Search Results (1,879)

Background/Objectives: Diet is recognized as an important determinant of cardiometabolic health, yet evidence from Middle Eastern populations remains scarce. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between a Prudent dietary pattern and multiple indicators of obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in a metabolically healthy Qatari cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from 6919 Qatari adults from the Qatar Biobank study. Participants with diagnosed metabolic disorders, pregnancy, or non-fasting blood samples were excluded. Anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical measurements were collected using standardized protocols. Dietary intake was assessed using a 102-item food frequency questionnaire, and a Prudent dietary pattern was derived through factor loadings analysis. Participants were categorized into low and high intake groups of the Prudent dietary pattern. Associations between the Prudent dietary pattern and cardiometabolic markers were examined using generalized linear models adjusted for age, sex, adiposity, and physical activity with Bonferroni correction applied for multiple testing. Results: After correction for multiple testing, greater adherence to the Prudent dietary pattern was significantly associated with lower fat mass index (β = −0.02, p = 0.0001), fasting insulin (β = −0.05, p = 0.0021), and higher fat-free mass (β = 0.01, p = 5.7 × 10⁻⁵). Conclusions: Overall, in a metabolically healthy Qatari population, greater compliance to a Prudent dietary pattern was favorably associated with fat and muscle mass, and insulin regulation after adjusting for age, sex, BMI and physical activity. These findings support the role of dietary habits in greater cardiometabolic health in Middle Eastern Arab populations. Full article

Background/Objectives: A body shape index (ABSI) has been proposed as an anthropometric measure reflecting abdominal body shape beyond body mass index (BMI). However, its relative cross-sectional discriminative ability compared with conventional anthropometric measures and surrogate markers of insulin resistance for prevalent diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains poorly characterized in Korean adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 11,448 Korean adults aged 18–64 years from the 2019–2021 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses, we compared the discriminative ability of ABSI with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), and the triglyceride–glucose index (TyG) for prevalent diabetes and CVD. Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed associations after adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors. Results: ABSI showed the highest ROC-AUC for both prevalent diabetes (74%) and CVD (74%) among the compared indices. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, individuals in the very high ABSI risk group had higher odds of prevalent CVD (OR, 3.75; 95% CI, 1.60–8.78) than those in the very low-risk group. Among individuals with diabetes, the odds of comorbid CVD were also higher in the very high ABSI group (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 2.26–5.07). Similar patterns appeared in obesity-subgroup analyses. Conclusions: ABSI showed greater discriminative ability for prevalent diabetes and CVD than several conventional measures and insulin-resistance markers, supporting its potential utility as a simple marker of cardiometabolic disease burden. Prospective studies are needed to determine its prognostic value. Full article

Background/Objectives: To evaluate macular structural changes after uncomplicated phacoemulsification using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to investigate whether cardiometabolic disease influences the early postoperative retinal response. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 111 eyes from 111 patients undergoing uncomplicated phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. Macular OCT parameters were evaluated preoperatively and at postoperative days 1, 7, and 30. Patients were stratified according to the presence of cardiometabolic disease, and retinal changes were compared between groups. Results: Exploratory visit-specific comparisons produced nominal differences in average retinal thickness and macular volume at several assessments; however, none remained statistically significant after Holm adjustment across the 16 parameter-by-visit comparisons. The adjusted models provided no statistically significant evidence that postoperative changes from baseline differed according to cardiometabolic status. Model-derived interaction contrasts at days 1, 7, and 30 were small and their 95% confidence intervals included zero for all OCT outcomes. Accordingly, no statistically significant differences in postoperative change from baseline were detected between groups; equivalence was not assessed. Conclusions: Although nominal differences were observed in exploratory visit-specific comparisons, none remained statistically significant after multiplicity adjustment. Furthermore, the adjusted analyses did not detect statistically significant differences in postoperative change from baseline according to cardiometabolic status after adjustment for baseline retinal structure and relevant demographic and surgical confounders. No statistically significant evidence of different postoperative OCT trajectories was detected between groups; equivalence was not assessed. Full article

Chronic low-grade inflammation accompanies cardiometabolic disease, while routine risk assessment is based mainly on fasting measurements. This structured narrative review summarises human evidence for discrete postprandial changes in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and remnants, glucose and insulin, endotoxin-related markers, innate immune cells and endothelial function. The evidence is comparatively consistent for postprandial lipaemia, glycaemic excursions and acute flow-mediated dilation responses, whereas endotoxin, cytokine and cellular findings are smaller, assay-sensitive and less consistently replicated. Based on this evidence, we introduce PRISM-CM (Postprandial Inflammatory Stress Modules in CardioMetabolic disease) as an author-developed, hypothesis-generating evidence map. It comprises five candidate biological domains—lipid–remnant burden, glucose–insulin stress, endotoxin handling, innate immune-cell activation and endothelial response—with recovery kinetics treated as a cross-domain analytic dimension. The framework was not derived by clustering, consensus methods or predictive modelling; its illustrative response patterns are not validated endotypes. A composite score is not proposed because the independence, reproducibility and incremental predictive value of the candidate measurements have not been established. Potential future diagnostic and prognostic applications require prospective validation. Reference ranges, age- and sex-specific norms, within-person reproducibility, reproducible response patterns and outcome-linked thresholds remain unknown. PRISM-CM is therefore not a clinical algorithm, risk score or treatment-selection tool. Full article

Obesity is a major health concern within the United States. Previous studies have shown that a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) may help combat metabolic disease by improving cardiometabolic and inflammatory status. Pecans have high MUFA content and the highest antioxidant capacity of any nut. The aim of this preliminary study is to determine if a diet supplemented with 1.5 ounces of pecans daily for eight weeks could improve blood glucose, lipid panel, inflammatory markers, and body composition in individuals with overweight and obesity as compared to a control group who maintained their normal diet. Post-intervention measurements showed no significant difference from baseline values for either the experimental or the control group. Data acquired using the Vioscreen Food Frequency Questionnaire found negative correlations were present between LDL cholesterol and dietary intake of iron, selenium, zinc, MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and dietary cholesterol. Furthermore, there were negative correlations determined between fasting blood glucose and dietary intake of magnesium, MUFA, and SFA. Regarding inflammatory markers, no detectable levels of IL-10 nor TNF-α were found in the majority of samples. IL-6 was detectable in all samples, but showed no statistical difference between any of the groups in the study. Thus, an intervention of 1.5 oz of pecans for eight weeks did not significantly change measured metabolic parameters nor levels of serum IL-6. However, due to the sample size limitations of this hypothesis-generating preliminary study, further research is needed. Further studies should include a longer intervention period, a larger cohort, and potentially a larger dosage of pecans to increase the amount of MUFA in the diet to determine if such interventions may influence cardiometabolic and inflammatory parameters. Full article

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains a major cause of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality, despite optimization of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade and the use of sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are cardiometabolic agents with significant efficacy on glycemic control, body weight, blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, and systemic inflammation. In experimental studies, GLP-1 RAs showed direct renal effects by modulating natriuresis, intrarenal hemodynamics, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and tubular apoptosis. Randomized clinical trials and real-life analyses have demonstrated reductions in albuminuria and slowing of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline. The first study with a primary renal endpoint for semaglutide confirms its nephroprotective potential. This narrative review synthesizes the renal mechanisms involved. The clinical evidence for GLP-1 RA in DKD positions this class alongside SGLT2i and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (ns-MRAs) for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), CKD, and very high cardiorenal risk. Full article

Background/Objectives: Postmenopausal women are at increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). This study evaluated the associations of anthropometric and hormonal parameters and cardiometabolic risk-factor accumulation with steatosis and MASLD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 87 postmenopausal women at a university menopause clinic underwent anthropometric, biochemical, and liver imaging assessment. Hepatic steatosis was defined as CAP ≥ 248 dB/m on transient elastography, and MASLD as steatosis with ≥1 cardiometabolic risk factor (2023 consensus criteria). Anthropometry included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, mid-upper arm circumference, and triceps skinfold thickness. Results: CAP-defined steatosis (46.0%) closely mirrored MASLD (44.8%; all but one steatotic woman met ≥ 1 criterion). Waist circumference independently correlated with steatosis (OR = 2.77, 95% CI 1.08–7.13, p = 0.035), adding value beyond BMI (Nagelkerke R² 0.202 vs. 0.140). Steatosis burden rose progressively with risk-factor number: each additional factor conferred a 30.59 dB/m CAP increase (95% CI 17.33–43.85, p < 0.001) and 3.38-fold higher odds of steatosis (95% CI 1.59–7.20, p = 0.002; ≥3 vs. 2 factors, Welch’s p = 0.004). Conclusions: MASLD and CAP-defined steatosis were largely coincident. Adiposity correlated with steatosis, but severity was determined chiefly by the accumulation of cardiometabolic risk factors, which is a key determinant of steatotic liver disease severity after menopause. Full article

The integration of precision nutrition with pharmacological therapies has been proposed as a strategy to optimize therapeutic efficacy, tolerability, and patient-centered outcomes in chronic metabolic diseases. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have substantially advanced the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus by promoting substantial weight loss and improving glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk profiles. However, significant interindividual variability in therapeutic response, frequent gastrointestinal adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation, and the potential loss of lean body mass remain major clinical challenges that limit real-world therapeutic efficiency. Emerging evidence suggests that nutritional status, dietary patterns, body composition, inflammatory burden, and gut microbiota composition may influence both the efficacy and tolerability of GLP-1-based therapies. This review explores the role of precision nutrition as an adjunctive strategy to support GLP-1 RA treatment outcomes through personalized dietary interventions and targeted nutritional support. Particular attention is given to protein intake optimization for lean mass preservation, micronutrient adequacy, microbiota modulation, anti-inflammatory dietary approaches, and the management of gastrointestinal symptoms. Furthermore, the review explores the emerging contribution of nutrigenomics, metabolomics, microbiome-based stratification, digital health technologies, and artificial intelligence in advancing pharmacometabolic personalization. The potential pharmacoeconomic implications of integrated nutritional–pharmacological strategies are discussed, including the potential for improved adherence to reduce treatment-related costs, prevent complications, and enhance long-term metabolic sustainability. While current evidence supports the mechanistic rationale for combining precision nutrition with GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy, it must be emphasized that direct evidence from prospective clinical trials evaluating such integrated strategies is limited. Most recommendations are based on indirect evidence from general weight-loss or metabolic disease populations, and their efficacy, specifically in GLP-1 RA-treated patients, remains to be demonstrated. Full article

Dementia is a growing global health challenge, yet many determinants of late-life cognitive decline emerge decades before symptoms appear. Midlife is a practical window for prevention because hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, sleep disturbance, and social isolation can be identified and modified before substantial brain injury becomes apparent. This narrative review synthesizes evidence linking midlife vascular and lifestyle exposures to late-life cognitive impairment and dementia. The most consistent data support a life-course model in which cumulative vascular, metabolic, inflammatory, and behavioral risks interact with neurodegenerative pathology and cognitive reserve. Vascular and metabolic factors act largely through small-vessel disease, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation, whereas physical activity, healthy diet, sleep, and social engagement may strengthen resilience. Although observational evidence is vulnerable to confounding and single-risk trials may underestimate cumulative benefit, multidomain prevention remains biologically plausible and clinically actionable, as recent trials reaffirm. These priorities are especially salient in the rapidly transitioning Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, where midlife cardiometabolic risk is high and local evidence is limited. Dementia prevention should be embedded in routine midlife care, with vascular risk management and sustained lifestyle support treated as core elements of lifelong brain health. Full article

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The Mediterranean diet (MD) and regular physical activity are established components of cardiovascular prevention, but evidence regarding their combined cardiometabolic effects remains heterogeneous. Objective: This narrative review critically summarizes current evidence on the joint role of the MD and physical exercise in cardiometabolic health. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using terms related to the MD, CVD, cardiometabolic health, physical activity, and exercise. Experimental and observational human studies published between 2016 and 2026 were considered, together with relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Particular attention was given to 10 key human studies, including randomized intervention studies and observational cohorts. Owing to substantial heterogeneity in populations, interventions, comparators, follow-up periods, and outcomes, the evidence was synthesized narratively. Results: The key studies generally reported favorable changes in body weight and composition, blood pressure, glucose regulation, and lipid profiles. One observational study also found a lower likelihood of cardiovascular medication initiation among participants with sustained adherence to both lifestyle components. However, most outcomes were surrogate cardiometabolic markers, and the independent effects of diet and exercise were often difficult to isolate. Conclusions: The MD and regular physical activity appear to be complementary components of cardiometabolic prevention. However, current evidence does not establish a consistent additive or synergistic effect. Further long-term, well-controlled studies are needed to clarify their independent and combined contributions across different populations. Full article

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is highly prevalent worldwide and represents the hepatic manifestation of a systemic cardiometabolic-inflammatory syndrome rather than an isolated organ disease. In parallel, anticancer therapies carry a well-recognised burden of cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity (CTR-CVT). Evidence suggests that the metabolic-inflammatory cascade driving steatosis → steatohepatitis → fibrosis may also contribute to endothelial dysfunction, myocardial remodelling and cardiomyocyte vulnerability to chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress. This narrative review proposes a unifying conceptual framework in which MASLD may act as a potential amplifier of cardiotoxicity in oncology patients and examines whether lifestyle and dietary interventions could mitigate this cumulative risk. Methods: A structured literature search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science was performed, prioritising systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, large cohort studies and recent international guidelines on MASLD, cardio-oncology and nutritional interventions. Results: Four converging molecular axes were identified as plausible links between MASLD and cardiomyocyte susceptibility to anticancer therapy: mitochondrial dysfunction with reactive oxygen species overproduction, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and metaflammation, endothelial nitric oxide impairment, and pro-fibrotic TGF-β/hepatic stellate cell signalling. Mediterranean-style dietary patterns, selected micronutrients and emerging metabolic therapies modulate the same network and may offer translational opportunities. Conclusions: Reframing MASLD as a potentially modifiable amplifier of CTR-CVT supports the integration of hepatic phenotyping into baseline cardio-oncology risk stratification and the use of personalised nutrition as a precision tool acting on shared mitochondrial, inflammatory, endothelial and fibrotic pathways. Multidisciplinary framework and prospective interventional studies, adopting composite hepato-cardio-oncological endpoints, are warranted. Full article

Chronic noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cancer, constitute leading causes of global mortality, with suboptimal diet identified as a primary modifiable risk factor. Plant-based dietary patterns (PBDPs) can be conceptualized along a continuum of quality, with whole-food PBDPs consistently linked to lower risks of CVD, T2D, and all-cause mortality, though much of this evidence derives from studies of vegan or healthy plant-based dietary index patterns rather than whole-plant-food diets directly. Evidence further indicates that minimizing or eliminating added salt, oil, and sugar (SOS) within whole-food PBDPs may provide additional cardiometabolic benefits, primarily by favorably modifying three graded intermediate biomarkers: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood pressure (BP), and adiposity. Dietary sodium increases BP in a linear, dose-dependent manner and enhances food palatability, potentially promoting passive overconsumption and increased adiposity. Although added oil is preferable to saturated fat for LDL-C reduction, preliminary evidence suggests that adding olive oil to an already oil-restricted whole-food PBDP may reduce its LDL-C and body-weight benefits; these findings are hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in larger, longer-term trials. Whole-food fat sources such as nuts and seeds may offer cardiovascular benefits at least equivalent to those of oils, without this attenuating effect. Added sugar promotes excess caloric intake, contributing to increased adiposity, and may impair insulin sensitivity; these effects are most clearly and consistently established for sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), whereas the evidence for solid added sugars is weaker and may depend more on excess energy intake and broader dietary context. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, Mendelian randomization studies, and key clinical trials to evaluate whether whole-food PBDPs minimizing or eliminating SOS may provide incremental benefit for chronic disease risk reduction and management compared to whole-food PBDPs that include these additives. Direct long-term randomized evidence comparing SOS-restricted to SOS-inclusive whole-food PBDPs remains limited, and the possible incremental benefit of SOS restriction within an already health-promoting dietary pattern warrants further investigation. Complete SOS elimination has not yet been shown to provide incremental benefit beyond a high-quality PBDP, and any benefit is likely greatest in individuals with hypertension, obesity, elevated cardiometabolic risk, or high baseline SOS intake. Full article

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTA), obesity (OB), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), represent a major global health burden and disproportionately affect socially vulnerable populations. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) are stable carriers of proteins and regulatory RNAs that may reflect endothelial dysfunction and cardiometabolic stress. This study explored plasma-derived EV-associated biomarkers in adults from La Guajira, Colombia, with emphasis on miR-126-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-92a-3p, and SNAIL. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical data were obtained from a cross-sectional cohort. Representative plasma samples were selected for EVs isolation by size-exclusion chromatography. Vesicles were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, scanning transmission electron microscopy, protein quantification, Western blotting, and bead-based flow cytometry. Candidate miRNAs were identified by small RNA sequencing and validated by stem-loop RT-qPCR. Bioinformatic enrichment analyses were performed using miRNet 2.0 and KEGG pathway analysis. The epidemiological cohort showed a high cardiometabolic burden, with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index emerging as key markers of central adiposity and metabolic dysfunction. Plasma-derived EVs displayed the expected nanoscale morphology and expressed canonical vesicle markers. Protein cargo analyses revealed EMT- and remodeling-associated proteins, including SNAIL and GAL-3. EV-associated miR-126-3p, miR-21-5p, and miR-92a-3p were enriched predominantly in hypertensive and hypertensive-diabetic groups. In an exploratory sub-cohort, CD31-positive EVs showed a trend toward increased expression in individuals with previous myocardial infarction or stroke (p = 0.057). KEGG enrichment analysis linked the identified miRNA signature to pathways involved in endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, vascular remodeling, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix organization. Plasma-derived EVs from individuals with cardiometabolic disorders carry molecular signatures consistent with endothelial stress and vascular remodeling. These findings identify miR-126-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-92a-3p, SNAIL, and CD31-positive EVs as exploratory candidate biomarkers that require validation in larger prospective cohorts. Full article

Background/Objectives: Sleep disorders are common among older adults and have been increasingly linked to metabolic abnormalities and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, evidence on the relationship between sleep quality and health-related clinical outcomes and biomarkers in rural Northern Thailand remains limited. This study aimed to assess the association between sleep quality and health-related clinical outcomes and biomarkers among older adults in rural Northern Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 424 older adults in Phayao Province, rural Northern Thailand. Quota sampling was employed to ensure equal representation of participants with and without NCDs (n = 212 per group). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Physical health status was evaluated through measurements of blood pressure (BP), including systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and fasting blood sugar (FBS). Results: The participants’ mean PSQI score was 8.03 ± 4.86, and 29.7% had poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5). Hypertension (35.4%) and diabetes mellitus (17.5%) were the most common underlying diseases. The mean fasting blood sugar level was 116.33 ± 30.84 mg/dL, with 21.0% of participants presenting abnormal levels (≥126 mg/dL). Multivariable binary logistic regression demonstrated that each one-point increase in the overall PSQI score was significantly associated with higher odds of having an underlying disease (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.00–2.81), hypertension (AOR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.37–1.66), diabetes mellitus (AOR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.28–1.58), other non-communicable diseases (AOR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.64–2.29), abnormal fasting blood sugar (AOR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.33–1.63), elevated systolic blood pressure (AOR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.28–1.51), and elevated diastolic blood pressure (AOR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.19–1.43). Subjective sleep quality, sleep duration, and habitual sleep efficiency were also significantly associated with multiple health-related clinical outcomes and biomarkers. Although sparse data and quasi-complete separation may have influenced the precision of some regression estimates, the overall pattern of associations remained consistent and should be interpreted with appropriate caution. Conclusions: Higher overall PSQI scores were significantly associated with adverse health-related clinical outcomes and biomarkers among older adults in rural Northern Thailand. These findings highlight the clinical importance of routinely assessing sleep quality in older adults, particularly those with chronic conditions or increased cardiometabolic risk. Because of the cross-sectional design and the statistical uncertainty associated with sparse data in some regression models, the findings should be interpreted as evidence of associations rather than causal relationships. The observed associations are consistent with the likely bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbances and chronic diseases. Integrating sleep quality screening into routine health assessments, alongside comprehensive chronic disease management, may facilitate the early identification of older adults at increased cardiometabolic risk and support evidence-based health promotion strategies. Full article

Background: The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is a global benchmark for the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases and healthy aging, with Olea europaea L. (O. europaea L.) and Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau (bergamot) serving as primary sources of bioactive molecules such as phenols, in particular flavonoids. Recent evidence highlights a paradigm shift from traditional agricultural yield toward a precision-nutrition model, in which the health-promoting potential of these species is increasingly recognized to arise from the interplay between genetic background and environmental factors. Objectives This review summarised current evidence on how genetic variability drives the metabolic fingerprints of olive and bergamot, exploring the integration of genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data to identify cultivars with superior nutraceutical value. Results: Evidence suggests that phytochemical profiles of O. europaea L. and Citrus species, including bergamot, are shaped by the interaction between genetic background and environmental conditions, with genotype contributing significantly to metabolic variability. Specific O. europaea L. and Citrus genotypes display distinct metabolic fingerprints characterized by different bioactive compound profiles, potentially underlying variations in antioxidant, cardioprotective, lipid-lowering, and anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusions: The integration of high-resolution genotyping and metabolic profiling supports the selection of superior genotypes for standardized, evidence-based nutraceuticals. Future advances in precision breeding are expected to further enhance the health-promoting traits of these Mediterranean species. Full article