Search Results (428)

Existing research confirms associations between Big Five personality traits and emotional states, yet investigations into how personality traits modulate emotional dynamics and their gender-specific patterns remain limited. The present study developed a TFace-Bi-GRU-SE deep learning model that achieved a weighted accuracy of 63.50 ± 0.98% (peak single-run: 64.96%) and an F1 score of 65.21% in performance testing, with a single-inference time of 14.1 s, outperforming traditional methods. The model processed 10 min video recordings from 30 participants (19,262 observations), generating time-series data for valence (P) and arousal (A). Combined with Big Five personality assessments, continuous-time structural equation modeling (CTSEM) revealed distinct emotional dynamics: both P and A exhibited significant negative autoregression (−0.056 and −0.558, p < 0.001), with A reverting to baseline substantially faster (half-life: 1.2 s) than P (half-life: 12.3 s); cross-lagged effects were nonsignificant (P_A: 0.007; A_P: −0.026, p > 0.05). Arousal demonstrated greater instantaneous volatility (=0.339) than valence (=0.286, p < 0.001), with positive covariation between dimensions (0.218, p = 0.006). Exploratory analyses (N = 30) indicated that higher neuroticism and openness scores were associated with elevated arousal (Cohen’s d > 0.8), whereas higher agreeableness and conscientiousness scores were associated with elevated valence (d > 0.8). Gender moderated the neuroticism–arousal relationship, with more potent effects in females (r = 0.746, p = 0.008). Robustness analyses demonstrated high stability of core DRIFT parameters (P_P, A_A): bootstrap resampling (n = 50) yielded coefficients of variation < 0.35 with 100% directional consistency; subgroup validation confirmed cross-sample invariance. Sensitivity analyses revealed that an additional 8% measurement error induced less than 9% bias (8.3% for both P_P and A_A) in autoregressive parameters while preserving half-life ratios, confirming CTSEM’s capacity to extract reliable dynamics from moderately accurate AI outputs. Bootstrap and Bayesian analyses identified ten personality–DRIFT associations with directional consistency ≥ 70%; these constitute preliminary hypotheses for adequately powered future studies (N ≥ 61). This study provides methodological foundations for personalized affective intervention research. Data and code are publicly available (see Data Availability Statement). Full article

Compared to traditional offline collaboration, current online collaboration often lacks nonverbal social cues, resulting in lower efficiency and a reduced emotional connection between teammates. To address this issue, this study used a two-player collaborative puzzle game as the experimental setting to explore the impact of two nonverbal social cues, emotion and gaze, on collaborative experience and performance. Specifically, this study designed four collaborative modes: with and without teammates’ facial expressions, and with and without teammates’ gaze points. Sixty-two participants took part in the experiment, and each pair was required to complete these four patterns. Subsequently, we analyzed their collaborative experience through subjective questionnaires, objective facial expressions, and gaze overlap rates. The experimental results revealed that teammates’ gaze could effectively enhance collaborative efficiency, while facial expression is key to optimizing subjective experience. Combining both cues further acquires advantages in cognitive and emotional dimensions, leading to improved performance outcomes. The study also indicated that facial expressions could alleviate the social pressure triggered by shared gaze from teammates. Additionally, the study also examined how personality differences influenced collaborative experiences and performance. The results indicated that individuals with high agreeableness actively seek social cues, leading to more positive collaborative experiences. This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the interactive mechanisms of cognitive and emotional processes during online collaboration, and points the way toward designing adaptive, personalized intelligent collaborative systems. Full article

Research on financial risk tolerance and risk-taking increasingly incorporates personality traits into predictive and descriptive models of risk-taking behavior; however, intercorrelations among traits can obscure the unique contributions of individual traits. This is known as the suppressor effect. This study employed a two-stage analytic framework to test and adjust for suppressor effects across the Big Five personality dimensions in describing financial risk tolerance. In Stage 1, correlation and OLS regression analyses identified suppression patterns, revealing that the explanatory validity of some factors was distorted by shared variance. In Stage 2, suppression-adjusted trait estimates were used to reassess their unique association with financial risk-taking mediated through financial risk tolerance. Results indicate that Openness to Experience and Extraversion are the strongest descriptors of financial risk-taking once suppressor effects are controlled. At the same time, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness contribute modestly and context-dependently to descriptions of financial risk-taking. These findings demonstrate that ignoring suppression effects can lead to mischaracterizing the role of personality in financial decision-making. This study shows that more precise estimates of trait influences can improve theoretical models of investor behavior and enhance the delivery of financial advice and education. Full article

Moving beyond traditional sociodemographic models, this study investigates the psychometric drivers of lexical change. Using Swiss German as a case study, we compare historical data from the Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz (1939–1958) with a recent large-scale app-based survey (N = 1013) to quantify trajectories over the past century. We identify four distinct mechanisms: exogenous convergence (Schmetterling), endo-normative leveling (Rande), endogenous innovation and divergence (schlittschuhlaufen), and diachronic persistence (Stäge). For the locally rooted speakers in our dataset, structural analysis indicates that traditional variables carry less weight than expected. While age remains the primary vertical predictor, psychological factors outperform traditional variables (e.g., gender, social networks) in this environment of ubiquitous exposure. Multivariate models demonstrate that lexical choices are strongly influenced by individual disposition: traits such as agreeableness accelerate the adoption of supraregional forms, whereas a strong local identity functions as a “brake” against standardization. Ultimately, while macro-factors create the pressure for change, individual micro-factors determine whether it takes hold. A speaker’s attitude acts as a “filter” and their personality as a “gate,” deciding whether they accept or resist new forms. These findings challenge purely structural accounts, suggesting that for these locally rooter speakers, even without high physical mobility, lexical change is shaped by a psychometric architecture. Full article

Research using latent profile analysis (LPA) has yielded inconsistent results regarding the number of personality profiles among athletes, the specific configuration of the Big Five traits, and their interpretation. This study seeks to explore personality types by excluding additional variables from the LPA model, aiming to assess how well personality profiles are universal (independent of gender and cultural context) and can predict academic achievement in student athletes. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire among 424 student athletes from two universities in Poland and Ukraine. The average age of participants was 20 years old (M = 20.01; SD = 2.48), 62% were male, 53% lived in Poland, and 58% studied Sports Sciences vs. 42% Physical Education. The Mini-International Personality Item Pool (Mini-IPIP) was used to assess the Big Five personality traits, and grade point average (GPA) was used to measure students’ academic achievements in the last semester. The LPA identified four personality profiles: (1) Restrained Neurotic (Profile 1, 32%), Open Extravert (Profile 2, 42%), Competitive Neurotic (Profile 3, 17%), and Cooperative Perfectionist (Profile 4, 8%). Profiles 1, 3, and 4 showed similarly low levels of emotional stability, extraversion, and intellect but differed significantly in agreeableness and conscientiousness. Gender and country differences across athletes representing specific profiles were also noted. Profile 2 showed the strongest link with academic achievement. Hierarchical multiple linear regression showed that LPA profiles explained only 2% of GPA variance, compared to Big Five personality traits (9%) and demographic variables, such as sex, country, and study major (8%), which were also included in the following steps in the regression model, explaining only 9% and 8%, respectively. Most student athletes (52%) with personality profiles 1 (Restrained Neurotic), 3 (Competitive Neurotic), and 4 (Cooperative Perfectionist) may require psychological training to better cope with negative emotions and stress arising in competitive and academic settings. Profile 2 (Open Extravert) seems to be the most adaptive and potentially successful personality type. Personality types are, at least to some extent, related to gender and country of residence. More cross-cultural research is required to further verify the types of athletic personalities. Full article

This study investigated an integrative mediation model examining whether anxiety and depression mediate the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and the severity of alcohol and nicotine dependence among psychiatric patients with neurotic disorders (ICD-10 codes F40–F48). A cross-sectional design was conducted on a clinical sample of 232 patients (57.3 female; mean age = 48.58, SD = 10.77) using standardized instruments: Big Five Inventory (BFI-44), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Data were analyzed using MLR mediation modeling. The model explained 32.6 of the variance in nicotine dependence and 27.1 in alcohol dependence. Results revealed a pattern of complete mediation: neuroticism had no direct effect on addiction but influenced alcohol dependence exclusively through anxiety (p = 0.001) and nicotine dependence through depressive symptoms (p = 0.012). Extraversion and agreeableness showed a dual role, exerting significant direct positive paths toward addiction severity (p = 0.005) while simultaneously reducing it through negative indirect effects on affective distress. Overall, neuroticism was confirmed as a universal risk factor for mental health issues. These findings suggest that personality-driven addiction in neurotic patients is operationalized through specific clinical symptoms, highlighting the necessity for therapeutic interventions focused on targeted affect regulation and social assertiveness to mitigate substance use in this population. Full article

People are generally willing to help others maintain a basic life, but their willingness to help others pursue a luxury life—and the motivations underlying such decisions—remain unclear. Study 1 examined willingness to help and emotion expectancy in response to demand for necessary versus luxury items, taking helpers’ agreeableness and the controllability of the causes of others’ adversity into account. Study 2 further tested whether helpers’ cost of helping or the utilitarian goals of what others wanted would explain willingness to help and emotion expectancy. A total of 308 university students, acting as potential helpers, were randomly assigned to different helping scenarios. Study 1 found that demand for luxury items reduced both willingness to help and expected happiness, regardless of personality or situational factors. Study 2 showed that among participants low in agreeableness, low utilitarian goals consistently reduced willingness to help, suggesting an other-centric motivation. Among participants high in agreeableness, low utilitarian goals reduced willingness to help only when helping costs were high, indicating a trade-off between other-centric and egocentric motivations. These findings reveal that although people tend to be unwilling to help others pursue a luxury life, the motivations guiding this reluctance depend on individuals’ levels of agreeableness. Full article

The relationship between personality and the various aspects of human cognition that influence behavior has long been recognized as central to understanding individual differences. The study investigates the relationship between personality and aesthetic preference, in relation to a specific category of objects (hats). An online questionnaire showing grayscale images of 34 iconic types of hats (Set 1) and eight types of baseball caps (Set 2) was presented to 539 Italian adults, asking them to rate how much they liked them and how likely they were to wear them. The Big Five Inventory-2 was used to evaluate personality. Significant associations were found between the five personality traits (open mindedness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and negative emotionality) and the participants’ ratings of both liking and willingness to wear the hats in both Sets 1 and 2. The results of the study are relevant not only for basic research but also, potentially, suggest applicative developments in the domain of design and customized recommendation systems. Full article

The availability of the Internet in current society has brought about the development of Internet addiction and participation in online gambling. This study aimed to examine the associations between Internet addiction and gambling craving with personality traits and psychological well-being (self-esteem and life satisfaction), controlling for gender differences. The sample consisted of 517 Spanish university students (28.6% males), aged 21–23 years (mean age = 21.53 years; SD = 3.76). Participants were administered the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Gambling Craving Scale, Self-Esteem Scale, Mini-IPIP Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The results show that Internet addiction is negatively related to self-esteem, satisfaction with life, and personality traits of agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. In line with these findings, the results concerning gambling craving are particularly noteworthy, revealing significant negative associations with self-esteem, life satisfaction, and the personality traits of agreeableness and openness to experience. This pattern suggests that heightened craving may be linked to broader deficits in psychological well-being and adaptive personality functioning. Finally, the results indicate differences by gender when predicting Internet addiction and gambling craving through personality and psychological well-being. Full article

Background: Reciprocity is a core mechanism of social bonding, signaling whether others are available and willing to provide support. The perception of reciprocity availability fosters trust and belonging, whereas its absence may elicit expectancy violation and negative affect. This study investigated the neural correlates of reciprocity availability (RA) and unavailability (RU) during social interaction. Methods: Thirty healthy adults underwent a social task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan while viewing short vignettes depicting social exchanges differing in reciprocity cues. Univariate and multivariate (MVPA) analyses were used to identify activation and connectivity patterns associated with RA and RU. Affective responses, reaction times, and personality traits were correlated with neural activity. Results: RA engaged the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, temporoparietal junction, and visual cortices. RU elicited greater activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and temporal pole, along with enhanced connectivity between visual and parieto-temporal regions. In exploratory analyses, agreeableness correlated with ventromedial prefrontal activation during RA, whereas depressive temperament correlated with temporal pole activity during RU. Conclusions: Reciprocity availability versus unavailability engages distinct large-scale networks for socio-emotional integration and expectancy monitoring, defining a mechanistic framework for studying disrupted reciprocity in psychopathology. Full article

Background: During social foraging, individuals typically adopt one of two mutually exclusive strategies: (1) producing, which involves searching for, discovering, and acquiring resources, or (2) scrounging, which entails exploiting resources previously discovered by others. The distribution of these strategies within a group is referred to as the Producer–Scrounger (P-S) Game. Although the influence of personality on the Producer–Scrounger Game has been examined in non-human species through measures of individual differences, few studies have yet explored this relationship in humans. Objective: We aimed to examine the association between social foraging strategies and personality traits in human participants, using the Big Five dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, with their higher-order metatraits measured as composite scores: stability and plasticity, and psychopathy traits measured with the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD): callous–unemotional, impulsivity, and narcissism. Methods: Forty-five participants completed the Guaymas Foraging Task (GFT), designed to simulate a social foraging scenario under two 4 min conditions: one in which the cost of producing was 0 s, and another in which it was 8 s. Participants also completed the Big Five Inventory and the APSD. Results: Openness (p = 0.018, R² = 0.124), agreeableness (p = 0.002, R² = 0.209), extraversion (p = 0.019, R² = 0.121), stability (p = 0.022, R² = 0.117), and plasticity (p = 0.007, R² = 0.160) traits were associated with higher producer’s indexes. However, these correlations emerged only under the low-cost condition. No correlations were found between the producer’s index and psychopathic traits; nonetheless, participants above the APSD’s cutoff score scrounged significantly more, but only in the low-cost condition. Conclusions: Individual differences such as personality seem to be correlated with different foraging strategies; nonetheless, the behavioral expression of these traits seems to diminish when the environment is not favorable for their preferred strategy. Full article

In the workplace, there are situations that arise where an individual can make courageous decisions in the face of adversity. This research used an evolutionary-based personality approach to examine the dispositional predictors of the tendency to make courageous decisions in the workplace. More specifically, this study examined personality, risk-taking propensity, and resilience as predictor variables for courageous decision-making in the workplace. We presented participants (N = 1343) with Behavioral Courage Scales designed for this study (one was completely self-report and the other was a behavioroid measure), along with the Ten-Item Personality Inventory, which taps the Big Five personality traits (TIPI), Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), and the General Risk Propensity Scale (GRiPS). Correlational analyses demonstrated significant positive relationships between courageous decision-making and extraversion, openness, emotional stability, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and risk-taking propensity. Importantly, when it came to self-reported courage, we found that risk-taking propensity was negatively correlated with dispositional courage, whereas risk-taking propensity was positively related to intentions of courageous action. Overall, these findings suggest that traits such as agreeableness and conscientiousness might predict courageous and altruistic behaviors that benefit coworkers, even when it might cause conflict that brings a net reduction to the benefits of the individual. Full article

Background: Type B Aortic Dissection (TBAD) management relies on risk stratification, yet evidence-based tool adoption remains inconsistent in National Health Services (NHSs). Bridging the gap between Emergency Medicine (EM) and Vascular Surgery remains essential for timely diagnosis, optimal risk stratification, and appropriate intervention to improve outcomes and reduce mortality. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of EM consultants yielded n = 173 valid responses from n = 33 units across the UK. Subgroup analyses were conducted using a Chi-square test (p < 0.05) alongside descriptive analysis. A pooled prevalence analysis of the literature, utilizing a random-effects model at a 95% confidence interval (CI), served as a benchmark for perception analysis. Agreement was evaluated using Bland–Altman analysis, incorporating upper, lower, and overall bias of agreeability. Results: Access to a rapid Computed Tomography Angiogram (CTA) was 70% (95% CI: 63.3–76.8%, p < 0.001), while 32% had standard operating procedures (SOPs) for TBAD (95% CI: 25.3–39.1%), and 26% were aware of any decision tool (95% CI: 20.6–33.6%). Labetalol as a first-line antihypertensive was more common amongst least experience (p < 0.05). TBAD diagnosis increased 1.6-fold with every 4 years of additional experience (p < 0.05). Perception analysis showed strong agreement for pain (characteristics and location), hypertension, gender, and age with moderate-to-low agreement for other factors with a reported bias of 23.58% (−38.20% to 85.36%) (p = 0.02). Conclusions: The survey suggests a degree of misperception and inconsistency in recognition of most and least prevalence factors for TBAD suspicion and management. This outcome advocates targeted strategies to enhance diagnostic accuracy using tools aligned with NHS resources and QALY frameworks. Furthermore, upon recognition of the most prevalent factors, CTA and specialist referral is advocated. Full article

Although AI integration in education is accelerating, professional development for Chinese EFL teachers remains predominantly techno-centric and lacks disciplinary specificity, resulting in persistently lower levels of AI literacy. To address this, this study used an eight-week AI-Integrated Genre-Based Pedagogy (AI-GBP) module grounded in Situated Learning Theory and TPACK. A quasi-experimental, explanatory, sequential, and mixed-methods design was employed to compare the AI-GBP module with a generic AI-literacy program among 64 Chinese college EFL teachers (n = 32 per group). Quantitative data from pre- and post-intervention surveys were analyzed using ANCOVA and MANCOVA to determine differences, while qualitative data from semi-structured interviews underwent thematic analysis. Quantitative findings indicated statistically significant gains in overall AI literacy as well as in its subcomponents, particularly regarding practical application and critical appraisal, among teachers in the AI-GBP group compared with the control group. Qualitative findings revealed certain developmental shift from tool-oriented AI use toward more critical and pedagogically relevant engagement, including teachers’ increased ability to identify model bias, contextual mismatch, and ‘agreeableness’ AI possesses. These findings suggest that embedding AI learning within more pedagogically and contextually appropriate situations (e.g., genre-based pedagogy) can support EFL teachers’ sustainable and critical integration and understanding of AI in their professional practice. Full article

Personality traits are well-established predictors of safety behavior in construction, yet the cognitive mechanisms through which these traits influence such behavior remain poorly understood. In particular, hazard recognition and risk perception are underexamined cognitive mediators that elucidate how personality traits shape safety behavior. Moreover, the mediating effects of these cognitive processes are likely to vary across individuals, reflecting heterogeneity in background characteristics. Neglecting these mediating processes and their differentiated effects not only limits theoretical understanding of the pathways linking personality traits to safety behavior but also undermines the effectiveness of safety interventions. To address this gap, this study develops a framework incorporating cognitive mediators to examine how personality traits influence safety behavior (safety compliance and participation). The hypothesized cognitive-mediation pathways were tested using structural equation modeling based on offline questionnaire data collected from 213 site managers and workers. The findings reveal distinct cognitive pathways through which personality traits shape safety behavior. Extraversion and openness indirectly reduced safety compliance and safety participation by weakening hazard recognition and risk perception, either independently or sequentially. In contrast, agreeableness and conscientiousness enhanced safety behavior by strengthening these same cognitive processes. Higher education levels positively moderated certain mediating effects, whereas extensive work experience exerted mixed influences on specific pathways, facilitating some and inhibiting others depending on context. These findings deepen understanding of the internal mechanisms through which personality traits influence safety behavior via risk cognition. By identifying differentiated pathways across groups, this study further refines the theoretical framework explaining construction workers’ safety behavior. In addition, the theoretical insights generated by this study offer proactive and effective directions for safety practice, including improving person–job fit, designing targeted risk cognition training, and implementing stratified safety management strategies. Full article