Search Results (14,840)

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer robust, cost-effective, and highly selective alternatives to fragile biological receptors. Specifically, electropolymerization has emerged as a versatile strategy that enables the precise, in situ formation of uniform MIP films directly on electrode surfaces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electropolymerized MIPs (eMIPs) supported on advanced carbon-based materials for electrochemical (bio)sensing. We emphasize how the synergistic integration of eMIPs with carbonaceous architectures significantly enhances electron transfer, active surface area, and overall analytical sensitivity. Key fabrication aspects are systematically discussed, including monomer selection, electropolymerization parameters, and efficient template removal. A central aspect of this work is the critical categorization of sensing mechanisms into direct and indirect detection strategies. This distinction elucidates how eMIPs can quantify a broad spectrum of electroactive and non-electroactive targets in complex matrices, while strategically avoiding excessively high applied potentials. Finally, alongside outlining the transition of these systems into portable technologies, we address a critical shortcoming in the current literature: the urgent need for analytical standardization through the rigorous reporting of Imprinting and Selectivity Factors using Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP) controls. Full article

Background: Immune mechanisms are increasingly implicated in the heterogeneity of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a latent immunomodulatory herpesvirus, is linked to cognitive and immunological alterations, but its electrophysiological correlates remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the relationships among CMV serostatus, EEG features, inflammatory markers, and clinical–cognitive variables. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 123 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders underwent integrated clinical, cognitive, laboratory, and qualitative visual EEG assessments. CMV exposure was determined via IgG serology. Results: Global electroencephalographic EEG organization did not differ by CMV serostatus. However, a descriptive increase in resting-state sharp-wave discharges was observed in CMV-seronegative patients, independent of baseline cortical rhythms. Immunologically, CMV-seropositive individuals exhibited significantly higher total leukocyte counts, consistent with latent viral immune remodeling rather than overt systemic inflammation. Clinically, CMV-seropositive patients demonstrated descriptively higher scores on the disorganization dimension derived from the PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) five-factor consensus model. While these variations did not retain statistical significance after multiple testing correction, separate dimensional analyses revealed that patients exhibiting sharp waves demonstrated better overall cognitive functioning and superior performance within a memory-related item grouping. Notably, the presence of sharp-wave activity was independent of both peripheral inflammatory profiles and treatment-resistant status, underscoring a distinct electrophysiological phenotype. Conclusions: CMV exposure represents a modulating biological background associated with corrected leukocyte elevations and subtle electrophysiological variability, rather than a direct determinant of global clinical severity. The nominal EEG variations and their independent link to better-preserved memory performance highlight non-linear neuroimmune interactions. Given the cross-sectional design, these exploratory patterns warrant a non-causal interpretation but outline a foundation for future longitudinal investigations. Full article

Objectives: This study aimed to develop curcumin nanoparticles (Cur@PCL-PEG-MF/cRGDfc) with retinal-targeting capability and to evaluate their biological effects and pharmacological mechanisms in vitro. Methods: After synthesis of the carrier framework, metformin (MF) and cRGDfc were conjugated to the carrier material using the carbodiimide method and Michael addition reaction, respectively. Subsequently, self-assembled nanoparticles were formed from the carrier and curcumin under specific conditions. The materials were characterized by spectroscopy, chromatography, elemental analysis, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The efficacy of the formulation was evaluated in two cell lines, ARPE-19 and HUVEC-T1. In addition, the pharmacological mechanism was explored using transcriptome sequencing as a complementary approach. Key Findings: Self-assembled nanoparticles were successfully prepared by combining the two modified carrier materials, PCL-PEG-MF and PCL-PEG-cRGDfc, with curcumin. The nanoparticles exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 78.09%, a particle size of 162.33 nm, and a zeta potential of −23.28 mV and displayed a spherical morphology. They showed sustained release in simulated physiological conditions and stronger affinity for ARPE-19 cells under oxidative stress. Nearly 100% of the nanoparticles were internalized by the cells, which was accompanied by reduced ROS and LDH release and decreased DNA fragmentation. In addition, the nanoparticles inhibited neovascularization by reducing VEGF-A release, thereby potentially protecting the retina in macular degeneration and reducing choroidal hemorrhage. Further analyses showed that curcumin and its nanoformulations significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18, lowered the protein levels of Caspase-1, GSDMD-N, and NLRP3, and increased AMPK levels. Conclusions: Using PCL-PEG as the carrier framework, MF and cRGDfc were conjugated to construct a curcumin-loaded nanoparticle with retinal-targeting capability. This nanoparticle, characterized by a small particle size, sustained release, and targeted delivery to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells under oxidative stress, alleviated oxidative stress-induced damage. Its therapeutic effect may be mediated, at least in part, by interference with the AMPK/mTOR pathway and activation of the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway. Full article

Early flowering-related factors play pivotal roles in coordinating plant growth and reproductive development. In this study, we investigated the biological function of early flowering gene (ELF) in Arabidopsis thaliana using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and construction of overexpression approaches. Two independent ELF overexpression (OE-ELF) and genome-edited (ge-elf) lines were generated and systemically analyzed. ELF overexpression significantly enhanced early seedling performance, increasing germination rate and seedling fresh weight by up to 8.7%, while genome-edited lines exhibited a marked reduction. Root growth was strongly promoted in OE-ELF plants, with root length increase of 85% and 75%, whereas ge-elf lines showed a reduction of up to 48%. At later developmental stages, OE-ELF plants displayed enhanced vegetative growth, including increased leaf length (32%), leaf area (91%), and accelerated flowering (21% earlier than wild type). In contrast, ge-elf delayed flowering by up to 25% and resulted in compact plant architecture. Reproductive development was severely compromised in ge-elf plants, which exhibited malformed inflorescences, reduced pollen germination, shortened silique (45%), and a drastic decrease in seed number per silique (70%). Conversely, OE-ELF plants showed increased silique number and seed per silique. Molecular analysis revealed that ELF positively regulates key flowering-related genes, including FLC, SOC1, AP1, and LFY, which correlated strongly with growth and reproductive traits. Our results demonstrate that ELF functions as a central regulator integrating vegetative growth, floral development, male fertility, and seed production in Arabidopsis thaliana. Full article

Salmonella remains one of the most critical zoonotic pathogens in the poultry sector, linked to animal disease, foodborne illness, and the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Poultry acts as a major reservoir, enabling Salmonella transmission from hatchery to retail products through horizontal, vertical, and environmental routes. Despite the use of biosecurity, vaccination, antibiotics, and chemical decontamination, effective and sustainable control across the poultry value chain remains difficult, particularly in the face of rising multidrug-resistant strains and growing consumer concerns over chemical residues. Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that selectively infect and lyse bacteria, have emerged as a promising biological alternative for Salmonella control. Although many studies have reported the effectiveness of phages against bacterial species, including Salmonella, in the poultry industry, reports on their full potential to combat antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella across the entire poultry value chain remain limited. Therefore, this review synthesizes current evidence on the application of phages throughout the poultry value chain, including on-farm interventions, processing plant decontamination, and food packaging and storage. Findings from the reviewed articles indicate over a 90% reduction in Salmonella spp. in poultry farms and post-harvest meat, along with lower mortality in phage-treated groups compared to untreated groups; however, these outcomes depend on several factors (e.g., phage strains, concentrations, application methods, and environmental conditions). Laboratory, pilot, and field studies consistently demonstrate that phage preparations, especially when formulated as cocktails or combined with complementary interventions, can achieve substantial reductions in Salmonella, including antibiotic-resistant serovars, in live birds, eggs, poultry environments, and meat products. Unlike antibiotics and chemical sanitizers, phages act with high specificity, preserving beneficial microbiota and maintaining the sensory and nutritional quality of poultry products. Their safety has been supported by toxicological and genomic assessments, and several phage-based products have obtained regulatory approval, including Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status for food applications in the United States. By integrating efficacy, safety, regulatory, and practical deployment data, this review highlights bacteriophages as a scientifically validated and One Health–aligned tool capable of reducing Salmonella transmission from farm to fork across the poultry value chain, thereby laying the foundation for their future adoption in the poultry industry. Phage-based interventions offer a sustainable pathway to enhance food safety, limit antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dissemination, and strengthen consumer confidence in poultry products. However, the major limitation is the emergence of phage-resistant bacterial strains, as well as the potential involvement of some phages in the transfer of resistance and virulence genes, which could raise public concern. Nevertheless, the use of phage cocktails and whole-genome sequencing, involving tools such as ResFinder and virulence finder, can facilitate the selection of safe phages for application. Full article

Background and Objectives: Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) represents the tissue-based manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Despite their shared biological background, patients with SLL have been underrepresented in CLL-focused clinical trials, and data addressing the clinical behavior of pure nodal SLL remain scarce. The present study aimed to identify factors associated with time to first treatment (TTFT) and progression-only survival in patients with pure nodal SLL. Materials and Methods: In this prospective observational study, 46 patients with pure nodal SLL were included and followed for a median duration of approximately 5 years. Clinical, laboratory, histopathological, and TP53-related parameters were evaluated for their prognostic impact on TTFT and progression-only survival. Results: On univariable analysis, advanced-stage disease, hemoglobin < 10 g/dL, elevated serum β2M, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, del(17p), and aberrant p53 immunohistochemical expression were significantly associated with shorter TTFT and progression-only survival. Conclusions: Pure nodal SLL is a heterogeneous entity with a variable clinical course. Easily assessable clinical and biological parameters, including TP53 abnormalities, may help predict treatment requirement and disease progression, thereby contributing to better risk stratification and more individualized management. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated significantly shorter time-to-first-treatment (TTFT) among patients with elevated β2M levels (≥3.5 mg/L), bulky lymphadenopathy (≥5 cm), and advanced-stage disease. Full article

Sensory impairment affects over 1.3 billion people worldwide, yet the field still lacks a mechanistically specified theoretical framework explaining how communication inaccessibility contributes to stress-related health disparities in these populations. Existing models remain fragmented, addressing biological, psychological, and social factors in isolation rather than as interconnected systems. This concept paper presents the Communication-Endocrine-Stress Adaptive Regulation (CESAR) Model, an integrative biopsychosocial framework that integrates communication access, social support, stress regulation, and neuroendocrine function into a unified causal pathway. The CESAR model proposes that sensory impairment creates communication barriers may reduce social support, increase perceived stress, dysregulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, and ultimately impact reproductive health and psychological well-being. This integrative framework synthesizes evidence from disability studies, stress physiology, and communication sciences to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation for understanding adaptation in sensory-impaired populations. The model incorporates feedback loops, moderating factors (sex, age, impairment type, duration), and environmental contexts (accessibility policies, healthcare access) that influence adaptive outcomes. By proposing specific causal pathways and testable hypotheses, the CESAR model provides a roadmap for future empirical research and targeted interventions that address the root causes of health disparities in sensory-impaired populations rather than merely treating symptoms. Full article

Dimensional and transdiagnostic models have become central to contemporary efforts to move psychiatric nosology beyond DSM/ICD categories. This shift reflects persistent limitations of categorical syndromes as final biological targets, including within-diagnosis heterogeneity, cross-diagnostic comorbidity, developmental instability, and incomplete alignment with underlying mechanisms. This article examines a central unresolved problem in this transition: when, if ever, a descriptive or predictive psychiatric dimension can be interpreted as a candidate disease axis. We conducted a conceptual synthesis of major dimensional and transdiagnostic frameworks, including Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), the general psychopathology factor, cross-disorder genomic models, clinical staging approaches, and data-driven subtyping. The analysis separates three levels of inference that are often conflated in psychiatric research: descriptive structure, predictive utility, and disease-level biological validity. The synthesis identifies a recurrent inferential error in which reproducible factors, clusters, or classifiers are prematurely treated as evidence of disease architecture. Such constructs may describe real covariance patterns or improve prognostic prediction without establishing biological validity. We propose an eight-domain hierarchical framework for promotion to candidate disease-axis status, organized into four core gatekeepers—replication across cohorts, ascertainment, and methods, developmental coherence, incremental prognostic value beyond diagnosis and nonspecific severity, and discriminability from nonspecific severity—and four supporting/disciplining domains: cross-level convergence, mechanistic constraint, clinical leverage, and explicit falsifiability/boundary conditions. On this basis, middle-level transdiagnostic spectra and selected cross-disorder genomic liabilities appear more defensible as candidate disease axes than highly global or weakly specified constructs. Psychiatry was justified in turning toward dimensional models, but dimensionality alone does not confer biological validity. The key task is not to choose between categories and dimensions, but to define the evidential thresholds under which dimensional constructs warrant ontological promotion. Full article

Background: Meralgia paresthetica (MP) of the lateral femoral cutaneous is a rare, nerve-entrapment condition, often related to an inflammatory and fibrotic pathological component. Although most cases resolve with conservative management, refractory presentations may require interventional or surgical treatment. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has demonstrated emerging potential in peripheral neuropathies through anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and antifibrotic mechanisms. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 64-year-old professional scuba diving instructor with occupational MP related to repetitive compression from a tight lead weight belt. Symptoms persisted for six months despite conservative therapies. Clinical examination supported lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) entrapment. The patient underwent three serial perineural PRP injections prepared from autologous blood and administered along the inguinal course of the nerve. Progressive symptom reduction was observed after each session, reaching approximately 90% improvement at two months. At six months, the patient was pain-free and had returned to full professional activity without limitations. Discussion: Occupational microcompression may induce intraneural edema, ischemia, and perineural fibrosis, creating a biological substrate amenable to regenerative intervention. PRP delivers concentrated growth factors capable of promoting axonal regeneration, angiogenesis, and modulation of the neuroinflammatory microenvironment. Preclinical and clinical evidence in other compressive neuropathies supports this translational rationale. Conclusions: Perineural PRP infiltration may represent a safe and promising regenerative strategy for refractory occupational MP. Controlled clinical studies are needed to define optimal protocols, patient selection criteria, and long-term efficacy in peripheral compressive neuropathies. Full article

Integral membrane proteins (IMPs), which constitute 50–60% of drug targets, play essential roles in numerous biological processes but remain underrepresented in conventional bottom-up and structural proteomics owing to their hydrophobicity and resistance to proteolysis. Although advances in IMP proteomics have improved global IMP detection, most efforts focus on proteome-scale protein identification rather than targeted structural analysis. Protein footprinting and cross-linking, two approaches in structural proteomics, require high sequence coverage and protein digestion to peptides of suitable length for structural elucidation, necessitating optimized digestion condition for individual IMPs. Here, we report a digestion protocol tailored for structural mass spectrometry and evaluate its performance by using a single amphipathic IMP model featuring distinct extramembrane and transmembrane domains. We evaluated the use of various protease–additive combinations and applied filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) to remove detergents and surfactants efficiently prior to MS analysis. The optimized conditions consistently yielded >90% sequence coverage. Guided by MS retention time calibration and hydrophobic factor simulations, we identified a “sweet spot” for transmembrane peptide detection. Notably, although cleavable surfactants can enhance proteome-wide coverage, our results show that they are not essential for single protein studies as they are in structural proteomics. Instead, detergent removal, protease selection, and generation of suitably sized peptides are critical for enabling reliable bottom-up structural analysis of IMPs. The protocol developed here provides a practical framework for optimizing digestion conditions in IMP characterization. Full article

Background: Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common hereditary cause of colorectal cancer (CRC), and colorectal surveillance has been shown to reduce death from CRC in this high-risk population. This study aimed to examine adherence to recommended endoscopic surveillance intervals in a LS cohort and identify factors associated with adherence. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of 1403 lower endoscopic procedure (LEP) reports from 540 individuals with LS completed between May 2001 and September 2023. Adherence was calculated by comparing the endoscopists’ recommended interval to the actual date of the subsequent procedure. Reports from individuals with ≥2 LEPs and those with follow-up intervals within the study period were included (n = 1170). A mixed-effect logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with adherence. Results: Among 1170 LEPs from 295 LS carriers, 67.4% were performed within the recommended interval. However, 68.8% of individuals had at least one procedure that was delayed. Increased adherence was significantly associated with prior detection of CRC (OR 9.30, 95% CI 1.16–74.32, p = 0.035) on an LEP. Marital status was significantly associated with adherence, with higher rates among married (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.05–2.85, p = 0.030) and divorced/widowed individuals (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.14–4.72, p = 0.020). Current smokers had a lower rate of adherence (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13–0.82, p = 0.018). No significant associations were observed with age, biological sex, race, or insurance status. Conclusions: Nearly one third of LEPs in our LS cohort were delayed. Efforts to address barriers and enhance adherence are essential to optimize outcomes for this high-risk population. Full article

Globally, Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is known as the most effective biological control agent due to its ability to parasitize insect pest eggs. However, identifying an appropriate host is vital for Trichogramma to prosper. Therefore, this study delves into the complex role of semiochemicals in shaping the host-seeking behavior of Trichogramma parasitoids, with a particular focus on their responses to both plant-derived and host-derived cues. The mechanism of semiochemical reception in Trichogramma wasps relies on a highly specialized, sensitive olfactory and gustatory system to locate host eggs and mates. Semiochemicals, which mediate ecological interactions, have been identified as pivotal in influencing the parasitic efficiency of Trichogramma species. Trichogramma’s host-seeking behavior is influenced not solely by ovipositional cues but also by the intrinsic physical attributes of Lepidopteran hosts, such as the scales on the wings and abdomen, which emit semiochemicals capable of eliciting positive chemotactic responses, thereby guiding parasitoids toward optimal sites for oviposition. Furthermore, the interplay between insect-derived and plant-derived chemical cues exhibits a synergistic effect, collectively enhancing the chemotactic attraction of Trichogramma, thereby fine-tuning its host-seeking behavior with greater precision and specificity. This study further underscores Trichogramma’s innate behavioral ability to discriminate between host eggs of varying developmental stages, facilitating the precise identification and selection of the most suitable host for parasitization. Age and experience both make Trichogramma more selective of hosts, but younger parasitoids may take a broader approach to host selection due to their greater life expectancy. Furthermore, the removal of these cues affects their host localization and learning abilities. Associative learning enables Trichogramma to exhibit flexible behaviors, providing them with a selective advantage; allows them to explore various hosts; and reduces environmental uncertainty. Plant structure, host density, and host age are the key factors that significantly influence the foraging and parasitism of Trichogramma. The searching speed of this parasitoid is significantly influenced by temperature. Heat stress increases VOC emissions in plants such as potato via stomatal opening, reducing herbivore attraction and enhancing parasitoid recruitment. Furthermore, air pollution, including CO₂, O₃, and NOx, impairs parasitoid efficiency by disrupting volatile-mediated host location and reducing biological control performance. Trichogramma wasps are generally effective biological control agents, but their success depends on the species used, target pest, crop, release density, and field conditions. Overall, species such as T. ostriniae, T. japonicum, and T. leucaniae show the strongest performance in several crops by increasing parasitism, reducing pest damage, and improving yield. This study highlights the successful integration of semiochemical cues in pest management programs and the effective utilization of Trichogramma in conjunction with entomopathogenic bacteria to control Lepidopteran pests. This approach contributes to the development of more effective pest management strategies, thereby promoting agricultural sustainability. Full article

Recently, there has been great interest in AI-based approaches for de novo design of novel drug candidates. However, the generation of useful lead drug candidate compounds requires more than predicting engagement with the desired protein target. Candidate molecules must also be anchored in the real world of medicinal chemistry for their synthesis and modification as well as satisfying multiple drug development-related criteria. Here, we present Nevermore, an AI target-conditioned, database-grounded workflow for prioritizing candidate ligands from large compound libraries. Nevermore uses a geometry-aware protein–ligand affinity oracle to score target-specific binding and perform sparse integer edits in count-based Morgan fingerprint space. Nevermore then retrieves the most structurally similar molecules from public chemical databases. This design enables multi-objective search over predicted affinity and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) proxies while keeping all candidates anchored to valid database compounds. We evaluated Nevermore’s performance across three biologically distinct targets: Menin, a protein-interaction target relevant to leukemia; SARS-CoV-2 M^pro, a viral cysteine protease relevant to antiviral discovery; and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a kinase-superfamily oncology target with extensive experimentally tested compounds. Nevermore retrieved candidate sets with favorable predicted affinity–property trade-offs. These results support database-grounded fingerprint steering as a practical computational strategy for lead prioritization and for generating testable molecular hypotheses, although the prioritized candidates remain predictions, requiring follow-up experimental validation. Full article

Earthworms possess a highly developed innate immune system based on the coordinated activity of coelomocytes and humoral factors present in the coelomic fluid. These immune components play a central role in host defence against pathogens, maintenance of physiological homeostasis, and adaptation to environmental stressors. Coelomocytes exhibit remarkable functional and morphological diversity, including participation in phagocytosis, encapsulation, extracellular trap formation, cytotoxic responses, wound healing, and regulation of oxidative and osmotic stress. In addition, coelomic fluid contains numerous biologically active molecules, such as lysenin, coelomic cytolytic factor 1, perforin, serine proteases, lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides, and pattern recognition receptors, which contribute to cellular and humoral immune responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that earthworm coelomocytes are highly sensitive to environmental pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, nanomaterials, and microplastics, highlighting their importance in ecotoxicological research and soil biomonitoring. Furthermore, antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and cytotoxic activities associated with coelomocytes and coelomic fluid suggest promising applications in agriculture, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical research. This review summarises current knowledge regarding the classification, characteristics, immune functions, toxicological responses, and applied significance of earthworm coelomocytes and coelomic fluid, with particular emphasis on their role in environmental monitoring and potential biomedical applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cervical cancer is mainly driven by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), particularly HPV16 and HPV18. Despite advances in cytology, HPV-DNA testing and vaccination, challenges remain in the triage of HPV-positive individuals, prognostic stratification and prediction of treatment response. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs, together with host genetic factors influencing ncRNA expression and emerging lncRNA-encoded peptides, are increasingly recognized as regulators of HPV-associated carcinogenesis. This review summarizes their biological and potential clinical relevance. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus. Eligible studies included experimental, clinical, observational, genomic and translational investigations on ncRNA dysregulation, circulating or exosomal ncRNAs, treatment-response signatures, host genetic variation and lncRNA-encoded peptides in HPV-associated cervical precancer and cancer. Results: HPV oncoproteins can reshape host ncRNA networks through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. Several miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs are involved in cell-cycle control, apoptosis, senescence, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, immune regulation, DNA repair and treatment resistance. Circulating, exosomal and urinary ncRNA signatures have shown diagnostic or prognostic potential in exploratory cohorts. Specific lncRNAs, including ENSG00000267838/lnc-LENG9-5 and lncRNA-EME1, have been associated with chemoradiotherapy response and radioresistance. The lncRNA-encoded peptide TUBORF represents a novel preclinical therapeutic candidate, while genetic variation may further modulate lncRNA function in HPV-related cervical cancer. Conclusions: ncRNAs are promising candidates for risk stratification, non-invasive diagnosis, treatment-response prediction and therapeutic development in HPV-associated cervical disease. However, evidence remains exploratory, requiring prospective multicentre validation and standardized workflows before clinical implementation. Full article