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Search Results (227)

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Keywords = cross-layer communication

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33 pages, 5344 KB  
Article
Evaluating Transport Layer Security 1.3 Optimization Strategies for 5G Cross-Border Roaming: A Comprehensive Security and Performance Analysis
by Jhury Kevin Lastre, Yongho Ko, Hoseok Kwon and Ilsun You
Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6144; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196144 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025
Abstract
Cross-border Fifth Generation Mobile Communication (5G) roaming requires secure N32 connections between network operators via Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) interfaces, but current Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 implementations face a critical trade-off between connection latency and security guarantees. Standard TLS 1.3 optimization [...] Read more.
Cross-border Fifth Generation Mobile Communication (5G) roaming requires secure N32 connections between network operators via Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) interfaces, but current Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 implementations face a critical trade-off between connection latency and security guarantees. Standard TLS 1.3 optimization modes either compromise Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) or suffer from replay vulnerabilities, while full handshakes impose excessive latency penalties for time-sensitive roaming services. This research introduces Zero Round Trip Time Forward Secrecy (0-RTT FS), a novel protocol extension that achieves zero round-trip performance while maintaining comprehensive security properties, including PFS and replay protection. Our solution addresses the fundamental limitation where existing TLS 1.3 optimizations sacrifice security for performance in international roaming scenarios. Through formal verification using ProVerif and comprehensive performance evaluation, we demonstrate that 0-RTT FS delivers 195.0 µs handshake latency (only 17% overhead compared to insecure 0-RTT) while providing full security guarantees that standard modes cannot achieve. Security analysis reveals critical replay vulnerabilities in all existing standard TLS 1.3 optimization modes, which our proposed approach successfully mitigates. The research provides operators with a decision framework for configuring sub-millisecond secure handshakes in next-generation roaming services, enabling both optimal performance and robust security for global 5G connectivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Internet of Things)
18 pages, 4581 KB  
Article
Metamaterial-Enhanced Microstrip Antenna with Integrated Channel Performance Evaluation for Modern Communication Networks
by Jasim Khudhair Salih Turfa and Oguz Bayat
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10692; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910692 - 3 Oct 2025
Abstract
This paper investigates the channel performance through a high-gain, circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna that is developed for contemporary wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna creates two orthogonal modes for circular propagation with slightly varying resonance frequencies by using a cross line and [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the channel performance through a high-gain, circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna that is developed for contemporary wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna creates two orthogonal modes for circular propagation with slightly varying resonance frequencies by using a cross line and truncations to circulate surface currents. Compactness, reduced surface wave losses, and enhanced impedance bandwidth are made possible by the coaxial probe feed, periodic electromagnetic gap (EBG) slots, and fractal patch geometry. For in-phase reflection and beam focusing, a specially designed single-layer metasurface (MTS) reflector with an 11 × 11 circular aperture array is placed 20 mm behind the antenna. A log-normal shadowing model was used to test the antenna in real-world scenarios, and the results showed a strong correlation between the model predictions and actual data. At up to 250 m, the polarization-agile, high-gain antenna demonstrated reliable performance across a variety of channel conditions, enabling accurate characterization of the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). By combining cutting-edge antenna architecture with an empirical channel performance study, this research presents a compact, affordable, and fabrication-friendly solution for increased wireless coverage and efficiency. Full article
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21 pages, 646 KB  
Article
Exploring a Systems-Based Model of Care for Effective Healthcare Transformation: A Narrative Review in Implementation Science of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 Experience
by Nawfal A. Aljerian, Anas Mohammad Almasud, Abdulrahman AlQahtani, Kholood Khaled Alyanbaawi, Sumayyah Faleh Almutairi, Khalaf Awadh Alharbi, Aisha Awdha Alshahrani, Muayad Saud Albadrani and Mohammed K. Alabdulaali
Healthcare 2025, 13(19), 2453; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13192453 - 27 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Healthcare systems globally face complex challenges including rising costs, increasing chronic disease burden, and fragmentation of care. Systems-based models represent promising approaches to healthcare transformation, yet their implementation remains incompletely understood. Objective: To critically analyze the Saudi model of Care (MoC) as [...] Read more.
Background: Healthcare systems globally face complex challenges including rising costs, increasing chronic disease burden, and fragmentation of care. Systems-based models represent promising approaches to healthcare transformation, yet their implementation remains incompletely understood. Objective: To critically analyze the Saudi model of Care (MoC) as a case study of systems-based healthcare transformation, examining its conceptual framework, implementation strategies, and projected health outcomes. Methods: We conducted a narrative review synthesizing publicly available official documents on the Saudi MoC, primarily the 2017 overview and 2025 revision, identified through targeted searches of Ministry of Health websites and grey literature portals (no date restrictions); formal quality appraisal was not applied as sources were official policy documents, with bias mitigated through cross-verification and critical analysis. Results: The Saudi MoC exemplifies systems-based transformation through its multi-layered framework organized around six patient-centered systems of care spanning the lifecycle. Key innovations include: (1) an architectural approach integrating activated individuals, healthy communities, virtual care, and traditional clinical settings; (2) a comprehensive intervention taxonomy with 42 specific initiatives; (3) explicit contextual adaptations for diverse settings; and (4) a phased implementation approach with detailed performance metrics. National indicators improved during the reform period, including life expectancy and maternal and child health. These are national trends observed during the period of health reforms. Causal attribution to the Model of Care requires a counterfactual evaluation. Conclusions: This analysis of the Saudi MoC contributes to the literature on systems-based healthcare transformation by illuminating how theoretical principles can be operationalized at national scale. The model’s patient-centered design, comprehensive intervention taxonomy, and attention to implementation factors offer valuable insights for other healthcare systems pursuing transformation. Further research should examine actual implementation outcomes as the model matures. Full article
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18 pages, 1633 KB  
Article
Cross-CI Assessment of Risks and Cascading Effects in ATLANTIS Project
by Marko Gerbec, Denis Čaleta, Jolanda Modic, Gabriele Giunta and Nicola Gregorio Durante
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10374; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910374 - 24 Sep 2025
Viewed by 53
Abstract
Critical Infrastructures (CIs) are the backbone of modern societies, providing essential services whose disruption can have severe consequences. The interdependencies among the CIs, across sectors and national borders, add significant complexity to risk and resilience management. While various EU Directives and EU-funded projects [...] Read more.
Critical Infrastructures (CIs) are the backbone of modern societies, providing essential services whose disruption can have severe consequences. The interdependencies among the CIs, across sectors and national borders, add significant complexity to risk and resilience management. While various EU Directives and EU-funded projects have addressed CI risk management, most efforts have focused on individual infrastructures rather than systemic cross-sector and cross-border approaches. In the EU-funded project ATLANTIS, we address this gap by advancing CI risk and resilience assessment towards a fully integrated European protection framework. We emphasise a holistic, multi-level approach that transcends individual assets, enabling coordination across operators, sectors, and national borders. To this end, we introduce a comprehensive risk assessment methodology that explicitly accounts for interdependencies among CIs and evaluates potential impacts and probabilities of disruptive events. This methodology is underpinned by the tailored data management framework, structured across three integrated layers. To validate the approach, novel tools and methods were implemented and tested in three large-scale pilot exercises, conducted through a series of stakeholder workshops. Results indicated measurable improvements in CI preparedness and awareness, ranging from approximately 5% to 55%, depending on the threat scenario and stakeholder group. The findings demonstrate that our approach delivers added value by supporting enhanced decision-making and fostering consistent, cross-CI communication through a shared platform. This paper presents the key components, cross-CI and multi-threat risk assessment methodology, and testing outcomes of the ATLANTIS project, highlighting its contribution to advancing European CI resilience. Full article
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24 pages, 3542 KB  
Article
Multilayer Network Analysis of European Regional Flows
by Emanuele Calò and Angelo Facchini
Entropy 2025, 27(9), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27090978 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
In Regional Economics, the attractiveness of regions for capital, migrants, tourists, and other kinds of flows is a relevant topic. Usually, studies in this field explore single flows, characterizing the dimensions of territorial attractiveness separately, rarely considering the interwoven effect of flows. Here, [...] Read more.
In Regional Economics, the attractiveness of regions for capital, migrants, tourists, and other kinds of flows is a relevant topic. Usually, studies in this field explore single flows, characterizing the dimensions of territorial attractiveness separately, rarely considering the interwoven effect of flows. Here, we investigate attractiveness from a multi-dimensional perspective (i.e., dealing with different flows), asking how various types of regional flows collectively shape the attractiveness dynamics of European regions. We analyze eight distinct flow types across NUTS2 regions from 2010 to 2018, employing a multilayer network approach. Notably, the multilayer approach unveils insights that would be missed in single-layer analyses. Community detection reveals complex structures that demonstrate the cohesive power of national borders and the existence of strong cross-border ties in specific regions. Our study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of regional attractiveness, with implications for targeted policy interventions in regional development and European cohesion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Econophysics, and Complexity)
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12 pages, 9031 KB  
Article
A Novel Wideband 1 × 8 Array Dual-Polarized Reconfigurable Beam-Scanning Antenna
by Jie Wu, Zihan Zhang, Yang Hong and Guoda Xie
Electronics 2025, 14(18), 3689; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14183689 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 242
Abstract
A novel polarization-reconfigurable 1 × 8 array beam-scanning antenna based on a switchable vertically crossed balanced feed (VCBF) structure is presented. The designed VCBF structure can provide a stable 180° phase difference by utilizing spatial symmetry, enabling the synthesis of two linear polarizations [...] Read more.
A novel polarization-reconfigurable 1 × 8 array beam-scanning antenna based on a switchable vertically crossed balanced feed (VCBF) structure is presented. The designed VCBF structure can provide a stable 180° phase difference by utilizing spatial symmetry, enabling the synthesis of two linear polarizations (LP). The parasitic patch layer loaded directly above the VCBF can effectively enhance the operating frequency bandwidth of the antenna. In the array design, by controlling the amplitude and phase input at each port, scanning angles of ±45°, ±40°, and ±30° can be achieved under two LP at 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 GHz. The simulation and measurement results indicate that the designed antenna has a wideband characteristic with a relative bandwidth of 28.6% and stable polarization reconfigurability. Benefiting from the advantages of polarization reconfigurability and beam-scanning capabilities, the antenna is highly suitable for applications in wireless communication systems that require polarization anti-interference. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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30 pages, 3177 KB  
Article
A Concept for Bio-Agentic Visual Communication: Bridging Swarm Intelligence with Biological Analogues
by Bryan Starbuck, Hanlong Li, Bryan Cochran, Marc Weissburg and Bert Bras
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090605 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 711
Abstract
Biological swarms communicate through decentralized, adaptive behaviors shaped by local interactions, selective attention, and symbolic signaling. These principles of animal communication enable robust coordination without centralized control or persistent connectivity. This work presents a proof of concept that identifies, evaluates, and translates biological [...] Read more.
Biological swarms communicate through decentralized, adaptive behaviors shaped by local interactions, selective attention, and symbolic signaling. These principles of animal communication enable robust coordination without centralized control or persistent connectivity. This work presents a proof of concept that identifies, evaluates, and translates biological communication strategies into a generative visual language for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm agents operating in radio-frequency (RF)-denied environments. Drawing from natural exemplars such as bee waggle dancing, white-tailed deer flagging, and peacock feather displays, we construct a configuration space that encodes visual messages through trajectories and LED patterns. A large language model (LLM), preconditioned using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), serves as a generative translation layer that interprets perception data and produces symbolic UAV responses. Five test cases evaluate the system’s ability to preserve and adapt signal meaning through within-modality fidelity (maintaining symbolic structure in the same modality) and cross-modal translation (transferring meaning across motion and light). Covariance and eigenvalue-decomposition analysis demonstrate that this bio-agentic approach supports clear, expressive, and decentralized communication, with motion-based signaling achieving near-perfect clarity and expressiveness (0.992, 1.000), while LED-only and multi-signal cases showed partial success, maintaining high expressiveness (~1.000) but with much lower clarity (≤0.298). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Bioinspired Robot and Intelligent Systems)
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21 pages, 2514 KB  
Article
CModel: An Informer-Based Model for Robust Molecular Communication Signal Detection
by Wenxin Zhao, Pengfei Lu, Hui Sun, Pengfei Zhang and Xiaofang Wang
Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5453; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175453 - 3 Sep 2025
Viewed by 550
Abstract
Molecular communication signal detection faces numerous challenges, including complex environments, multi-source noise, and signal drift. Traditional methods rely on precise mathematical models, which are constrained by drift speed and signal-to-noise ratio. To address these issues, this paper proposes an innovative detection model based [...] Read more.
Molecular communication signal detection faces numerous challenges, including complex environments, multi-source noise, and signal drift. Traditional methods rely on precise mathematical models, which are constrained by drift speed and signal-to-noise ratio. To address these issues, this paper proposes an innovative detection model based on the Informer architecture, named ComModel (CModel). This framework integrates probSparse Attention, Cross Attention, and convolutional layers to enhance detection accuracy and adaptability to various environmental conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that CModel consistently outperforms traditional deep neural networks and Transformer-based models, especially in complex scenarios with varying drift speeds and noise levels. As the drift speed increases, CModel maintains superior stability and exhibits lower bit error rates, particularly at medium and high drift speeds. Moreover, CModel shows excellent performance in environments with significant noise. Overall, CModel demonstrates robust and reliable signal detection capabilities in multi-noise environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Communications)
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16 pages, 1205 KB  
Article
Design and Simulation of Cross-Medium Two-Hop Relaying Free-Space Optical Communication System Based on Multiple Diversity and Multiplexing Technologies
by Min Guo, Pengxiang Wang and Yan Wu
Photonics 2025, 12(9), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12090867 - 28 Aug 2025
Viewed by 474
Abstract
To address the issues of link mismatch and channel impairment in wireless optical communication across atmospheric-oceanic media, this paper proposes a two-hop relay transmission architecture based on the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-enhanced multi-level hybrid multiplexing. The system implements decode-and-forward operations via maritime buoy/ship relays, [...] Read more.
To address the issues of link mismatch and channel impairment in wireless optical communication across atmospheric-oceanic media, this paper proposes a two-hop relay transmission architecture based on the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-enhanced multi-level hybrid multiplexing. The system implements decode-and-forward operations via maritime buoy/ship relays, achieving physical layer isolation between atmospheric and oceanic channels. The transmitter employs coherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technology with quadrature amplitude modulation to achieve frequency division multiplexing of baseband signals, combines with orthogonal polarization modulation to generate polarization-multiplexed signal beams, and finally realizes multi-dimensional signal transmission through MIMO spatial diversity. To cope with cross-medium environmental interference, a composite channel model is established, which includes atmospheric turbulence (Gamma–Gamma model), rain attenuation, and oceanic chlorophyll absorption and scattering effects. Simulation results show that the multi-level hybrid multiplexing method can significantly improve the data transmission rate of the system. Since the system adopts three channels of polarization-state data, the data transmission rate is increased by 200%; the two-hop relay method can effectively improve the communication performance of cross-medium optical communication and fundamentally solve the problem of light transmission in cross-medium planes; the use of MIMO technology has a compensating effect on the impacts of both atmospheric and marine environments, and as the number of light beams increases, the system performance can be further improved. This research provides technical implementation schemes and reference data for the design of high-capacity optical communication systems across air-sea media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for 6G Space Optical Communication Networks)
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20 pages, 3555 KB  
Article
Model of an Open-Source MicroPython Library for GSM NB-IoT
by Antonii Lupandin, Volodymyr Kopieikin, Maksym Khruslov, Iryna Artyshchuk and Ruslan Shevchuk
Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5322; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175322 - 27 Aug 2025
Viewed by 657
Abstract
The growing adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) demands scalable, energy-efficient communication for autonomous devices. Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), as a low-power wide-area technology, offers reliable connectivity but remains difficult to integrate in MicroPython systems due to the absence of high-level GSM libraries. [...] Read more.
The growing adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) demands scalable, energy-efficient communication for autonomous devices. Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), as a low-power wide-area technology, offers reliable connectivity but remains difficult to integrate in MicroPython systems due to the absence of high-level GSM libraries. This paper introduces a modular, object-oriented MicroPython library that abstracts AT command handling, automates network configuration, and supports protocols such as MQTT and Blynk. The architecture features a layered, hardware-agnostic core and device-specific adapters, enhancing portability and extensibility. The library includes structured exception handling and automated retries to improve system reliability. Empirical validation using a Raspberry Pi Pico and SIM7020E module in a typical IoT scenario demonstrated an up to 81% reduction in implementation time. By providing a reusable and extensible framework, this work improves developer productivity, enhances error resilience, and establishes a solid foundation for rapid NB-IoT application development. Future directions include cross-hardware validation and AI-assisted code and test generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in the Internet of Things Section 2025)
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44 pages, 900 KB  
Article
MetaFFI-Multilingual Indirect Interoperability System
by Tsvi Cherny-Shahar and Amiram Yehudai
Software 2025, 4(3), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/software4030021 - 26 Aug 2025
Viewed by 587
Abstract
The development of software applications using multiple programming languages has increased in recent years, as it allows the selection of the most suitable language and runtime for each component of the system and the integration of third-party libraries. However, this practice involves complexity [...] Read more.
The development of software applications using multiple programming languages has increased in recent years, as it allows the selection of the most suitable language and runtime for each component of the system and the integration of third-party libraries. However, this practice involves complexity and error proneness, due to the absence of an adequate system for the interoperability of multiple programming languages. Developers are compelled to resort to workarounds, such as library reimplementation or language-specific wrappers, which are often dependent on C as the common denominator for interoperability. These challenges render the use of multiple programming languages a burdensome and demanding task that necessitates highly skilled developers for implementation, debugging, and maintenance, and raise doubts about the benefits of interoperability. To overcome these challenges, we propose MetaFFI, introducing a fully in-process, plugin-oriented, runtime-independent architecture based on a minimal C abstraction layer. It provides deep binding without relying on a shared object model, virtual machine bytecode, or manual glue code. This architecture is scalable (O(n) integration for n languages) and supports true polymorphic function and object invocation across languages. MetaFFI is based on leveraging FFI and embedding mechanisms, which minimize restrictions on language selection while still enabling full-duplex binding and deep integration. This is achieved by exploiting the less restrictive shallow binding mechanisms (e.g., Foreign Function Interface) to offer deep binding features (e.g., object creation, methods, fields). MetaFFI provides a runtime-independent framework to load and xcall (Cross-Call) foreign entities (e.g., getters, functions, objects). MetaFFI uses Common Data Types (CDTs) to pass parameters and return values, including objects and complex types, and even cross-language callbacks and dynamic calling conventions for optimization. The indirect interoperability approach of MetaFFI has the significant advantage of requiring only 2n mechanisms to support n languages, compared to direct interoperability approaches that need n2 mechanisms. We developed and tested a proof of concept tool interoperating three languages (Go, Python, and Java), on Windows and Ubuntu. To evaluate the approach and the tool, we conducted a user study, with promising results. The MetaFFI framework is available as open source software, including its full source code and installers, to facilitate adoption and collaboration across academic and industrial communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Software Engineering and Applications)
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58 pages, 7149 KB  
Review
Secure Communication in Drone Networks: A Comprehensive Survey of Lightweight Encryption and Key Management Techniques
by Sayani Sarkar, Sima Shafaei, Trishtanya S. Jones and Michael W. Totaro
Drones 2025, 9(8), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9080583 - 18 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1952
Abstract
Deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) continues to expand rapidly across a wide range of applications, including environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and disaster response. Despite their increasing ubiquity, UAVs remain inherently vulnerable to security threats due to resource-constrained hardware, energy limitations, and reliance [...] Read more.
Deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) continues to expand rapidly across a wide range of applications, including environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and disaster response. Despite their increasing ubiquity, UAVs remain inherently vulnerable to security threats due to resource-constrained hardware, energy limitations, and reliance on open wireless communication channels. These factors render traditional cryptographic solutions impractical, thereby necessitating the development of lightweight, UAV-specific security mechanisms. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of lightweight encryption techniques and key management strategies designed for energy-efficient and secure UAV communication. Special emphasis is placed on recent cryptographic advancements, including the adoption of the ASCON family of ciphers and the emergence of post-quantum algorithms that can secure UAV networks against future quantum threats. Key management techniques such as blockchain-based decentralized key exchange, Physical Unclonable Function (PUF)-based authentication, and hierarchical clustering schemes are evaluated for their performance and scalability. To ensure comprehensive protection, this review introduces a multilayer security framework addressing vulnerabilities from the physical to the application layer. Comparative analysis of lightweight cryptographic algorithms and multiple key distribution approaches is conducted based on energy consumption, latency, memory usage, and deployment feasibility in dynamic aerial environments. Unlike design- or implementation-focused studies, this work synthesizes existing literature across six interconnected security dimensions to provide an integrative foundation. Our review also identifies key research challenges, including secure and efficient rekeying during flight, resilience to cross-layer attacks, and the need for standardized frameworks supporting post-quantum cryptography in UAV swarms. By highlighting current advancements and research gaps, this study aims to guide future efforts in developing secure communication architectures tailored to the unique operational constraints of UAV networks. Full article
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27 pages, 3200 KB  
Article
IoT-Enhanced Multi-Base Station Networks for Real-Time UAV Surveillance and Tracking
by Zhihua Chen, Tao Zhang and Tao Hong
Drones 2025, 9(8), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9080558 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 622
Abstract
The proliferation of small, agile unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has exposed the limits of single-sensor surveillance in cluttered airspace. We propose an Internet of Things-enabled integrated sensing and communication (IoT-ISAC) framework that converts cellular base stations into cooperative, edge-intelligent sensing nodes. Within a [...] Read more.
The proliferation of small, agile unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has exposed the limits of single-sensor surveillance in cluttered airspace. We propose an Internet of Things-enabled integrated sensing and communication (IoT-ISAC) framework that converts cellular base stations into cooperative, edge-intelligent sensing nodes. Within a four-layer design—terminal, edge, IoT platform, and cloud—stations exchange raw echoes and low-level features in real time, while adaptive beam registration and cross-correlation timing mitigate spatial and temporal misalignments. A hybrid processing pipeline first produces coarse data-level estimates and then applies symbol-level refinements, sustaining rapid response without sacrificing precision. Simulation evaluations using multi-band ISAC waveforms confirm high detection reliability, sub-frame latency, and energy-aware operation in dense urban clutter, adverse weather, and multi-target scenarios. Preliminary hardware tests validate the feasibility of the proposed signal processing approach. Simulation analysis demonstrates detection accuracy of 85–90% under optimal conditions with processing latency of 15–25 ms and potential energy efficiency improvement of 10–20% through cooperative operation, pending real-world validation. By extending coverage, suppressing blind zones, and supporting dynamic surveillance of fast-moving UAVs, the proposed system provides a scalable path toward smart city air safety networks, cooperative autonomous navigation aids, and other remote-sensing applications that require agile, coordinated situational awareness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drone Communications)
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26 pages, 2059 KB  
Article
Integration and Development Path of Smart Grid Technology: Technology-Driven, Policy Framework and Application Challenges
by Tao Wei, Haixia Li and Junfeng Miao
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2428; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082428 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1822
Abstract
As a key enabling technology for energy transition, the smart grid is propelling the global power system to evolve toward greater efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. Based on the three-dimensional analysis framework of “technology–policy–application”, this study systematically sorts out the technical architecture, regional development [...] Read more.
As a key enabling technology for energy transition, the smart grid is propelling the global power system to evolve toward greater efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. Based on the three-dimensional analysis framework of “technology–policy–application”, this study systematically sorts out the technical architecture, regional development mode, and typical application scenarios of the smart grid, revealing the multi-dimensional challenges that it faces. By using the methods of literature review, cross-national case comparison, and technology–policy collaborative analysis, the differentiated paths of China, the United States, and Europe in the development of smart grids are compared, aiming to promote the integration and development of smart grid technologies. From a technical perspective, this paper proposes a collaborative framework comprising the perception layer, network layer, and decision-making layer. Additionally, it analyzes the integration pathways of critical technologies, including sensors, communication protocols, and artificial intelligence. At the policy level, by comparing the differentiated characteristics in policy orientation and market mechanisms among China, the United States, and Europe, the complementarity between government-led and market-driven approaches is pointed out. At the application level, this study validates the practical value of smart grids in optimizing energy management, enhancing power supply reliability, and promoting renewable energy consumption through case analyses in urban smart energy systems, rural electrification, and industrial sectors. Further research indicates that insufficient technical standardization, data security risks, and the lack of policy coordination are the core bottlenecks restricting the large-scale development of smart grids. This paper proposes that a new type of intelligent and resilient power system needs to be constructed through technological innovation, policy coordination, and international cooperation, providing theoretical references and practical paths for energy transition. Full article
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31 pages, 6206 KB  
Article
High-Redundancy Design and Application of Excitation Systems for Large Hydro-Generator Units Based on ATS and DDS
by Xiaodong Wang, Xiangtian Deng, Xuxin Yue, Haoran Wang, Xiaokun Li and Xuemin He
Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3013; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153013 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 455
Abstract
The large-scale integration of stochastic renewable energy sources necessitates enhanced dynamic balancing capabilities in power systems, positioning hydropower as a critical balancing asset. Conventional excitation systems utilizing hot-standby dual-redundancy configurations remain susceptible to unit shutdown events caused by regulator failures. To mitigate this [...] Read more.
The large-scale integration of stochastic renewable energy sources necessitates enhanced dynamic balancing capabilities in power systems, positioning hydropower as a critical balancing asset. Conventional excitation systems utilizing hot-standby dual-redundancy configurations remain susceptible to unit shutdown events caused by regulator failures. To mitigate this vulnerability, this study proposes a peer-to-peer distributed excitation architecture integrating asynchronous traffic shaping (ATS) and Data Distribution Service (DDS) technologies. This architecture utilizes control channels of equal priority and achieves high redundancy through cross-communication between discrete acquisition and computation modules. This research advances three key contributions: (1) design of a peer-to-peer distributed architectural framework; (2) development of a real-time data interaction methodology combining ATS and DDS, incorporating cross-layer parameter mapping, multi-priority queue scheduling, and congestion control mechanisms; (3) experimental validation of system reliability and redundancy through dynamic simulation. The results confirm the architecture’s operational efficacy, delivering both theoretical foundations and practical frameworks for highly reliable excitation systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable Systems)
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