Search Results (7)

A transfer radiometer (TR) applied to an on-orbit radiometric benchmark transfer chain has been developed, which can achieve the high-precision transformation of power and radiance responsivity and transmit the radiance responsivity traced to the cryogenic radiometer to remote sensors, such as an imaging spectrometer, so that the on-orbit remote sensors can achieve the high accuracy calibration of 10⁻³ magnitude. Radiance comparison experiments between the TR and the radiance standard of the National Institute of Metrology (NIM) were carried out to demonstrate the absolute accuracy of the TR radiance measurement. At 780.0 nm and 851.9 nm, the relative measurement uncertainties of the TR filter-free channel were 0.24% (k = 1). Additionally, the radiance measurement results of the TR were consistent with those of the NIM radiance meter, and the radiance measurement results’ relative differences between the TR and the NIM radiance meter were approximately 0.04% at 780.0 nm and 851.9 nm. The relative measurement uncertainties of TR 780.4 nm and 851.8 nm filter channels were 0.89% (k = 1) and 0.84% (k = 1), respectively. Additionally, the radiance measurement results of the TR 780.4 nm and 851.8 nm filter channels were consistent with the radiances of the integrating sphere source calibrated by the NIM at 780.4 nm and 851.8 nm; the relative differences between the radiances measured by the two TR filter channels and the radiances of the integrating sphere source itself were better than 0.56%. This proved that the TR could measure the monochromatic source radiance with a measurement uncertainty of 0.24% and measure the broadband source radiance with a measurement uncertainty better than 0.89%. The TR can be applied to the radiometric benchmark transfer chain to improve the measurement precision of on-orbit remote-sensing instruments. Full article

Absolute measurement of radiant power in the X-ray region is essential for many applications in astrophysics, spectroscopy, and X-ray diagnostics. Comparison between different measuring methods is an effective way to check their reliability. In the present work, a comparison of X-ray radiant power absolute measurement between a free-air ionization chamber and a cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer was performed at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The absolute radiant power obtained by these two methods were mutually compared via a transfer standard detector’s spectral responsivity at a photon energy of 10 keV. The result of the comparison showed that the difference was 0.47%. A conclusion was reached that the free-air ionization chamber and the cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer agreed within the combined relative uncertainty of 3.35%. Full article

In order to meet the high-accuracy calibration requirements of satellite remote sensing instruments, a transfer radiometer for an on-orbit radiometric benchmark transfer chain has been developed, which provides vital technical support for realizing the radiometric calibration uncertainty of the order of 10⁻³ for remote sensing instruments. The primary role of the transfer radiometer is to convert from the spectral power responsivity traceable to a cryogenic radiometer to the spectral radiance responsivity and transfer it to the imaging spectrometer. At a wavelength of 852.1 nm, the combined uncertainty of the radiance measurement comparison experiment between the transfer radiometer and a radiance meter is 0.43% (k = 1), and the relative deviation of the measurements between the transfer radiometer and the radiance meter is better than 0.36%, which is better than the combined uncertainty of the radiance measurement comparison experiment. This demonstrates that the transfer radiometer can achieve radiance measurements with a measurement uncertainty better than 0.3% (k = 1). Full article

Heat transfer is a vital fact of daily life, engineering, and industrial mechanisms such as cryogenic systems, spaceborne thermal radiometers, electronic cooling, aircraft engine cooling, aircraft environmental control systems, etc. The addition of nanoparticles helps to stabilize the flowing of a nanofluid and keeps the symmetry of the flowing structure. Purpose: In this attempt, the effect of endothermic/exothermic chemical reactions accompanied by activation energy on a ternary hybrid nanofluid with the geometry of a wedge is taken into consideration. The mathematical form of PDEs is obtained by Navier–Stokes equations, the second law of thermodynamics, and Fick’s second law of diffusion. The geometric model is therefore described using a symmetry technique. Formulation: The MATLAB built-in Lobatto III A structure is utilized to find the computational solution of the dimensionless ODEs. All computational outcomes are presented by graphs and statistical graphs in order to check the performance of various dimensionless quantities against drag force factor and Nusselt quantity. Finding: the addition of tri-hybridizing nanomolecules in the standard liquid improves the thermic performance of the liquid much better in comparison to simple hybrid nanofluids. Wedge angle parameter $\alpha$ brings about a decrement in fluid velocity and augmentation in thermal conductivity $ϵ$, thermal radiation $Rd$, thermophoresis parameter $Nt$ and endothermic/exothermic reaction $\Omega$, and fitted rate constant $n$ accelerates the heat transmission rate. Novelty: The effect of tri-hybridizing nanomolecules along with endothermic/exothermic reactions on the fluid past a wedge have not been investigated before in the available literature. Full article

Low uncertainty and long-term stability remote data are urgently needed for researching climate and meteorology variability and trends. Meeting these requirements is difficult with in-orbit calibration accuracy due to the lack of radiometric satellite benchmark. The radiometric benchmark on the reflected solar band has been under development since 2015 to overcome the on-board traceability problem of hyperspectral remote sensing satellites. This paper introduces the development progress of the Chinese radiometric benchmark of the reflected solar band based on the Space Cryogenic Absolute Radiometer (SCAR). The goal of the SCAR is to calibrate the Earth–Moon Imaging Spectrometer (EMIS) on-satellite using the benchmark transfer chain (BTC) and to transfer the traceable radiometric scale to other remote sensors via cross-calibration. The SCAR, which is an electrical substitution absolute radiometer and works at 20 K, is used to realize highly accurate radiometry with an uncertainty level that is lower than 0.03%. The EMIS, which is used to measure the spectrum radiance on the reflected solar band, is designed to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio and polarization. The radiometric scale of the SCAR is converted and transferred to the EMIS by the BTC to improve the measurement accuracy and long-term stability. The payload of the radiometric benchmark on the reflected solar band has been under development since 2018. The investigation results provide the theoretical and experimental basis for the development of the reflected solar band benchmark payload. It is important to improve the measurement accuracy and long-term stability of space remote sensing and provide key data for climate change and earth radiation studies. Full article

Climate observations and their applications require measurements with high stability and low uncertainty in order to detect and assess climate variability and trends. The difficulty with space-based observations is that it is generally not possible to trace them to standard calibration references when in orbit. In order to overcome this problem, it has been proposed to deploy space-based radiometric reference systems which intercalibrate measurements from multiple satellite platforms. Such reference systems have been strongly recommended by international expert teams. This paper describes the Chinese Space-based Radiometric Benchmark (CSRB) project which has been under development since 2014. The goal of CSRB is to launch a reference-type satellite named LIBRA in around 2025. We present the roadmap for CSRB as well as requirements and specifications for LIBRA. Key technologies of the system include miniature phase-change cells providing fixed-temperature points, a cryogenic absolute radiometer, and a spontaneous parametric down-conversion detector. LIBRA will offer measurements with SI traceability for the outgoing radiation from the Earth and the incoming radiation from the Sun with high spectral resolution. The system will be realized with four payloads, i.e., the Infrared Spectrometer (IRS), the Earth-Moon Imaging Spectrometer (EMIS), the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), and the Solar spectral Irradiance Traceable to Quantum benchmark (SITQ). An on-orbit mode for radiometric calibration traceability and a balloon-based demonstration system for LIBRA are introduced as well in the last part of this paper. As a complementary project to the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) and the Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS), LIBRA is expected to join the Earth observation satellite constellation and intends to contribute to space-based climate studies via publicly available data. Full article

The current implementation for continuous, long-term solar spectral irradiance (SSI) monitoring is the Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS-1) Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) that began operations from the International Space Station (ISS) in March 2018 and nominally provides an SSI spectrum every 12 h. Advances in both instrument design and spectral irradiance calibration techniques have resulted in the TSIS-1 SIM achieving higher absolute accuracy than its predecessor instrument in the wavelength range (200–2400 nm). A comprehensive detector-based Spectral Radiometer Facility (SRF) was developed in collaboration with the US National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) to ensure the ties to spectral SI standards in power and irradiance. Traceability is achieved via direct laser calibration of a focal plane electrical substitution radiometer (ESR) against a cryogenic radiometer in power and also irradiance responsivity via calibrated apertures. The SIM accuracy definition followed an absolute sensor approach based on a full radiometric measurement equation where component-level performance characterizations and calibrations were quantified with an associated uncertainty error budget and verified by independent measurements for each parameter. Unit-level characterizations were completed over the full operational envelope of external driving factors (e.g., pointing and temperature ranges) and were allowed for the independent parameterization of sub-assembly performance for expected operating conditions. Validation and final instrument end-to-end absolute calibration in the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)-SRF achieved low combined standard uncertainty (u_c < 0.25%, k = 1) in spectral irradiance. Full article