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30 pages, 916 KB  
Review
Trichoderma in Sustainable Agriculture and the Challenges Related to Its Effectiveness
by Karina Gutiérrez-Moreno, Ana I. Olguín-Martínez, Amelia C. Montoya-Martínez and Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos
Diversity 2025, 17(10), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17100734 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
Fungi from the genus Trichoderma have been extensively studied and used as biological control agents (BCAs) because of their versatile mechanisms of action. These include triggering systemic resistance, directly inhibiting pathogens, promoting plant growth, enhancing tolerance to abiotic stress, and producing auxins. However, [...] Read more.
Fungi from the genus Trichoderma have been extensively studied and used as biological control agents (BCAs) because of their versatile mechanisms of action. These include triggering systemic resistance, directly inhibiting pathogens, promoting plant growth, enhancing tolerance to abiotic stress, and producing auxins. However, the widespread application of the most studied Trichoderma strains has been limited by discrepancies between their potential results observed in controlled environments and the outcomes in greenhouses and field conditions. These differences are associated with context dependency, influenced by strain-specific traits, crop genotype, soil properties, and environmental factors. In this review, we examine the mechanisms of action, current challenges, and opportunities, emphasizing the importance of local strategies and detailed characterization of native strains to boost the effectiveness of Trichoderma-based products in sustainable agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)
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33 pages, 4863 KB  
Article
Optimal Control of MSWI Processes Using an RBF-IPOA Strategy for Enhanced Combustion Efficiency and NOX Reduction
by Jinxiang Pian, Peng Deng and Jian Tang
Processes 2025, 13(10), 3350; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103350 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
As urbanization accelerates, solid waste volume increases, making municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) a primary disposal method. However, low combustion efficiency and harmful gas emissions, such as nitrogen oxides (NOX), contribute to significant environmental pollution. Improving combustion efficiency and reducing pollutants [...] Read more.
As urbanization accelerates, solid waste volume increases, making municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) a primary disposal method. However, low combustion efficiency and harmful gas emissions, such as nitrogen oxides (NOX), contribute to significant environmental pollution. Improving combustion efficiency and reducing pollutants are critical challenges in waste incineration. Due to the process’s complexity and operational fluctuations, traditional PID and model-based methods often fail to deliver optimal results, making this a key research focus. To address this, this paper proposes an optimal control method for the solid waste incineration process, aimed at improving combustion efficiency and reducing emissions. By establishing Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network prediction models for CO, CO2, and NOX, and integrating an improved Pelican Optimization Algorithm (IPOA), an optimized control strategy for air volume and pressure settings is developed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances combustion efficiency while effectively reducing NOX emissions. Furthermore, under varying operational conditions, the method can adaptively adjust the air volume and pressure settings, ensuring system adaptability to new conditions and maintaining both combustion efficiency and NOX emission concentrations within target ranges. Full article
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10 pages, 541 KB  
Article
Interactive Effect of Depression upon the Relationship Between Chlamydia trachomatis and Depression
by Kay Banerjee, W. Sumner Davis and Sri Banerjee
Diagnostics 2025, 15(20), 2638; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15202638 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is an important indicator of overall health and plays a vital role in various health conditions. In 2018, C. trachomatis reached the highest level ever recorded, resulting in USD 691 million in expenditures, with 1.8 million reported cases. This [...] Read more.
Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is an important indicator of overall health and plays a vital role in various health conditions. In 2018, C. trachomatis reached the highest level ever recorded, resulting in USD 691 million in expenditures, with 1.8 million reported cases. This amount reflects a 19% increase since 2014, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Depression has also been on the rise between 2013 (8.2%) to 2023 (13.1%). C. trachomatis and depression may have inflammation as a final common pathway. The purpose of this study was to explore a potential connection between Chlamydia and depression, and whether C-reactive protein (CRP) modifies this effect. Methods: For this study, we utilized the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and US adults aged between 20 and 59 years. Depression was determined from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Logistic regression models were used to determine if C. trachomatis in the previous year was predictive of depression. Models were adjusted for known confounders, including age, gender, race/ethnicity, poverty, and education. Results: For C. trachomatisra, the unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) for C. trachomatis to no C. trachomatis was OR = 2.9. The adjusted OR was elevated, at OR = 6.3 among individuals who had both CT and elevated CRP, but close to 1.0 among individuals who had C. trachomatis but reported low CRP after adjusting for demographic and health variables. Conclusions: Using a nationally representative sample, our study was the first to demonstrate, across unadjusted and adjusted models, that there is a strong connection between a history of C. trachomatis and high CRP leading to worse outcomes in individuals with depression than C. trachomatis infection alone. This finding indicates the need to conduct mental health screening among individuals with Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) or other infectious diseases. Full article
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48 pages, 2022 KB  
Review
Microbial-Based Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: A Comparative Review of Bacteria- and Fungi-Mediated Approaches
by Emir Akdaşçi, Furkan Eker, Hatice Duman, Mikhael Bechelany and Sercan Karav
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 10163; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262010163 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly technologies has driven the development of green and bio-based synthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles. Among these, the microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional chemical methods, which often rely [...] Read more.
The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly technologies has driven the development of green and bio-based synthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles. Among these, the microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional chemical methods, which often rely on hazardous reagents and harsh conditions. Bacteria and fungi are particularly attractive due to their ability to produce AgNPs with tunable size, shape, and surface properties through natural enzymatic and metabolic processes. This review provides a comparative analysis of bacterial and fungal synthesis routes, focusing on their distinct advantages, limitations, and optimal applications. Bacterial synthesis offers faster growth, simpler culture requirements, and greater potential for genetic manipulation, enabling precise control over nanoparticle (NP) characteristics. In contrast, fungal synthesis typically yields higher nanoparticle stability and is well suited for extracellular, scalable production. The review also summarizes key synthesis parameters (e.g., pH, temperature, reaction time), addresses reproducibility and scalability challenges, and highlights emerging research areas, including antibacterial bio-hybrid materials and bacterial-supported metallic catalysts. Overall, this comparative perspective provides a clear framework for selecting appropriate microbial systems for different technological applications and identifies future research directions to advance green nanotechnology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials from Functional Molecules)
36 pages, 15614 KB  
Article
Non-Competitive AMPA Receptor Antagonist Perampanel Inhibits Ischemia-Induced Neurodegeneration and Behavioral Deficits in Focal Cortical Pial Vessel Disruption Stroke Model
by Michael G. Zaki, Mohamed Taha Moutaoufik, Mahboubeh Pordeli, Mohan Babu, Changiz Taghibiglou and Francisco S. Cayabyab
Cells 2025, 14(20), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14201628 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
Glutamate receptors represent a potential target for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative neurological conditions. Perampanel, a non-competitive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor (AMPAR) antagonist, is clinically approved for the management of epilepsy. Perampanel’s neuroprotective effects have been reported in global and focal cerebral ischemia models, but the [...] Read more.
Glutamate receptors represent a potential target for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative neurological conditions. Perampanel, a non-competitive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor (AMPAR) antagonist, is clinically approved for the management of epilepsy. Perampanel’s neuroprotective effects have been reported in global and focal cerebral ischemia models, but the cellular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Therefore, we studied the potential neuroprotective effects of perampanel in rats using the pial vessel disruption (PVD) stroke model, an established focal cortical non-reperfusion ischemic stroke model. Perampanel was given once intraperitoneally (3 mg/kg body weight) 1 h after PVD surgery and repeated on days 2–3 post-surgery. On the fourth day post PVD, animal behavioral assays and imaging, biochemical, and electrophysiological analyses were performed. Compared to vehicle control, perampanel in PVD-treated rats significantly inhibited hippocampal neurodegeneration and long-term potentiation deficits. Perampanel also attenuated PVD-induced motor deficits, depressive/anxiety-like behaviors, and hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment. In addition, perampanel prevented the PVD-induced downregulation of surface-expressed GluA1 and GluA2 AMPARs and increased phosphorylation of GluA1 at S831 and S845. Molecular docking analysis revealed perampanel binding to transmembrane regions M1, M3 and M4 of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits. Together, our results show that perampanel attenuated PVD-induced neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits by blocking AMPARs and decreasing GluA1 and GluA2 internalization. In addition, this study shows the neuroprotective potential of perampanel through the inhibition of neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia and astrocytes following cerebral ischemia. This study is the first to evaluate perampanel in the pial vessel disruption model of ischemia without reperfusion, a clinically relevant stroke paradigm that differs fundamentally from middle cerebral carotid artery occlusion and photothrombosis stroke models. Full article
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19 pages, 2313 KB  
Article
Pan-Cancer Detection Through DNA Methylation Profiling Using Enzymatic Conversion Library Preparation with Targeted Sequencing
by Alvida Qvick, Emma Adolfsson, Lina Tornéus, Carl Mårten Lindqvist, Jessica Carlsson, Bianca Stenmark, Christina Karlsson and Gisela Helenius
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 10165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262010165 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
We investigated differences in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation between patients with cancer and those presenting with severe, nonspecific symptoms. Plasma cfDNA from 229 patients was analyzed, of whom 37 were diagnosed with a wide spectrum of cancer types within 12 months. Samples [...] Read more.
We investigated differences in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation between patients with cancer and those presenting with severe, nonspecific symptoms. Plasma cfDNA from 229 patients was analyzed, of whom 37 were diagnosed with a wide spectrum of cancer types within 12 months. Samples underwent enzymatic conversion, library preparation, and enrichment using the NEBNext workflow and Twist pan-cancer methylation panel, followed by sequencing. Methylation analysis was performed with nf-core/methylseq. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified with DMRichR. Machine learning with cross-validation was used to classify cancer and controls. The classifier was applied to an external validation set of 144 controls previously unseen by the model. Cancer samples showed higher overall CpG methylation than controls (1.82% vs. 1.34%, p < 0.001). A total of 162 DMRs were detected, 95.7% being hypermethylated in cancer. Machine learning identified 20 key DMRs for classification between cancer and controls. The final model achieved an AUC of 0.88 (83.8% sensitivity, 83.8% specificity), while mean cross-validation performance reached an AUC of 0.73 (57.1% sensitivity, 77.5% specificity). The specificity of the classifier on unseen control samples was 79.2%. Distinct methylation differences and DMR-based classification support cfDNA methylation as a robust biomarker for cancer detection in patients with confounding conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Epigenetic Modifications)
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14 pages, 1696 KB  
Article
Comparison of the Life History of and Morphological Differences in Eight Korean Tiger Beetles Reared in the Laboratory to Develop an Ex Situ Conservation Method for the Endangered Tiger Beetle
by Deokjea Cha, Jong-Kook Jung and C. Barry Knisley
Animals 2025, 15(20), 3032; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15203032 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
Tiger beetles serve as bioindicators of ecosystem health but are under increasing threat from habitat loss and population decline. Ex situ conservation via captive breeding offers promise for species lacking viable wild populations. We evaluated laboratory rearing from egg to adult for eight [...] Read more.
Tiger beetles serve as bioindicators of ecosystem health but are under increasing threat from habitat loss and population decline. Ex situ conservation via captive breeding offers promise for species lacking viable wild populations. We evaluated laboratory rearing from egg to adult for eight Korean tiger beetle species to determine the developmental period per developmental stage, mortality rates, larval burrow entrance size, and head–pronotum morphological characteristics under controlled laboratory conditions. High mortality (37.5–80%) occurred during the transition from the pre-pupa to pupa stage, suggesting that mass larval production is needed to offset losses. Reared-type adults of most tiger beetle species tended to be smaller in body length than wild-type adults. Species-specific behaviors (e.g., feeding habits in Cephalota chiloleuca) and the overwintering times of spring–fall and summer species are different, indicating that uniform rearing protocols are suboptimal. Our findings suggest the importance of species-specific adjustment of rearing methods (feeding frequency, overwintering timing) to increase the success of ex situ conservation methods for tiger beetles. In addition, the larval burrow entrance size offered limited utility for species identification in mixed-species habitats, whereas the color of the head and pronotum was considered helpful in identifying some tiger beetle species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species: Second Edition)
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19 pages, 8122 KB  
Article
Biological Characterization of 3D-Printed, Sintered Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Obtained by Fused Filament Fabrication: An In Vitro Study
by Eddy Shan, Cristina Chamorro, Ana Ferrández-Montero, Rosa M. Martin-Rodriguez, Leire Virto, María José Marín, Begoña Ferrari, Antonio Javier Sanchez-Herencia, Elena Figuero and Mariano Sanz
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100392 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study characterized the biological response of MG-63 cells to synthetic, hydroxyapatite scaffolds (HAsint) fabricated via fused filament fabrication. Scaffolds were compared to 2D plate-adherent cultures using six assays: cell morphology and distribution with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy; cell [...] Read more.
This study characterized the biological response of MG-63 cells to synthetic, hydroxyapatite scaffolds (HAsint) fabricated via fused filament fabrication. Scaffolds were compared to 2D plate-adherent cultures using six assays: cell morphology and distribution with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy; cell proliferation and cytotoxicity via WST-1 tetrazolium assay; relative osteogenic gene expression through reverse-transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and protein synthesis via multiplex immunoassay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results confirmed high cell viability and uniform distribution on HAsint scaffolds. Proliferation increased significantly over 7 days, though direct cytotoxicity also increased, likely due to the static conditions of the experiment and, subsequently, the high ion reprecipitation from scaffold degradation. Importantly, HAsint scaffolds significantly enhanced osteogenic marker expression of phosphatase alkaline (ALPL), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN) genes, and elevated concentrations of interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase 1 compared to plate-adherent controls. It can be concluded that 3D-printed HAsint scaffolds support robust osteogenic differentiation and proliferation despite inducing a transient cytotoxic response in vitro. The marked upregulation of key osteogenic genes and proteins confirms the scaffolds’ bioactivity and highlights their potential for bone tissue engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)
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13 pages, 829 KB  
Article
Characterization of Metabolomic Response of Candida spp. to Heavy Metal Exposure
by Perla Nayeli Reyes-Sánchez, Jesús Alfonso Chairez-Ávila, Karol Karla García-Aguirre, Verónica Esparza-Cordero, María Fernanda Romo-García, Juan C. Medina-Llamas and Juan Ernesto López-Ramos
Microorganisms 2025, 13(10), 2394; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13102394 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
As a result of anthropogenic activities, contaminants such as heavy metals have been introduced into the environment. Microorganisms, including Candida spp., have emerged as a viable alternative for their removal; however, the mechanism responsible for the removal process has not been fully characterized. [...] Read more.
As a result of anthropogenic activities, contaminants such as heavy metals have been introduced into the environment. Microorganisms, including Candida spp., have emerged as a viable alternative for their removal; however, the mechanism responsible for the removal process has not been fully characterized. This study aims to identify the secretome of Candida strains (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis) contributing to their ability to withstand heavy metals. For this purpose, Candida spp. cultures were incubated at 28 °C under agitation for 72 h and exposed to different concentrations of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. The cultures were then analyzed using GC-MS. In Candida spp. cultures exposed to heavy metals, 117 different compounds were identified compared with the control cultures. Among all Candida spp., 15 metabolites showed a fold change greater than two compared to the control conditions. These included hydrocarbons (3), fatty acids (5), aromatic compounds (5), a nonaromatic compound (1) and an organosiloxane (1), which were identified in the presence of heavy metals (Cd, Cu and Zn). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbiomes)
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44 pages, 8752 KB  
Article
DataSense: A Real-Time Sensor-Based Benchmark Dataset for Attack Analysis in IIoT with Multi-Objective Feature Selection
by Amir Firouzi, Sajjad Dadkhah, Sebin Abraham Maret and Ali A. Ghorbani
Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4095; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204095 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
The widespread integration of Internet-connected devices into industrial environments has enhanced connectivity and automation but has also increased the exposure of industrial cyber–physical systems to security threats. Detecting anomalies is essential for ensuring operational continuity and safeguarding critical assets, yet the dynamic, real-time [...] Read more.
The widespread integration of Internet-connected devices into industrial environments has enhanced connectivity and automation but has also increased the exposure of industrial cyber–physical systems to security threats. Detecting anomalies is essential for ensuring operational continuity and safeguarding critical assets, yet the dynamic, real-time nature of such data poses challenges for developing effective defenses. This paper introduces DataSense, a comprehensive dataset designed to advance security research in industrial networked environments. DataSense contains synchronized sensor and network stream data, capturing interactions among diverse industrial sensors, commonly used connected devices, and network equipment, enabling vulnerability studies across heterogeneous industrial setups. The dataset was generated through the controlled execution of 50 realistic attacks spanning seven major categories: reconnaissance, denial of service, distributed denial of service, web exploitation, man-in-the-middle, brute force, and malware. This process produced a balanced mix of benign and malicious traffic that reflects real-world conditions. To enhance its utility, we introduce an original feature selection approach that identifies features most relevant to improving detection rates while minimizing resource usage. Comprehensive experiments with a broad spectrum of machine learning and deep learning models validate the dataset’s applicability, making DataSense a valuable resource for developing robust systems for detecting anomalies and preventing intrusions in real time within industrial environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven IoT: Beyond Connectivity, Toward Intelligence)
16 pages, 1658 KB  
Article
Climate Change-Related Salinity Fluctuations and Warming Induce Physiological Stress and Cellular Alterations in an Antarctic Intertidal Brown Alga
by Francisca Morales, Pamela T. Muñoz, Agustina Undabarrena, Paula S. M. Celis-Plá, Consuelo Rámila, Polette Aguilar-Muñoz, Verónica Molina, Nelso P. Navarro, Claudio A. Sáez, Céline Lavergne, Beatriz Cámara, Catherine Tessini, Kerina González-Pino, Gabriela B. Pérez-Hernández and Fernanda Rodríguez-Rojas
Environments 2025, 12(10), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100390 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
Antarctica is experiencing one of the fastest warming rates globally, profoundly impacting seawater temperature and salinity, with direct consequences for marine life. The present study examined the combined effects of salinity fluctuations at 20, 33 (control salinity), and 41 psu, and temperatures of [...] Read more.
Antarctica is experiencing one of the fastest warming rates globally, profoundly impacting seawater temperature and salinity, with direct consequences for marine life. The present study examined the combined effects of salinity fluctuations at 20, 33 (control salinity), and 41 psu, and temperatures of 2 °C (control temperature) and 8 °C (thermal stress) for 3 days, on the health and physiology of the Antarctic intertidal macroalga Adenocystis utricularis. Photosynthetic activity, photoinhibition, and photoprotective processes were assessed alongside biomarkers of oxidative stress/damage (total ROS, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation) and antioxidant/osmotic response (ascorbate, free amino acids, and proline). The results showed that maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) remained stable under both salinity and thermal stress. However, productivity (ETRmax), the photoprotection index (NPQmax), and irradiance saturation (EkETR) were significantly decreased at 8 °C, remaining constant under salinity fluctuations. At 2 °C, oxidative stress and damage were significantly higher under hypo- and hypersalinity conditions. However, at 8 °C, oxidative stress indicators decreased, accompanied by increased ascorbate levels in both hypo- (20 psu) and hypersalinity (41 psu) treatments compared to the control salinity. While warming temperatures negatively altered the oxidative response of A. utricularis at a 33 psu, we report here an interactive effect between salinity and temperature, leading to an altered stress response to salinity fluctuations under thermal stress. This study provides key information to better understand the adaptation of Antarctic intertidal macroalgae to multifactor climate change consequences. Full article
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24 pages, 4301 KB  
Article
Control Deficits and Compensatory Mechanisms in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability During Dual-Task Stair-to-Ground Transition
by Yilin Zhong, Xuanzhen Cen, Xiaopan Hu, Datao Xu, Lei Tu, Monèm Jemni, Gusztáv Fekete, Dong Sun and Yang Song
Bioengineering 2025, 12(10), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12101120 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
(1) Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI), a common outcome of ankle sprains, involves recurrent sprains, balance deficits, and gait impairments linked to both peripheral and central neuromuscular dysfunction. Dual-task (DT) demands further aggravate postural control, especially during stair descent, a major source of [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI), a common outcome of ankle sprains, involves recurrent sprains, balance deficits, and gait impairments linked to both peripheral and central neuromuscular dysfunction. Dual-task (DT) demands further aggravate postural control, especially during stair descent, a major source of fall-related injuries. Yet the biomechanical mechanisms of stair-to-ground transition in CAI under dual-task conditions remain poorly understood. (2) Methods: Sixty individuals with CAI and age- and sex-matched controls performed stair-to-ground transitions under single- and dual-task conditions. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, center of pressure (COP) metrics, ankle inversion angle, and relative joint work contributions (Ankle%, Knee%, Hip%) were obtained using 3D motion capture, a force plate, and musculoskeletal modeling. Correlation and regression analyses assessed the relationships between ankle contributions, postural stability, and proximal joint compensations. (3) Results: Compared with the controls, the CAI group demonstrated marked control deficits during the single task (ST), characterized by reduced gait speed, increased step width, elevated mediolateral COP root mean square (COP-ml RMS), and abnormal ankle inversion and joint kinematics; these impairments were exacerbated under DT conditions. Individuals with CAI exhibited a significantly reduced ankle plantarflexion moment and energy contribution (Ankle%), accompanied by compensatory increases in knee and hip contributions. Regression analyses indicated that Ankle% significantly predicted COP-ml RMS and gait speed (GS), highlighting the pivotal role of ankle function in maintaining dynamic stability. Furthermore, CAI participants adopted a “posture-first” strategy under DT, with concurrent deterioration in gait and cognitive performance, reflecting strong reliance on attentional resources. (4) Conclusions: CAI involves global control deficits, including distal insufficiency, proximal compensation, and an inefficient energy distribution, which intensify under dual-task conditions. As the ankle is central to lower-limb kinetics, its dysfunction induces widespread instability. Rehabilitation should therefore target coordinated lower-limb training and progressive dual-task integration to improve motor control and dynamic stability. Full article
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23 pages, 3580 KB  
Article
Inhibitory Effect of Boesenbergia rotunda and Its Major Flavonoids, Pinostrobin and Pinocembrin on Carbohydrate Digestive Enzymes and Intestinal Glucose Transport in Caco-2 Cells
by Sathid Aimjongjun, Nopawit Khamto, Vanatsanan Buangamdee, Thanet Sornda, Jukkarin Srivilai and Nanteetip Limpeanchob
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 10158; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262010158 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf., commonly known as fingerroot or “Kra-Chai,” is a traditional Thai medicinal plant used for treating digestive and metabolic disorders. Recent evidence highlights its potential role in controlling hyperglycemia, though its active compounds and mechanisms remain unclear. This study evaluated [...] Read more.
Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf., commonly known as fingerroot or “Kra-Chai,” is a traditional Thai medicinal plant used for treating digestive and metabolic disorders. Recent evidence highlights its potential role in controlling hyperglycemia, though its active compounds and mechanisms remain unclear. This study evaluated the antidiabetic activity of B. rotunda crude extract and its major flavonoids, pinostrobin and pinocembrin, through in vitro enzyme inhibition and cellular glucose transport assays. Pinocembrin exhibited the strongest inhibition of both α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while pinostrobin and the crude extract showed moderate effects. In Caco-2 cells, the crude extract reduced glucose uptake, whereas both flavonoids markedly inhibited transport under glucose-depleted conditions, suggesting interaction with sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs). Under high-glucose conditions, their effects were minimal, indicating limited activity on facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). Moreover, molecular docking studies revealed that pinostrobin and pinocembrin bind within the glucose transporter channels of SGLT1 and SGLT2, blocking glucose passage and supporting the experimental findings. Overall, B. rotunda, particularly pinocembrin, demonstrates notable in vitro antidiabetic potential through enzyme inhibition and SGLT modulation. Further in vivo investigations are warranted to validate its hypoglycemic properties and identify additional active compounds. Full article
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31 pages, 20777 KB  
Article
Depositional Processes and Paleoenvironmental Evolution of the Middle Eocene Lacustrine Shale in Beibu Gulf Basin, South China
by Chengkun Deng, Yifan Li, Zhiqian Gao, Juye Shi, Ruisi Li, Ruoxin Huang, Guocui Li and Xinsheng Wen
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11191; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011191 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study focuses on the middle Eocene lacustrine shales of the Lower Member 2 of the Liushagang Formation (L–LS2) in the Weixi’nan Depression of the Beibu Gulf Basin. Employing an integrated approach that combines core observation, thin-section analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the middle Eocene lacustrine shales of the Lower Member 2 of the Liushagang Formation (L–LS2) in the Weixi’nan Depression of the Beibu Gulf Basin. Employing an integrated approach that combines core observation, thin-section analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and geochemical proxies, we systematically characterize the lithofacies, sedimentary processes, and paleoenvironmental evolution. Six distinct lithofacies were identified: clay-rich mudstone, calcium-bearing mudstone, clay-rich siltstone, siliceous siltstone, ankerite-bearing sandstone, and siliceous sandstone. Based on depositional processes and structural features, these are grouped into three lithofacies assemblages: interbedded lithofacies assemblage, laminated lithofacies assemblage, and matrix lithofacies assemblage. Vertical facies distribution shows that the interbedded lithofacies assemblage dominates the lower L–LS2, reflecting active faulting, volcanism, a low lake level, prevalent gravity flows, and episodic oxidative conditions. The laminated lithofacies assemblage dominates the middle section and results from the combined influence of chemical and mechanical deposition, indicating fluctuating climate conditions that affected water depth, salinity, and redox dynamics. The upper section is characterized by matrix lithofacies assemblage, representing a stable, deep water, anoxic environment with low energy suspension settling. We propose a depositional model in which tectonics and climate jointly control lacustrine shale deposition. During the middle Eocene, intensified tectonic activity expanded accommodation space and increased clastic input, while climate fluctuations influenced chemical weathering, nutrient supply, and salinity. Together, these factors drove lake deepening and variability, affecting sedimentary energy and redox conditions. This study not only clarifies the sedimentary evolution of L–LS2 but also provides a critical geological framework for lacustrine shale oil exploration. Full article
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16 pages, 3542 KB  
Article
Efficient Recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent LCO Using Mechanochemical Activation and Ammoniacal Leaching
by Bagdatgul Milikhat, Aisulu Batkal, Kaster Kamunur, Lyazzat Mussapyrova, Yerzhan Mukanov and Rashid Nadirov
Processes 2025, 13(10), 3345; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103345 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the recovery of Li and Co from spent LiCoO2 cathodes of spent lithium batteries using a combined approach of mechanochemical activation (MA) and ammoniacal leaching. High-energy ball milling disrupts the layered structure of LiCoO2, introduces [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigate the recovery of Li and Co from spent LiCoO2 cathodes of spent lithium batteries using a combined approach of mechanochemical activation (MA) and ammoniacal leaching. High-energy ball milling disrupts the layered structure of LiCoO2, introduces defects, and increases surface area, which strongly improves subsequent dissolution. Leaching experiments in an ammonia–ammonium sulphate–sulphite medium were optimized by varying the solid-to-liquid ratio, sodium sulfite concentration, and temperature. Under the best conditions (90 °C, 120 min, S/L = 10 g/L, 0.5 M Na2SO3), nearly complete recoveries were obtained: 99.5% Li and 96.5% Co. Kinetic modeling based on the shrinking-core model confirmed that dissolution of both metals is controlled by chemical reaction, with activation energies of 45.7 kJ·mol−1 for Li and 60.7 kJ·mol−1 for Co. Structural and morphological analyses (XRD, SEM) supported the enhanced reactivity of the activated material. The study demonstrates that MA coupled with optimized ammoniacal leaching provides an efficient process for LiCoO2 recycling, without using aggressive mineral acids and long treatment times. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
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