Search Results (132)

In recent years, polymer-based hybrid nanocomposites have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional heavy metal shields due to their low density, flexibility, and environmental safety. In this study, the synthesis of PS-PEG copolymers and the gamma radiation-shielding properties of PS-PEG/As₂O₃, PS-PEG/BN, and PS-PEG/As₂O₃/BN nanocomposites with different compositions are investigated. The goal is to find the optimal nanocomposite composition for gamma radiation shielding and dosimetry. Therefore, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), effective atomic number, mean free path (MFP), radiation shielding efficiency (RPE), electron density, and specific gamma-ray constant were presented. Gamma rays emitted by the Eu source were detected by a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector device. GammaVision was used to analyze the given data. Photon energy was in the vicinity of 121.8–1408.0 keV. The MAC values in XCOM simulation tools were used to compute. Gamma-shielding efficiency was increased by an increased number of NPs at a smaller photon energy. At 121.8 keV, the HVL of a composite with 70 wt% As₂O₃ NPs is 2.00 cm, which is comparable to the HVL of lead (0.56 cm) at the same energy level. Due to the increasing need for lightweight, flexible, and lead-free shielding materials, PS-b-PEG copolymer-based nanocomposites reinforced with arsenic oxide and BN NPs will be materials of significant interest for next-generation radiation protection applications. Full article

Due to environmental disasters caused by the use of plastic packaging, particularly expanded polystyrene (EPS), there is an urgent need to identify sustainable alternatives. Biodegradable foams derived from renewable polysaccharides have emerged as highly promising candidates to replace EPS, given their comparable cushioning and barrier properties. However, despite the rapid growth of research in this area, there has not yet been a comprehensive review addressing biodegradable foams as a specific class of packaging materials, particularly regarding their processing routes, raw materials, and functionalization. This work discusses conventional techniques for producing biodegradable foams, such as thermoforming and extrusion, as well as innovative methods, including supercritical fluids and 3D printing. It also examines key renewable polysaccharides and the incorporation of agro-industrial residues into foam matrices, aiming to improve performance and reduce costs. Furthermore, the article highlights advances in composite and nanocomposite foams, with particular emphasis on active properties such as ethylene absorption and antimicrobial activity capable of extending food shelf life. By directing attention to biodegradable foams as substitutes for expanded polystyrene, this review provides a unique contribution, filling a critical gap in the field and offering a foundation for future studies aimed at developing scalable, low-cost, and eco-friendly alternatives to plastics. Full article

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a conductive water-processable polymer with many important applications in organic electronics. The electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS layers is very diverse and can be changed by changing the processing and post-deposition conditions, e.g., by using different solvent additives, doping or modifying the physical conditions of the layer deposition. Despite many years of intensive research on the relationship between the microstructure and properties of these layers, there are still gaps in our knowledge, especially with respect to the detailed understanding of the charge carrier transport mechanism in organic semiconductor thin films. In this work, we investigate the effect of acid doping of PEDOT:PSS thin films on the intra-chain and inter-chain conductivity by developing a model that treats PEDOT:PSS as a nanocomposite material. This model is based on the effective medium theory and uses the percolation theory equation for the electrical conductivity of a mixture of two materials. Here its implementation assumes that the role of the highly conductive material is attributed to the intra-chain conductivity of PEDOT and its quantitative contribution is determined based on the optical Drude–Lorentz model. While the weaker inter-chain conductivity is assumed to originate from the weakly conductive material and is determined based on electrical measurements using the van der Pauw method and coherent nanostructure-dependent analysis. Our studies show that doping with methanesulfonic acid significantly affects both types of conductivity. The intra-chain conductivity of PEDOT increases from 260 to almost 400 Scm⁻¹. Meanwhile, the inter-chain conductivity increases by almost three orders of magnitude, reaching a critical state, i.e., exceeding the percolation threshold. The observed changes in electrical conductivity due to acid doping are attributed to the flattening of the PEDOT/PSS gel nanoparticles. In the model developed here, this flattening is accounted for by the inclusion shape factor. Full article

Polypropylene (PP) dielectric capacitors are crucial for electronics and electric power systems due to their high power density. However, their relatively low energy density limits their practical application in energy storage devices, presenting a long-standing challenge. Montmorillonite (MMT), a natural phyllosilicate mineral abundantly found on earth, features a two-dimensional nanosheet structure and excellent insulating properties. MMT nanosheets have shown promise in enhancing the breakdown strength and energy storage capability of PP dielectric, but compatibility issues with the PP matrix remain a challenge. In this study, we propose a novel surface modification strategy in which polystyrene (PS)-capped MMT (PCM) nanosheets are synthesized through a polymerization–dissolution process. The modified PCM nanosheets demonstrate improved compatibility and are well dispersed within the PP matrix. Optimal loading of the PCM nanosheets effectively dissipate charge energy and hinder the growth of electric trees in the PP matrix. As a result, the PP nanocomposite with 0.2 wt% PCM nanosheets exhibits an enhanced breakdown strength of 619 MV m⁻¹ and a discharged energy density of 4.23 J cm⁻³, with an energy storage efficiency exceeding 90%. These findings provide a promising strategy for the development of high-energy-density dielectric capacitors in an economical manner. Full article

Microplastics have emerged as pervasive contaminants in various ecosystems, raising considerable concerns regarding their impact on environmental health and public safety. The degradation of microplastics is thus recognized as a pressing global challenge. Photocatalytic degradation has emerged as a promising approach due to its potential for efficiency and environmental sustainability. Nevertheless, there remains a need to investigate emerging trends and advancements to understand and fully optimize this technique. Consequently, PRISMA guidelines were employed to define the search parameters, enable the identification of pertinent scholarly articles, and systematically gather bibliographic data from the published literature from 2005 to October 2024. A bibliometric analysis of 204 research articles derived from merged Scopus and Web of Science datasets was conducted to map the field’s research landscape. The analysis showed a robust annual publication growth rate of 17.94%, with leading contributions from China, India, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. Keyword analysis revealed that the commonly applied photocatalysts are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide in the photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, high-density polyethylene, and low-density polyethylene. Advances in collaboration across Asia and Europe have bolstered the research landscape. However, challenges persist in achieving cost-effective scalability, ensuring the safety of degradation byproducts, and translating laboratory findings into real-world applications. Emerging trends include the development of visible-light-responsive catalysts, advanced nanocomposites, and sustainable photocatalytic technologies. This study underscores the utility of bibliometric tools in identifying knowledge gaps and guiding the development of innovative approaches for microplastic degradation as part of environmental remediation efforts. Full article

The effectiveness of polystyrene (PS)/TiO₂ nanocomposite coatings in reducing stress–corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 (AA2024-T3) was evaluated using an accelerated stress–corrosion test. Polystyrene (PS)-based coatings incorporating TiO₂ nanoparticles with three different aspect ratios (ARs) were compared to a bare polystyrene coating. A compact tension (CT) specimen (5 mm thick) was coated for testing in a synergistic stress–corrosion environment. A slow constant displacement rate of 1.25 nm/s was applied in the load-line direction of the specimen to gradually open the crack mouth, while the crack tip was periodically dosed with a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Load-displacement data were recorded and analyzed to calculate the J-integral, according to Standard ASTM E1820, for each coated specimen tested under laboratory-controlled SCC conditions. The fracture toughness, stress intensity, and six other SCC susceptibility indices were further developed to compare the performance of each coating in enhancing SCC resistance. The results revealed a strong dependence of SCC resistance on the nanoparticle aspect ratio, with the nanocomposite coating featuring an AR of 1 performing the best. The SCC behavior was reflected in the fractography of the fractured halves of a specimen, where cleavage was observed during the very slow, stable cracking stage, and dimples formed as a result of fast, unstable cracking toward the end of testing. These findings highlight the potential of tailored nanocomposite coatings to enhance the durability of aerospace-grade aluminum alloys. Full article

This study investigates the enhancement of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) performance through the integration of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanocomposites within a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) matrix. The nanocomposite films were prepared using a controlled dispersion of TiO₂ belts into the PEDOT/PSS solution, followed by their incorporation into the OLED hole-injection layer (HIL). Our results demonstrate a significant improvement in device efficiency, attributed to the optimized charge carrier mobility and reduced recombination losses, which were achieved by the presence of TiO₂. The nanocomposite hybrid layer enhances light emission efficiency due to its role in modifying surface roughness, promoting better film uniformity, and improving hole injection. The incorporation of TiO₂ nanobelts into PEDOT/PSS led to significant efficiency enhancements, yielding a 39% increase in PE_max, a 37% improvement in CE_max, and a remarkable 72% rise in EQE_max compared to the undoped counterpart. This research provides insight into the potential of TiO₂ nanocomposites in advancing OLED technology for next-generation display and lighting applications. Full article

Graphene’s incorporation into polymers has enabled the development of advanced polymer/graphene nanocomposites with superior properties. This study focuses on the use of a microcellular foamed polystyrene (PS)/graphene (GP) nanocomposite (3 wt%) for nickel (II) ion removal from aqueous solutions. Adsorption behavior was evaluated through FTIR, TEM, SEM, TGA, and XRD analyses. Key factors, including initial ion concentration, pH, temperature, and sorbent dosage, were examined. Results showed optimal nickel removal at specific pH levels with removal efficiency decreasing from 91 to 80% as Ni (II) concentrations increased from 10 to 100 mg/L. The adsorption capacity improved from 11 to 130 mg/g. Equilibrium data aligned with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, while adsorption kinetics followed a second-order kinetic model. These findings highlight the potential of PS/GP nanocomposites for nickel ion removal, offering a promising solution for small-scale industrial applications. Full article

Local Khulays clay was modified to prepare polystyrene clay nanocomposite (PCN) coatings on carbon steel. The PCN coatings were added to microcapsules (MCs) loaded with the corrosion inhibitor PCN(MC). The microcapsules were prepared by the encapsulation of rare-earth metal Ce⁺³ ions and isobutyl silanol into polystyrene via the double emulsion solvent evaporation (DESE) technique. From characterization techniques, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDX. SEM and FT-IR confirmed the success of the preparation of the PCN(MC). Nanoindentation tests were performed on the thin-film samples. A significant reduction in both the hardness and the reduced modulus was observed for the PCN film compared to the PS film. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) all showed an enhanced protection efficiency (%PE) of 3% PCN(MC) over 3% PCN at high temperatures and at different times. The smart coatings were proven by applying the thermal and the mechanical triggers for the 3% PCN(MC) coating. The mechanism of the release of inhibitors was discussed. The self-healing properties of 3% PCN(MC) were evaluated. The enhanced properties of the developed PCN(MC) coatings make them attractive for potential applications in the oil and other industries. Full article

To enhance the fire safety performance in polystyrene (PS), a novel organic–inorganic hybrid material (FGO–AHP) was successfully prepared by the combination of functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) via a chemical deposition method. The resulting FGO–AHP nanohybrids were incorporated into PS via a masterbatch-melt blending to produce PS/FGO–AHP nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscope images confirm the homogeneous dispersion and exfoliation state of FGO–AHP in the PS matrix. Incorporating FGO–AHP significantly improves the thermal behavior and fire safety performance of PS. By incorporating 5 wt% FGO–AHP, the maximum mass loss rate (MMLR) in air, total heat release (THR), and maximum smoke density value (D_smax) of PS nanocomposite achieve a reduction of 53.1%, 23.4%, and 50.9%, respectively, as compared to the pure PS. In addition, thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared (TG–FTIR) results indicate that introducing FGO–AHP notably inhibits the evolution of volatile products from PS decomposition. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy were employed to investigate the char residue of PS nanocomposite samples, elaborating the flame-retardant mechanism in PS/FGO–AHP nanocomposites. Full article

Battery-type hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) (otherwise known as supercapatteries) are novel electrochemical energy storage devices bridge the gap between rechargeable batteries and traditional SCs. Herein, we report the synthesis of layered two-dimensional (2D) nickel disulfide (NiS₂) nanosheets (NSNs) modified with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and their successful implementation in battery-type SCs. Initially, a layered 2D NSN is synthesized via a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method and further used as a template to coat PEDOT:PSS in order to prepare NiS₂@PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite electrodes by a facile drop-casting method. This is the first-time report on the synthesis of a hierarchical NiS₂@PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite electrode for battery-type HSC applications. An asymmetric battery-type HSC fabricated with NSN@PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite as positrode and activated carbon as negatrode delivers a maximum energy density of 52.1 Wh/kg at a current density of 1.6 A/g with a corresponding power density of 2500 W/kg. Full article

This study assessed the biocompatibility of two types of nanogold composites: fibronectin-gold (FN-Au) and collagen-gold (Col-Au). It consisted of three main parts: surface characterization, in vitro biocompatibility assessments, and animal models. To determine the structural and functional differences between the materials used in this study, atomic force microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry were used to investigate their surface topography and functional groups. The F-actin staining, proliferation, migration, reactive oxygen species generation, platelet activation, and monocyte activation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on the FN-Au and Col-Au nanocomposites were investigated to determine their biological and cellular behaviors. Additionally, animal biocompatibility experiments measured capsule formation and collagen deposition in female Sprague–Dawley rats. The results showed that MSCs responded better on the FN-Au and Col-AU nanocomposites than on the control (tissue culture polystyrene) or pure substances, attributed to their incorporation of an optimal Au concentration (12.2 ppm), which induced significant surface morphological changes, nano topography cues, and better biocompatibility. Moreover, neuronal, endothelial, bone, and adipose tissues demonstrated better differentiation ability on the FN-Au and Col-Au nanocomposites. Nanocomposites have a crucial role in tissue engineering and even vascular grafts. Finally, MSCs were demonstrated to effectively enhance the stability of the endothelial structure, indicating that they can be applied as promising alternatives to clinics in the future. Full article

As an important part of head protection equipment, research on the material and structural application of helmet liners has always been one of the hotspots in the field of helmets. This paper first discusses common helmet liner materials, including traditional polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc., as well as newly emerging anisotropic materials, polymer nanocomposites, etc. Secondly, the design concept of the helmet liner structure is discussed, including the use of a multi-layer structure, the addition of geometric irregular bubbles to enhance the energy absorption effect, and the introduction of new manufacturing processes, such as additive manufacturing technology, to realize the preparation of complex structures. Then, the application of biomimetic structures to helmet liner design is analyzed, such as the design of helmet liner structures with more energy absorption properties based on biological tissue structures. On this basis, we propose extending the concept of bionic structural design to the fusion of plant stalks and animal skeletal structures, and combining additive manufacturing technology to significantly reduce energy loss during elastic yield energy absorption, thus developing a reusable helmet that provides a research direction for future helmet liner materials and structural applications. Full article

The inherent π–π interfacial interaction between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polystyrene (PS) makes the CNT/PS composite a representative thermoplastic nanocomposite. However, the strong van der Waals force among CNTs poses challenges to achieving effective dispersion. This review provides an overview of various CNT functionalization methods for CNT/PS composites, encompassing covalent grafting with PS-related polymers and non-covalent modification. A focus in this section involves the pre-introduction surface modification of CNTs with PS or PS-related polymers, substantially enhancing both CNT dispersibility and interfacial compatibility within the PS matrix. Furthermore, a comprehensive summary of the mechanical, electrical, thermal, and electromagnetic shielding properties of CNT/PS nanocomposites is provided, offering an overall understanding of this material. The surface modification methods of CNTs reviewed in this paper can be extended to carbon material/aromatic polymer composites, assisting researchers in customizing the optimal surface modification methods for CNTs, maximizing their dispersibility, and fully unleashing the various properties of CNTs/polymer composites. Additionally, high-performance CNTs/PS composites prepared using appropriate CNT modification methods have potential applications in areas such as electronic devices, sensors, and energy storage and conversion. Full article

This paper presents a study of the electrical and mechanical properties of polystyrene (PS)/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites prepared using the doctor blade technique. The nanocomposite films of PS/CNT were prepared by casting a composite solution of PS/CNT in tetrahydrofuran (THF) on a glass substrate using a doctor blade and drying in an oven. The nanocomposite films were then characterized using a tensile test and the four-point probe method to evaluate their mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. The experimental results were used to analyze the unpredicted behavior of the nanocomposite films. The experimental results showed that the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite films became almost insensitive or unmeasurable with increasing CNT content for very dilute PS–THF solutions. In contrast, at higher PS concentrations, film conductivity increased to a given CNT threshold and then decreased. Based on PS–THF viscosity–concentration data, a discussion is elaborated that partially justifies the experimental results. Full article