorrhea in the context of severe obesity (BMI 50.4 kg/m²), short stature (151 cm, <3rd percentile), and moderate-to-severe intellectual disability (full-scale IQ 38). Physical examination revealed dysmorphic features, including a round face, upslanting palpebral fissures, prominent zygomatic bones, anteverted nares, a prominent chin, and bilateral brachydactyly type E1. Laboratory investigations documented subclinical primary hypothyroidism of autoimmune origin, impaired glucose tolerance with associated hyperinsulinism, and polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS, previously known as PCOS). Exome analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS) identified a heterozygous c.328C>T [p.(Arg110Cys)] variant in the PHIP gene, already reported in literature and classified as likely pathogenic (ACMG class 4). Segregation analysis in the mother (father was not available for the test) did not reveal the variant, suggesting a de novo origin in the patient. Concurrently, the same analysis revealed a variant of uncertain significance in the ANKRD17 gene, while array-CGH detected a maternally inherited microdeletion of uncertain significance on chromosome X (Xp11.23). Conclusions: This case confirms the association between the PHIP p.(Arg110Cys) variant and the phenotype of Chung–Jansen syndrome, providing a detailed characterisation of the endocrine and psychiatric comorbidities. Indeed, our report expands the knowledge on the endocrine phenotype providing further suggestion for personalised patient management. It underscores the importance of NGS in the diagnostic workup of syndromic obesity with intellectual disability, especially in the presence of negative family history and prior inconclusive genetic testing. This case suggests the inclusion of comprehensive endocrine evaluations in future studies on patients with Chung–Jansen syndrome, in order to support endocrine work-up and facilitate early identification and appropriate management of potentially treatable alterations. Full article

Monopolar radiofrequency (MRF) is a well-established modality for non-invasive facial rejuvenation; however, its clinical utility is frequently constrained by patient discomfort and inconsistent thermal delivery. This study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and mechanistic profile of a novel MRF system incorporating continuous water cooling (RF-CWC) designed to optimize thermal distribution and enhance patient tolerance. In a prospective, single-arm clinical trial involving 22 female participants, a single RF-CWC treatment utilizing region-specific static and sliding delivery modes yielded statistically significant improvements in jawline lifting, alongside a volumetric increase in the midface and a concomitant volumetric reduction in the lower face (p < 0.001) over an 8-week follow-up period, with no adverse events reported. To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms, the system was further evaluated using an ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced ex vivo human skin model and an in vivo porcine model. Histological, immunohistochemical, and ELISA analyses revealed that RF-CWC effectively mitigated UVB-induced dermal degradation ex vivo by significantly up-regulating elastin, insulin-like growth factor, and hyaluronic acid, while down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-1, interleukin-1α, and heat shock protein 72 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the in vivo model demonstrated time-dependent increases in collagen types I and III and elastin without thermal tissue damage, with the sliding mode and higher shot counts correlating with enhanced extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Comparative analyses demonstrated that RF-CWC achieved superior ECM restoration and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration relative to traditional cryogen spray-cooled RF systems. Taken together, these findings suggest that the RF-CWC system may promote robust ECM remodeling and significant facial neocollagenesis while minimizing inflammatory responses, potentially presenting an optimized, highly effective, and patient-friendly advancement in MRF technology. Full article

Introduction: The relationship between facial form and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) joint-space dimensions remains unclear, particularly regarding variation across different facial shapes. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides accurate three-dimensional evaluation of TMJ structures and allows precise assessment of joint-space dimensions. This study aimed to evaluate the association between facial form and TMJ joint-space dimensions (anterior, superior, and posterior) using CBCT. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 69 adults aged 18–50 years with complete permanent dentition and no signs of temporomandibular disorders based on the Fonseca Index. Facial form was classified as round, oval, or square using standardized two-dimensional photography and an algorithm-based facial classification method (Fisherface-based analysis). CBCT images were obtained using a standardized TMJ protocol, and anterior, superior, and posterior joint spaces were measured bilaterally. Statistical comparisons were performed using ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis tests (p < 0.05). Results: Most joint-space dimensions showed no significant differences among facial forms. A significant variation was observed only in the left posterior joint space (p = 0.002), where round-faced individuals exhibited the smallest mean value (2.39 ± 1.64 mm) compared with oval (3.77 ± 2.01 mm) and square (6.01 ± 3.12 mm) facial types. Conclusions: Facial form demonstrated minimal influence on temporomandibular joint joint-space dimensions, with differences observed only in the left posterior compartment. These findings suggest that facial-shape assessment may have limited but potentially complementary value in TMJ evaluation. However, the clinical implications should be interpreted cautiously given the predominantly non-significant findings. Full article

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) ranks among the most excruciating neuropathic pain syndromes, characterized clinically by multiple daily episodes of unilateral, paroxysmal, electric shock-like facial pain. The daily activities and quality of life of affected patients are profoundly diminished. First-line pharmacological agents, such as carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, provide initial relief for many patients. However, a significant proportion eventually develops refractory symptoms or experience intolerable adverse effects, leading to the discontinuation of traditional oral medications. For these patients with complex clinical phenotypes who fail to respond or are intolerant to these therapies, alternative pharmacological strategies are required before considering invasive surgical procedures. Over the past two decades, botulinumtoxin type-A (BoNTA) has become an effective and safe, minimally invasive therapeutic option for refractory TN. This review provides a practical framework for BoNTA use in the clinical setting of refractory TN. To connect the pathophysiological background with clinical patient care, we summarize the current understanding of TN pathophysiology, the proposed mechanisms by which BoNTA exerts its antinociceptive effects and the evolving clinical evidence supporting its efficacy and safety. We also critically examine dosing protocols, injection techniques, long-term outcomes and the integration of BoNTA into the management algorithm of refractory TN. Full article

Background: Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) of the head and neck represent a therapeutic challenge due to the region’s complex anatomy, functional considerations, and frequent involvement of high-risk anatomical zones. Local recurrence remains a clinically significant concern, however real-world data regarding recurrence patterns and associated risk factors in facial NMSCs are limited. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of local recurrence of facial skin cancers after surgical treatment and to determine clinicopathological and anatomical actors associated with an increased risk of recurrence. Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort study, consecutive patients undergoing surgical excision of facial NMSC were included. The treatment of choice was always surgical excision under general or local anesthesia, with an adequate margin of macroscopically unchanged tissue. Mohs surgery was not used, and none of the patients received immunosuppression. Clinical and pathological data were extracted from medical records. Histopathological examination constituted the basis for establishing the final clinical diagnosis and thus was not verified otherwise. The primary outcome was histologically confirmed local recurrence defined as the reappearance of a tumor of the same histopathological type at the same anatomical site as the previously excised lesion. Patients in the non-recurrence group were defined as those who did not experience any recurrence within a 5-year follow-up period after the initial surgical treatment. Fisher’s exact test and the Mann–Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Logistic regression was performed to explore factors associated with recurrence. Due to incomplete follow-up data for the non-recurrent group, we limited the timing analysis to recurrent cases only, as these limitations precluded the use of standard survival analysis. Results: A total of 302 lesions were analyzed, with recurrence status available for 291 tumors. The overall recurrence rate was 28.52%. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was the most common histopathological subtype. Recurrences occurred more frequently in anatomically high-risk areas, particularly the scalp, temple and nose. Infiltrative BCC subtypes demonstrated higher recurrence rates than nodular and superficial subtypes. Patients with recurrent tumors were younger than those without recurrence. A history of prior skin radiotherapy was associated with increased odds of recurrence. Tumor size and surgical margin width were not significantly associated with recurrence. Multivariate models showed limited discriminatory ability, suggesting that additional unmeasured factors contribute to recurrence risk. Conclusions: Local recurrence of non-melanoma skin cancers in the head and neck region remains a substantial clinical concern, particularly in high-risk anatomical sites and tumors with aggressive histopathological features. These findings highlight the importance of long-term follow-up and support further prospective studies to improve recurrence risk assessment and treatment strategies. Full article

Background: PPP1CB-related Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair type 2 (NSLH2; OMIM #617506) is a rare RASopathy caused by pathogenic variants in PPP1CB, encoding the catalytic beta subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1C). Since its first description in 2016, only a limited number of patients have been reported, leaving the full phenotypic spectrum and genotype–phenotype correlations largely undefined. Objectives: To systematically review the clinical, molecular, and functional characteristics of NSLH2, we define its phenotypic spectrum, explore genotype–phenotype correlations, and summarize current evidence on therapeutic management. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, supplemented by searches of Orphanet, OMIM, and ClinVar, from 2016 to 2026. Studies reporting patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in PPP1CB were included. Individual patient-level data were extracted and analyzed descriptively. Additionally, we report a novel patient identified at our institution. Results: Thirty patients from 14 publications were included, harboring nine distinct PPP1CB variants. The most frequently identified variant was p.Pro49Arg (n = 17, 56.7%), followed by p.Met182Lys (n = 4, 13.3%) and p.Glu183Ala (n = 3, 10.0%). The majority of variants arose de novo (n = 26, 86.7%). Ectodermal anomalies, predominantly slow-growing and structurally abnormal hair consistent with loose anagen hair, were present in 79.3% of patients. Congenital heart defects were identified in 75.9%, with pulmonary stenosis and atrial septal defect representing the most common lesions. Short stature was documented in 69.2% of cases, and neurodevelopmental delay—encompassing motor and language delay—affected the majority of patients (72.4–84.6%). Brain structural anomalies were detected in 35.7%. Facial dysmorphic features were universal. Macrocephaly was present in 58.6% of cases, intellectual disability was reported in 26.9%, and epilepsy in 6.7%. Three familial cases with inherited p.Met182Lys transmission from an affected mother to three children are described, representing the largest reported familial cluster. Conclusions: NSLH2 is a clinically recognizable RASopathy with a consistent core phenotype comprising loose anagen hair, congenital heart defects, short stature, macrocephaly, and neurodevelopmental delay. The p.Pro49Arg variant accounts for the majority of reported cases and appears associated with a broad phenotypic expression. Larger cohorts and functional studies are needed to fully delineate genotype–phenotype correlations and guide therapeutic strategies. Full article

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a rare but life-threatening condition in children, with hereditary forms often being linked to mutations in genes such as bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2), caveolin 1 (CAV1), and potassium channel subfamily K member 3 (KCNK3). Among these, CAV1 mutations are associated with severe disease phenotypes, though cases resulting from de novo heterozygous CAV1 mutations with multi-system involvement remain rarely reported. The CAV1 mutation (c.424C > T, p.Q142X) disrupts caveolin-1 function, leading to dysregulated pulmonary vascular remodeling and multi-system abnormalities. Methods: This was a retrospective case study of a pediatric patient with hereditary PAH. The patient was followed at our hospital from initial presentation until death. Clinical data were collected from medical records, including physical examinations, laboratory tests, echocardiography, chest X-ray, computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA), and genetic analysis. The patient was treated sequentially with various PAH-targeted medications. This report also includes a review of the relevant literature on CAV1-associated PAH. Results: A female aged 3 years and 11 months was diagnosed with hereditary PAH associated with a de novo heterozygous CAV1 mutation (c.424C > T, p.Q142X). Both parents underwent genetic testing and were negative for the mutation, confirming its de novo origin. Clinical manifestations included special facial features, congenital telangiectasia, cutis marmorata (marbled skin), congenital cataract, hereditary lipodystrophy, and severe PAH. The patient presented with progressive exercise intolerance, syncope, and worsening dyspnea over nine years. Echocardiography revealed pulmonary hypertension with an estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 69–105 mmHg, right heart enlargement, right ventricular hypertrophy, and moderate tricuspid regurgitation. Blood and urine metabolic screenings were normal. A chest X-ray showed progressive enlargement of the cardiac silhouette and bulging of the pulmonary artery segment. CTPA demonstrated pulmonary hypertension, secondary right heart dysfunction, decompensated right ventricular function, and mosaic perfusion in both lungs, suggestive of small arterial branch occlusion. Right heart catheterization was declined by the parents. Thus, the diagnosis of PAH was established based on clinical, echocardiographic, CTPA, and genetic findings. The patient was hospitalized four times and lost to follow-up from 2017 to 2023. She received sequential treatment with digoxin, hydrochlorothiazide, tadalafil, ambrisentan, selexipag, and treprostinil. Despite these therapies, pulmonary artery pressure continued to rise with progressive clinical deterioration. The patient ultimately died at 13 years of age due to a pulmonary hypertensive crisis and multiple organ failure following a severe episode of gastroenteritis. Conclusions: Despite aggressive treatment with multiple targeted reduced pulmonary artery pressure drug therapies, managing hereditary PAH caused by CAV1 mutations in children remains a significant challenge, with a high mortality rate. Early genetic diagnosis, regular follow-up, and individualized treatment are crucial. It requires the joint efforts of patients, parents, and healthcare providers. Full article

Background/Objectives: Bone fractures represent a growing public health concern worldwide, yet national epidemiological assessments remain limited in Brazil. Understanding temporal trends, demographic disparities, and geographic heterogeneity is essential to guide prevention, resource allocation, and trauma-care planning. To characterize the epidemiological profile of bone-fracture-related hospitalizations and mortality in Brazil between 2015 and 2024, analyzing trends by sex, age, fracture type, and geographic and ethnic distribution. Methods: An epidemiological, observational, descriptive, and population-based ecological study was conducted using Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System SIH/SUS and IBGE data. Hospitalization rates, case fatality rates (CFR), relative risks, odds ratios, and Years of Life Lost (YLL) were calculated. Temporal trends were evaluated using Annual Percent Change (APC). Results: Other limb fractures were the most frequent injuries, while femur fractures showed the highest lethality. Men had nearly twice the hospitalization rate of women, driven by high-energy trauma in adults aged 20–59 years, whereas women experienced a sharp increase in femur-fracture admissions at older ages. Skull, facial, and thorax/pelvis fractures contributed disproportionately to premature mortality. Marked geographic and ethnic disparities were observed, with higher burdens in the North/Northeast and predominance among Brown and Indigenous populations. Conclusions: Fracture-related hospitalizations in Brazil have increased consistently, with distinct epidemiological patterns across demographic and regional groups. These findings highlight the need for targeted prevention and improved trauma-care strategies. Full article

Introduction. The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is fundamental for facial soft tissue support and surgical rejuvenation. Although its morphology in the midface and neck is well characterized, the structure of its cranial extension to the forehead remains a subject of terminological uncertainty. The aim of this study was to conduct a detailed histological and immunohistochemical examination of the forehead supporting structures to characterize their morphology and propose an expanded, region-specific classification of the SMAS. Material and methods. Full-thickness tissue specimens (n = 30) were obtained from five standardized facial regions (parotid, buccal, temporal, frontal, and cervical) from 12 male and 18 female body donors (aged 25–70 years). Specimens were processed for histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson staining, and Masson’s trichrome. Immunohistochemical staining for S100 protein was used to identify neural structures. Morphometric analysis was performed on digitized sections to quantify interseptal distances and the depth of superficial nerve trunks. Results. The analysis confirmed the established SMAS types (I–V) in the cheek, parotid gland, and neck, confirming the validity of the method. Two distinct, sequentially arranged structures were identified on the forehead, proposed as new types. Type VI (neurovascular arborization) is a discrete fan-shaped structures with a central collagen core surrounding a neurovascular bundle, showing positive S100 staining. These structures, spaced approximately 2.2 mm apart, function as true retaining ligaments. Type VII (fibroseptal) SMAS patterns is vertically oriented, purely fibrous septa (retinacula cutis) connecting the aponeurosis to the dermis, devoid of neural elements, and spaced approximately 9.2 mm apart. Importantly, the superficial nerve trunks were located at an average depth of only 1.09 mm (range: 0.57–1.97 mm) from the skin surface. Conclusion. This study identified two novel SMAS patterns in the forehead—neurovascular arborization (type VI) and fibroseptal (type VII)—supporting the expanded functional seven-type classification of the SMAS. The extremely superficial location of the forehead nerves (average 1.1 mm) defines a critical “danger zone” for aesthetic procedures. These findings provide a refined anatomical basis for improving the precision and safety of both surgical and minimally invasive facial procedures. Full article

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone involved in glucose regulation. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, as well as in cardiovascular risk reduction. Recent evidence suggests that GLP-1 receptors are expressed in cutaneous tissues; however, their role in skin homeostasis and aging remains insufficiently clarified. This review summarizes recent experimental and clinical studies examining the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on skin homeostasis, wound healing, regeneration, and aging processes. Experimental data indicate that GLP-1 RAs may promote wound healing through modulation of inflammatory pathways, enhancement of keratinocyte migration, improved microvascular perfusion, and support of fibroblast function. Antioxidant and cytoprotective mechanisms have also been described. Conversely, rapid weight loss associated with GLP-1 RA therapy has been linked to structural facial changes, including reduction in dermal white adipose tissue and decreased collagen synthesis, which may clinically resemble accelerated skin aging. Mechanistic findings suggest heterogeneous and pathway-dependent effects. Overall, the impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on skin biology appears multifaceted, and further well-designed clinical studies are required to determine their precise dermatological implications. Full article

Architectural heritage plays a central role in shaping visitors’ emotional experiences within cultural tourism contexts. However, empirical research examining how specific architectural styles evoke emotional responses remains limited, particularly when using objective measurement techniques. This study investigates emotional reactions to architectural heritage by applying the Stimulus–Organism–Response (SOR) theoretical framework. In this model, architectural styles act as environmental stimuli, emotional processing represents the organismic state, and the resulting emotional activation constitutes the response. An experimental protocol was conducted with a sample of 645 participants exposed to a series of standardized architectural heritage images representing different architectural styles and infrastructure types. Emotional reactions were captured in real time through facial emotion recognition technology, enabling the objective measurement of eight basic emotions: neutral, happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and contempt. The collected emotional data were statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to identify significant differences in emotional responses across architectural styles, heritage typologies, and gender. When significant differences were detected, Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests were applied to determine specific group contrasts. The findings reveal that different architectural styles generate distinct emotional patterns, highlighting the role of architectural aesthetics as a powerful mediator of affective engagement with heritage environments. From a theoretical perspective, this research contributes to heritage tourism and environmental psychology by integrating the SOR framework with real-time emotion detection technologies, providing a novel methodological approach for analyzing emotional responses to architectural heritage. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cardiovascular manifestations in pediatric Marfan syndrome (MFS) exhibit substantial heterogeneity. Early identification of patients at elevated risk of requiring cardiac surgery is essential to optimizing outcomes. This study aimed to determine phenotypic features associated with cardiovascular surgery in genetically confirmed pediatric MFS. Methods: Among the 1006 children evaluated, 214 with genetically verified MFS were included in the analysis. We categorized patients by the presence or absence of cardiac surgery during childhood. Systemic and cardiovascular features were assessed. We applied binary logistic regression to identify independent associated manifestations with surgical intervention. Results: 20/214 patients (9.3%, 11.5 ± 5.5 years) underwent cardiac surgery (50% aortic root replacement, 20% mitral valve surgery, 30% combined interventions). Extracardiac features—Marfan-type facial features, pectus carinatum, pes planus, hindfoot deformity, and myopia of ≥3 diopters—were significantly associated with an increased probability of surgery (OR 3.0–4.6). Tricuspid valve prolapse and pulmonary artery dilatation were more prevalent in surgical patients. Surgical patients exhibited higher systemic manifestation scores (9.2 vs. 5.2; p ≤ 0.05) per revised Ghent criteria (RGC). Conclusions: A higher systemic score (RGC) correlates with increased risk for surgery. Marfan-type facial features, pectus carinatum, pes planus, hindfoot deformity, and myopia ≥ 3 diopters were strongly associated with the need for early cardiac surgery. Comprehensive phenotypic assessment, including systemic manifestation scoring, enables risk stratification and supports timely surgical planning in pediatric MFS. Full article

This paper presents a comparative analysis of advanced AI-based techniques for human face inpainting using semantic masks that fully occlude targeted facial components. The primary objective is to evaluate the ability of image inpainting methods to accurately restore semantically meaningful facial features. Our results show that existing inpainting models face significant challenges when semantic masks completely obscure the underlying facial structures. In contrast to random masks, which leave partial visual cues, semantic masks remove all structural information, making reconstruction substantially more difficult. We assess the performance of generative adversarial networks (GANs), transformer-based models, and diffusion models in restoring fully occluded facial components. To address these challenges, we explore three retraining strategies: using semantic masks, using random masks, and a hybrid approach combining both. While the hybrid strategy leverages the complementary strengths of each mask type and improves contextual understanding, fully accurate reconstruction remains challenging. These findings demonstrate that inpainting under fully occluding semantic masks is a critical yet underexplored area, offering opportunities for developing new AI architectures and strategies for advanced facial reconstruction. Full article

Background: Interpersonal violence is one of the most common causes of maxillofacial injuries. These injuries can range from minor soft-tissue injuries to serious, life-threatening conditions. This is particularly important when injuries occur in an exposed and vulnerable area of the body, such as the facial area. This study aimed to analyse the types of maxillofacial injuries, assess a profile of a typical victim of violence and determine the circumstances of the injury. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on the clinical data of patients managed for maxillofacial trauma resulting from interpersonal violence at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinical Hospital, Poznan, spanning the period from 2021 to 2025. Results: The study group included 510 patients, of which 95.41% were males, and the median age in the study group was 34 years. Furthermore, 14.71% of patients were under the influence of alcohol at the time of the violent incident. Most injuries occurred in 2022 (25.88%). Regarding months, June had the highest reported incidents (10.59%), while Saturday was the most injury-prone day (25.10%). The median days of hospitalisation in the study group was five. The mandible was the most frequently affected area. The most common types of fractures were single mandible fractures (30.59%) and double mandible fractures (27.25%). Most injuries were treated surgically (96.67%). In 10.20% of cases, the intervention of other specialists was needed. Conclusions: It is important to effectively prepare medical staff to receive patients with a history of interpersonal violence to diagnose and treat these types of injuries properly. Full article