Search Results (101)

During the last few decades, an urgent need for sustainable and health-promoting food products has been witnessed. In this vein, the development of functional foods enriched with probiotics has gained considerable interest from both the food industry and consumers. However, the maintenance of high cell viability until the time of consumption remains a significant challenge. In this study, freeze-dried immobilized Lacticaseibaciilus paracasei FBM_1327 cells on sunflower seeds were evaluated as a functional food ingredient, and their ability to survive during simulated digestion and storage at ambient and refrigerated temperatures in comparison to free cells was assessed. Cell immobilization resulted in higher survival rates (>70%) after in vitro digestion compared to free cells (<40%), while the freeze-dried immobilized cells maintained in cell levels >7.5 log cfu/g during storage for 6 months at 4 °C. In the next step, freeze-dried free or immobilized cells were incorporated in cream cheese (CCF and CCI samples, respectively) at a concentration of >8 log cfu/g. Cell viability of the immobilized cells remained stable (>8.1 log cfu/g) during storage, while live cell counts of free cells dropped to 7.51 ± 0.11 log cfu/g after 28 days. The fortification of cream cheese with immobilized L. paracasei FBM_1327 cells on sunflower seeds improved the volatile compounds profile, while all samples were accepted by the panel during the sensory evaluation. Full article

This study evaluates the impact of four drying methods—open sun drying, solar drying, infrared drying, and microwave drying—on the quality attributes and elemental retention of apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.). Experimental trials were conducted in June 2024 at the Tashkent Institute of Chemical-Technology using equal quantities of fresh apricots. Drying was continued until the moisture content, measured gravimetrically, dropped below 20% (wet basis), followed by spectroscopic analysis to determine macro- and microelement concentrations. Solar-dried apricots showed higher retention of essential nutrients in this experimental trial: potassium (2.37%), silicon (0.538%), magnesium (0.145%), calcium (0.176%), and sulfur (0.152%). In contrast, open sun drying led to significant nutrient degradation and poor visual quality. Microwave drying preserved some micronutrients but resulted in surface scorching due to uneven heating. Infrared drying yielded acceptable results but required substantial energy input. Among all methods, solar drying provided the optimal balance of high product quality and energy efficiency. The drying process required negligible electrical energy owing to exclusive reliance on solar radiation. This method supports sustainable food processing by reducing energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions while preserving nutritional quality. The results highlight solar drying as a promising, eco-friendly technique for preserving the nutritional integrity of agricultural products. These findings offer valuable scientific guidance for selecting appropriate drying technologies in the food processing industry, especially in regions with high solar potential. However, the study is limited to a single fruit variety and seasonal conditions. Full article

Integrating cover crops (CCs) into crop rotations has gained interest in the Southeastern United States due to the benefits that CCs offer, which improve soil health for agricultural production. However, more information is needed on how CCs may affect the development of soil water repellency (SWR), which can negatively impact soil hydrology. The development of SWR threatens crop yields, food security, and farmer livelihoods. To address this knowledge gap, a field experiment measured the water repellency (WR) of four common CC species and a fallow treatment. CC samples were oven-dried, ground, and analyzed for WR using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test. The mean WDPTs of the CC residues collected at termination and four weeks post-termination ranged from 49 to 4174 and 8 to 2627 s, respectively. Large WDPTs (>5 s) indicate that CC residues can potentially influence the development of SWR. All CC residues exhibited WR. The results suggest that farmers may need to consider alternative CC species depending on when they plant their cash crops in relation to CC termination. Considering the effects of CCs on SWR will enable farmers to make informed management decisions to mitigate SWR development and maintain soil health in a changing climate. Full article

Background/Objectives: Reproducible evaluation of aerosol dispersibility remains a key challenge in the development of dry powder inhalers (DPIs), where small variations in particle cohesion, morphology, or device resistance can lead to large differences in aerodynamic performance. In passive DPIs, the forces required for powder fluidization and aerosolization arise from the interaction of patient inspiratory airflow with device geometry and must overcome strong interparticle cohesive forces to enable effective lung delivery. Cascade impaction is the gold standard for determining aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD), but its low throughput and experimental burden limit its utility for systematic formulation and device screening. Prior studies have explored laser diffraction-based particle sizing under varying dispersion energies as indirect metrics of powder dispersibility. Here, we extend this approach by introducing a mathematically rigorous, distribution-based framework that applies the first-order Wasserstein distance (Earth Mover’s Distance) to quantify relative dispersibility with respect to a material-specific maximally dispersed reference state. Methods: Mannitol, trehalose, and inulin were spray-dried under matched conditions to generate model dry powders. Particle size distributions were measured by laser diffraction (Sympatec HELOS/R) using both a RODOS dry dispersion module to define a maximally dispersed reference state and an INHALER module to generate aerosols under clinically relevant dispersion conditions spanning multiple device resistances and pressure drops. For each condition, the Wasserstein-1 distance (W₁) was computed between cumulative volume-based size distributions obtained under reference and inhaler-based dispersion. Cascade impaction was used as an orthogonal method to characterize aerodynamic performance under a representative dispersion condition. Results: W₁ captured formulation-, device-, and flow-dependent differences in dispersibility that were not readily separable by visual inspection of particle size distributions alone. Crystalline mannitol exhibited the largest and most flow-rate-dependent W₁ values, whereas amorphous trehalose and polymeric inulin showed smaller W₁ values with distinct, non-monotonic pressure responses that depended on device resistance. W₁ qualitatively aligned with cascade impaction metrics, exhibiting a positive association with mass median aerodynamic diameter and an inverse association with fine particle fraction, while also demonstrating that efficient dose emission can occur despite incomplete deagglomeration. Conclusions: This study establishes the Wasserstein distance as a physically interpretable, formulation-agnostic metric for quantifying aerosol dispersibility relative to a material-specific reference state. This framework enables systematic comparison of dispersion efficiency across devices and operating conditions using standard laser diffraction data and provides a reproducible basis for mechanistic optimization of DPI formulations and inhaler designs. Full article

Background: Pulmonary administration offers a promising route for certain biologics, particularly when treating respiratory diseases. Spray drying is widely employed to produce inhalable powders with the biologics incorporated in a stabilizing amorphous sugar. Hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine are frequently added to improve dispersibility. Objectives: While the aerodynamic benefits of leucine are well established, its influence on irreversible moisture-induced dry powder particle aggregation and protein stability during storage remains less evaluated. Methods: In this work, inulin-based powders with and without 4 wt-% leucine were spray dried and stored at 43%, 58%, 69%, and 75% relative humidity (RH) at 20 ± 2 °C. Results: Immediately after drying, both formulations displayed comparable physicochemical characteristics. However, during storage of inulin-only formulations, dry powder particles showed viscous flow and formed big irreversible aggregates after storage at an RH of 58% and above, whereas leucine-containing powders remained intact across all tested conditions up to 20 days. Protein stability was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and β-galactosidase (β-gal) as model proteins. At 43% RH, the Tg remained above the storage temperature, and both LDH and β-gal retained their enzymatic activity for up to 20 days. At 75% RH, however, the Tg dropped to below storage temperature, resulting in a loss of stability for LDH, consistent with its reliance on vitrification. In contrast, β-gal maintained its activity at 75% RH, indicative of stabilization through water replacement. Conclusions: Overall, these results demonstrate that leucine enhances the physical stability of inulin powders by preventing irreversible aggregation under humid conditions. However, this effect does not extend to protecting proteins reliant on vitrification. These findings highlight the potential of inulin and leucine to reduce the need for stringent storage conditions of biologics. Full article

The growing consumer interest in plant-based alternatives has encouraged the development of non-dairy versions of traditionally dairy-based products such as ice cream and frozen desserts. Soy milk, with its high protein content and favorable nutritional profile, is a promising alternative to cow’s milk in frozen desserts. The aim of this study was to develop frozen dessert recipes containing soy milk and assess their physical, chemical, and sensory properties. Physicochemical analyses of frozen dessert included measurements of pH, specific gravity, total solids, moisture content, ash content, overrun, and melting resistance. Air sell size distribution was examined microscopically. Sensory evaluation was conducted by a trained panel. Nutritional composition was also analyzed. The pH of the frozen dessert increased from 7.2 to 7.5 with higher soy milk content. Specific gravity of the frozen dessert rose from 589.0 to 634.4 kg/m³, while total solids content increased from 20.61 to 28.99%, and ash content rose from 0.33 to 0.98%. Overrun of the frozen dessert dropped from 73.2% to 50.1%, and melting resistance declined from 72.8% to 54.1% with increased soy milk levels. Frozen dessert samples containing soy milk demonstrated high sensory scores due to their smooth texture, pleasant flavor, and uniform consistency. Replacing cow’s milk with soy milk in frozen dessert recipes is a feasible strategy for producing plant-based frozen desserts with acceptable quality and improved nutritional attributes. Future research should explore flavor enhancement and functional enrichment, particularly through the incorporation of freeze-dried fruits and berries, to diversify the product range and meet consumer demands for health-oriented desserts. This research supports sustainable food innovation by reducing dependence on animal-derived ingredients and promoting the use of plant-based proteins. The development of soy milk-based frozen dessert aligns with global efforts to lower the environmental impact of food production and respond to growing consumer demand for eco-conscious dietary choices. Full article

Background/Objectives: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a frequent condition among older adults in long-term care facilities, often leading to malnutrition, dehydration, and increased mortality. Modified-texture diets (MTDs) are used to address these risks, though traditional preparation methods often compromise nutritional density and standardization. The WeanCare protocol with Dysphameal^® technology introduces an innovative solution by offering IDDSI-compliant, high-density, freeze-dried meals. This study assesses its clinical effectiveness and economic impact. Methods: A six-month quasi-experimental pre–post study was conducted in two Italian nursing homes involving 13 older participants with diagnosed OD. Participants received all meals and hydration through Dysphameal^®, and data were collected on anthropometry, biochemical markers, care workload, and economic parameters. Statistical analyses included regression, correlations, and pre–post comparisons. Results: Improvements were noted in fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in all participants. Albumin and lymphocyte counts improved, as did participant autonomy at mealtime. Operational time per participant dropped by 44% in kitchen and by 7 min/day in wards. Supplement use decreased, leading to significant cost savings and improved staff allocation. Conclusions: The WeanCare–Dysphameal^® system improves nutritional status, reduces caregiver workload, and enhances economic efficiency in institutional settings. It represents a scalable solution for OD management, ensuring consistency, safety, and sustainability in dysphagic care. Full article

This paper describes the process of drying sewage sludge mixtures with the addition of various components: straw chaff, wood sawdust, ash, bark, wood chips, and walnut shells. The tests were conducted in two series: summer and autumn (with maximum insolation of 24.1 and 29.8 MJ∙m⁻², respectively). Using a set of sensors with which the experimental station was equipped, the parameters of the environment (temperature, humidity, and insolation) and the parameters of the dried mixtures (temperature and humidity) were measured. Based on the results obtained, the influence of external factors on the parameters, time, and drying effect of the respective mixtures was analyzed. With the initial moisture content of the mixtures ranging from 41 to 79%, a final moisture content of 6 to 49% was obtained, depending on the components and drying conditions. It was found that the drying rate was most influenced by the amount of solar energy and the associated outdoor (maximum 29 °C and 19 °C) and indoor (maximum 33 °C and 24 °C) air temperatures, and in the second series, there was an additional effect of the temperature of the mixtures (maximum 30 °C), upon which the intensity of water evaporation depended. Straw chaff and walnut shells proved to be the best additives, for which the highest drying rates were obtained (max. 50 to 60% humidity drop). The possibility of using dried materials for agricultural and energy purposes was indicated. This approach is in line with the principles of sustainable development. Full article

Background/Objectives: Although technology has progressed and novel dosage forms have been developed, tablets are still the most used form of medication. However, the present manufacturing methods of these oral solid dosage forms offer limited capacity for personalized treatment and adaptable dosing. Personalized therapy, with a few exceptions, is not yet a part of routine clinical practice. Drug printing could be a possible approach to increase the use of personalized therapy. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of surface tension and the viscosity of inks in the formation of the printing pattern and to investigate how the porosity of substrate tablets influences the behavior of inks on the surface. Methods: Spray-dried mannitol served as a binder and filler, while magnesium stearate functioned as a lubricant in the preparation of substrate tablets. Brilliant Blue dye was a model “drug”. The ink formulation was applied to the substrates in three varying quantities. Results: Increasing the viscosity enhanced the drug content, potentially improving printing speed and pattern accuracy. However, it negatively impacted the dosing accuracy due to nozzle clogging and prolonged drying time. Viscosity had a significantly higher impact on the ink behavior than surface tension. Lowering the surface tension improved the dosing accuracy and reduced the drying time but resulted in smaller drop sizes and decreases in pattern accuracy. Reducing the substrate porosity led to longer drying times and diminished pattern accuracy. Conclusions: A target surface tension of around 30 mN/m is suggested for inkjet printing. It is necessary to further investigate the applicability of the technology with solutions of inks with high viscosity and low surface tension, including the API. Full article

Background/Objectives: Treatment options for androgenic alopecia are still very limited and lack long-term efficacy. Dutasteride (DUT) has gained interest as a potent inhibitor of 5α-reductase, allowing for spaced applications, but DUT oral intake can cause serious adverse effects. Herein, we developed, characterized, and assessed the potential of DUT-loaded ethosomes with increasing ethanolic concentrations for hair follicle (HF) targeting to treat androgenic alopecia, hypothesizing that ethanol’s interaction with HFs’ sebum might increase DUT targeting to the HFs. Methods: Ethosomes were obtained using the water-dropping method. After a hydrodynamic size screening, a 30% ethanol concentration was fixed. Ethosomes with 30% ethanol were also prepared and had their ethanolic content removed by rotary evaporation for the evaluation of ethanol in targeting DUT to the HFs. The targeting factor (Tf) was calculated as the ratio between the DUT amount in HFs and the total DUT amount recovered from all skin layers after in vitro porcine skin penetration tests for 12 and 24 h. Results: The ethanolic concentration affected the vesicles’ size and the targeting potential. While the dried ethosomes could not increase DUT accumulation in the HFs at both time points (Tf: 0.27 in 12 h and Tf: 0.28 in 24 h), the presence of 30% ethanol in the vesicles increased the Tf from 0.28 (12 h) to 0.34 (24 h), significantly superior (p < 0.05) than the dried ethosome and control (Tf: 0.24) in 24 h. Conclusion: Ethosomes with a 30% ethanolic concentration were slightly more efficient in targeting HFs for dutasteride delivery. Full article

This research investigated the interaction between the labile and stable fractions of soil organic carbon (SOC) during the cultivation of organic cassava in sandy soil in northeastern Thailand over a period of five years. We collected surface soil samples (0–30 cm) from this sandy region, utilizing a combination of cow and chicken manure along with dried distilled grains (DDGs) from cassava fermentation for ethanol production, to monitor and compare the effects of continuous mixed organic fertilization on SOC, carbon fractions, soil pH, and nitrogen and phosphorus levels throughout a five-year period of varying land use ages (LUA) to the pre-fertilization state. This study proposed that the use of a combination of organic fertilizers could increase soil organic carbon levels. This study indicates that the continuous application of organic fertilizers over five years does not lead to a significant increase in soil carbon; however, it may result in temporary alterations in different organic carbon fractions. The study showed that the mixed organic fertilization could the increase carbon fractions. Labile carbon (LBC) fraction was at its lowest before fertilization, peaking at LUA 3 and increasing by 5.44–25.50% after organic fertilizer addition. The first year revealed high non labile carbon (NLBC) levels, exceeding 60%, in comparison to the pre-fertilizer period. In the second year, NLBC levels declined to LUA 5, a change that was not statistically significant. After pre-fertilization, the concentration of recalcitrant carbon (REC) did not significantly decrease. Nitrate (NO₃⁻-N) concentrations exhibited no significant fluctuation pre-and post-fertilization. Furthermore, the Bray II-extractable phosphorus (P(B)) decreased (i.e., LUA 1 and 4). The pH levels dropped after the addition of organic fertilizer, particularly in the second year. We found strong positive links between SOC and carbon fractions such as NLBC (r = 0.54 ***) and POXC (r = 0.49 ***). However, neither LBC nor less labile carbon fraction (LLBC) showed any significant correlations with SOC. The negative correlations were observed between ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) and NO₃⁻-N with labile carbon types, such as LBC, LLBC, and POXC, while positive correlations were noted with stable carbon fractions, such as NLBC, and REC. From the application of this organic fertilizer, there are various amounts of organic carbon which cause the following effects: The inclusion of LBC from mixed organic fertilization seems to enhance SOC decomposition rather than accumulation. NLCB may persist in sandy soil for a longer duration than LBC, resulting in the retention of SOC in sandy soil. Our results suggested the implementation of a systematic soil testing strategy to monitor temporal variations in carbon fractions and nutrient levels. Using the right amounts of both LBC and NLBC would improve soil health and help store carbon through organic fertilizers. Full article

The response of the desert cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp. CCMEE 010 was tested in Mars simulations to investigate the possibility of photosynthesis in near-surface protected niches. This cyanobacterium colonizes lithic niches enriched in far-red light (FRL) and depleted in visible light (VL) and is capable of far-red light photoacclimation (FaRLiP). Biofilms were grown under FRL and VL and exposed in a hydrated state to a low-pressure atmosphere, variable humidity, and UV irradiation, as occur on the Martian surface. VL biofilms showed a maximum quantum efficiency that dropped after 1 h, whereas a slow reduction occurred in FRL biofilms up to undetectable after 8 h, indicating that UV irradiation was the primary cause of photoinhibition. Post-exposure analyses showed that VL and FRL biofilms were dehydrated, suggesting that they entered a dried, dormant state and that top-layer cells shielded bottom-layer cells from UV radiation. After Mars simulations, the survivors (12% in VL biofilms and few cells in FRL biofilms) suggested that, during the evolution of Mars habitability, near-surface niches could have been colonized by phototrophs utilizing low-energy light. The biofilm UV resistance suggests that, during the loss of surface habitability on Mars, microbial life-forms might have survived surface conditions by taking refuge in near-surface protected niches. Full article

This study focuses on the extraction of betalain compounds from Opuntia stricta as a natural alternative to synthetic colorants and sustainable environmentally friendly technology solutions. Non-conventional extraction technologies including microwave (MW) and ultrasound (US) were used alone or in combination. The extraction process was conducted for both undried Opuntia stricta (OS) and dried Opuntia stricta (DOS) plant material at two distinct drying temperatures, 40 °C and 60 °C, to assess the stability of betalain molecules. The colorant’s potential was evaluated by determining the betalain content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The MW (2 min) and MW (2 min) + US (10 min) extraction processes yielded the greatest betalain content in OS fresh weight (FW), with 48.54 ± 0.29 mg/100 g FW and 51.01 ± 0.16 mg/100 g FW, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed a considerable drop in betalain content when the plant material was dried at 40 °C and 60 °C, with reduction rates of 53.75% and 24.82%, respectively, compared to the betalain content before the drying process. The LC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis supported this result, revealing the presence of 17-decarboxy betanin, 17-decarboxy neobetanin, and Cyclo-dopa5-O-βglucoside in DOS at 40 °C. This study highlights the potential future in the sustainable green extraction of betalain compounds with less heat degradation to offer a stable natural colorant. Full article

Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (tree peony) and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (herbaceous peony) are traditional Chinese flowers with great ornamental value. To maintain the aesthetic value and show the characteristics of these species, preserved flowers named ‘germplasm display balls’ were developed. Firstly, dried flowers were obtained by vacuum freeze-drying. Secondly, to embed dried flowers and develop germplasm display balls, highly transparent crystal glue (in wrapped display balls type 1 and drop-type display balls type 2) and highly transparent silicone gel (in wrapped display balls, type 3) were used. Finally, the first pass yield (FPY), labor productivity (LP), average cost (AC), and popularity of three kinds of germplasm display balls were compared. The results showed that with the support of a paper cup, the deformation rate of flowers significantly decreased by 91.11%. The FPY of dried flowers was as high as 98.89% at 18 °C. The optimal process for type 1 and type 2 was a glue dosage of 20 g, stirring time of 3 min, and room temperature of 25 °C. Although there was a higher AC in type 3 display ball process, moderate LP and higher FPY and popularity than in other two types, accompanied by high durability, render it the best choice. Full article

The present study examines the effect of low-temperature thermal treatment before drying, through storage at −10 °C and 4 °C for 72 h, respectively, on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of spray-dried kefir powder. Furthermore, with the intention of improving the rheological behavior of the reconstituted product, texture modifiers were employed including milk proteins (milk proteins, sodium caseinates, and whey protein concentrates) and carrageenan. According to the results, the low-temperature thermal treatment of kefir, prior to drying, resulted to an increased moisture content and yellowness of the kefir powder samples, with a simultaneous drop to the whiteness index and an increase of the particle size in both the powder and the reconstituted samples. The sample with prior treatment at 4 °C for 72 h, exhibited decreased pH values and increased acidity for both kefir and reconstituted product, while it also improved post drying population survival of lactobacilli and yeasts. The reconstituted sample with prior treatment at −10 °C for 72 h, exhibited evident pseudoplastic behavior, which, at low shear rates, yielded viscosity values very close to those of the fresh control kefir. Addition of sodium caseinates, in the absence and/or simultaneous presence of carrageenan, resulted to the highest viscosity increase of the reconstituted products. Milk proteins with the combined presence of carrageenan exhibited similar apparent viscosity values to the control. Full article