Search Results (2,643)

We report a diagnostically challenging case of a 79-year-old man who presented with mediastinal lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and renal enlargement, raising suspicion for clinical lymphoma. However, the histological evaluation of a submandibular gland excision revealed fibrosis, a dense IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltrate (>100/HPF), and an IgG4:IgG ratio > 40%, supportive of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) in the appropriate clinicopathologic context. This case illustrates an important but well-recognised diagnostic pitfall in which IgG4-RD may clinically and radiologically mimic lymphoma. PET-CT demonstrated multiorgan involvement with diffuse FDG uptake, but definitive diagnosis required the integration of clinical, radiologic, serologic, and pathologic findings. The patient’s laboratory profile, including hypocomplementemia and elevated inflammatory markers, supported the proliferative phenotype of IgG4-RD—recently proposed in the literature as a clinically distinct subgroup with systemic involvement and steroid responsiveness. Rather than representing a novel presentation, this case reinforces the importance of integrated assessment in distinguishing IgG4-RD from haematolymphoid malignancy. PET-CT served as a useful adjunct for identifying multiorgan disease and guiding diagnostic evaluation, but tissue evaluation remained essential to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Recognition of this entity is vital to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Full article

Background and Objectives: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive technique widely used for mediastinal staging and diagnosis in patients with lung cancer and extrathoracic malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate patient and procedural factors associated with malignant histopathological outcomes in individuals undergoing EBUS-TBNA for intrathoracic lymphadenopathy across three malignancy groups: primary lung cancer, extrathoracic solid organ malignancy, and hematological malignancy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective descriptive study included patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA at Ankara Bilkent City Hospital between March 2019 and December 2023. Demographic characteristics, histopathological findings, procedural details, additional sampling techniques, and imaging parameters, including FDG SUVmax values from pre-procedural PET-CT, were recorded. Histopathological outcomes were categorized as malignant or non-malignant. Binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of malignancy and to differentiate between malignancy groups and lung cancer subtypes. Results: A total of 776 patients underwent EBUS-TBNA, and 667 were included after excluding non-diagnostic samples. Malignancy was detected in 274 patients, including primary lung cancer (n = 213, 77.7%), extrathoracic malignancy (n = 43, 15.7%), and hematological malignancy (n = 18, 6.6%). Of the included patients, 426 (63.9%) were male; the median age was 63 (IQR = 16) years. Older age (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.02–1.05, p < 0.001), male sex (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.43–2.93, p < 0.001), and larger lymph node size (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.06–1.11, p < 0.001) were independently associated with malignant outcomes. Younger age, female sex, and smaller lymph node size were associated with extrathoracic malignancy compared to primary lung cancer, while younger age was the only predictor of hematological malignancy. Larger lymph node size was inversely associated with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma compared with small cell lung cancer. Conclusions: Older age, male sex, and larger lymph node size independently predict malignant EBUS-TBNA outcomes. Younger age and female sex favor extrathoracic malignancy, whereas small cell lung cancer is associated with more extensive nodal involvement. Additional bronchoscopic techniques may enhance diagnostic accuracy in selected patients. Full article

Background: Esophageal schwannomas are extremely rare, benign mesenchymal tumors originating from the nerve sheath tissues of autonomic nerves, accounting for less than 2% of all esophageal tumors. This systematic review aims to provide a detailed analysis of esophageal schwannomas (ESs), focusing on tumor characteristics, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. Methods: A systematic search of English literature databases, including ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed, and Google Scholar, was conducted up to 2023. The keywords used were ‘esophageal schwannoma,’ ‘gastrointestinal schwannoma,’ ‘esophageal neurinoma,’ and ‘esophageal neurilemoma.’ Studies were reviewed for patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, tumor characteristics, and management options. Results: A total of 370 articles met the inclusion criteria, with 80 articles (89 cases) included in the final analysis. The mean age of patients was 51.8 years, with a female predominance (73%). Most cases were reported from East Asia (60.7%). Most (71%) patients presented with dysphagia, and 12% were asymptomatic. Preoperative diagnosis often involved CT scans (75.28%), upper endoscopy (73.03%), and EUS (49.4%). Tumors averaged 77.86 mm in size as per CT, MRI and PET-CT, with the upper esophagus being the most common location (55.55%). Surgical resection was the primary treatment, with enucleation being the most frequent procedure (58.9%). The prognosis was generally excellent, with no reported recurrences during follow-up periods. Conclusions: Esophageal schwannomas are extremely rare. Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice, with a high success rate and excellent prognosis. Further studies are needed to standardize diagnostic and treatment protocols for these rare tumors. Full article

Background/Objectives: Atypical skull base osteomyelitis (ASBO) is a rare disease, typically involving the basisphenoid and basiocciput. Diagnosis consists of clinical examination, imaging methods such as PET-CT scans and MRI, microbiological testing, and possibly native tissue samples. Long-term intravenous antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice. Methods/Case Report: We present a case of ASBO of the clivus initially suspected to be a malignant lesion due to malignant melanoma in the patient’s history. Several tissue biopsies were taken, and microbiological testing of native tissue biopsies in combination with PET-CT and MRI imaging led to the diagnosis of ASBO. The patient received long-term antibiotic therapy with meropenem and drastically improved in his overall health. Discussion and Conclusions: This case highlights the challenges encountered in the diagnosis and management of ASBO, especially with relevant possible differential diagnoses. Full article

Background/Objectives: Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is an established treatment for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), yet long-term disease control occurs only in a subset of patients. Predicting progression-free survival (PFS) could support individualized treatment planning. This study evaluates laboratory, imaging, and multimodal deep learning models for PFS prediction in PRRT-treated patients. Methods: In this retrospective, single-center study 116 patients with metastatic NETs undergoing [177Lu]Lu-DOTATOC were included. Clinical characteristics, laboratory values, and pretherapeutic somatostatin receptor positron emission tomography/computed tomographies (SR-PET/CTs) were collected. Seven models were trained to classify low- vs. high-PFS groups, including unimodal (laboratory, SR-PET, or CT) and multimodal fusion approaches. Performance was assessed via repeated 3-fold cross-validation with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and area under the precision–recall curve (AUPRC). Explainability was evaluated by feature importance analysis and gradient based saliency maps. Results: Forty-two patients (36%) displayed short PFS (≤1 year) and 74 patients displayed long PFS (>1 year). Groups were similar in most characteristics, except for higher baseline chromogranin A (p = 0.003), elevated $\gamma$-GT (p = 0.002), and fewer PRRT cycles (p < 0.001) in short-PFS patients. The Random Forest model trained only on laboratory biomarkers reached an AUROC of 0.59 ± 0.02. Unimodal three-dimensional convolutional neural networks using SR-PET or CT performed worse (AUROC 0.42 ± 0.03 and 0.54 ± 0.01, respectively). A multimodal fusion model integrating laboratory values, SR-PET, and CT—augmented with a pretrained CT branch—achieved the best results (AUROC 0.72 ± 0.01, AUPRC 0.80 ± 0.01). Explainability analyses provided insights into model predictions, with explainability patterns in the fusion model appearing physiologically plausible and predominantly tumor-focused. Conclusions: Multimodal deep learning combining SR-PET, CT, and laboratory biomarkers outperformed unimodal approaches for PFS prediction after PRRT. Upon external validation, such models may support risk-adapted follow-up strategies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has emerged as a promising target for oncologic molecular imaging due to its high expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts and low presence in healthy tissues. Among available FAP ligands, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPi-46 has shown rapid tumor accumulation, low background uptake, and broad tumor applicability. This study reports the successful translation of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPi-46 from preclinical development to routine clinical radiopharmacy practice, detailing automated synthesis, quality control performance, radiochemical stability, and the first clinical imaging results. Methods: Automated radiolabeling of FAPi-46 with gallium-68 was performed using a synthesis module. Quality control included radiochemical purity assessments by iTLC, SPE, and RP-HPLC (pH, appearance, endotoxin levels, and membrane integrity testing). Radiochemical stability was evaluated in saline (up to 6 h) and human serum (up to 90 min). In vitro characterization included the partition coefficient and serum protein binding determination. A clinical evaluation was conducted in a woman with newly diagnosed lung adenocarcinoma who underwent both [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPi-46 PET/CT. Results: Automated synthesis of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPi-46 achieved a high radiochemical yield (87.9 ± 1.3%) and radiochemical purity greater than 98%. All batches met release specifications for sterility, apyrogenicity, and physicochemical parameters. The radiotracer demonstrated high stability in saline and human serum, with radiochemical purity consistently above 95% at all evaluated time points. The compound showed a hydrophilic profile (LogP = −3.32 ± 0.14) and 40–60% serum protein binding. Clinically, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPi-46 PET/CT provided superior lesion delineation compared to [¹⁸F]FDG, revealing additional mediastinal, supraclavicular, and brain metastases. Conclusions: [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPi-46 can be reliably synthesized using automated procedures under routine radiopharmacy conditions, meeting regulatory quality standards and demonstrating excellent stability. Its enhanced lesion detectability compared with [¹⁸F]FDG in the first patient case supports its potential value for oncological staging and clinical implementation. Full article

Background and Objectives: Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary tract and poses a significant clinical challenge due to its biological heterogeneity and high rates of recurrence and progression. Urothelial carcinoma represents the predominant histological subtype, ranging from non-muscle-invasive disease with relatively favorable outcomes to aggressive muscle-invasive and metastatic forms associated with poor prognosis. Accurate diagnosis, staging, prognostic stratification, and assessment of treatment response are therefore essential for optimal patient management. The objective of this review is to summarize and critically evaluate the current evidence on the role of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in bladder cancer, with particular emphasis on [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT and non-FDG radiotracers. Materials and Methods: A narrative review of the available literature was performed, focusing on clinical studies, review articles, and guideline documents addressing the use of PET/CT in bladder cancer. The literature search included articles published between 2000 and 2025, while earlier landmark studies were selectively included if considered historically important for understanding the development of PET/CT imaging in bladder cancer. The initial search yielded over 500 records; after screening titles and abstracts, more than 100 articles were selected for full-text evaluation. The analyzed evidence encompasses the clinical applications of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT and alternative radiotracers, including choline-, acetate-, methionine-, and sodium fluoride-based tracers, and fibroblast activation protein inhibitors (FAPI), across different stages of disease and clinical settings. Results: Conventional imaging modalities, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, provide important anatomical information but remain limited in the evaluation of lymph node involvement, early metastatic disease, treatment response, and disease recurrence. Despite limitations related to physiological urinary excretion, [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT has demonstrated clinical value in selected scenarios, particularly for staging, prognostic assessment, detection of recurrence, and response evaluation. To overcome FDG-related constraints, several non-FDG radiotracers have been investigated. Among these, FAPI PET/CT has emerged as a promising modality due to its ability to target the tumor stroma, potentially improving lesion detectability and tumor-to-background contrast. Conclusions: This review summarizes and critically evaluates current evidence on the role of PET/CT in bladder cancer, with a focus on [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT and non-FDG radiotracers. The discussed studies highlight their applications in primary diagnosis, staging, prognostic assessment, detection of recurrence, and evaluation of treatment response, as well as their respective advantages and limitations. Furthermore, potential future directions for PET/CT imaging in clinical practice are outlined, emphasizing the need for further research to clarify the optimal use of established and emerging radiotracers. Full article

Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy characterized by clonal proliferation of plasma cells, usually confined to the bone marrow. Extramedullary disease (EMD) occurs in 7–18% of patients during the disease course and is associated with poor prognosis. Among extramedullary sites, testicular involvement is extremely rare, with an incidence of less than 2%. We present a rare case of testicular plasmacytoma as the first manifestation of systemic multiple myeloma, highlighting its imaging features and clinical implications. Full article

Background: Extracranial metastasis (EM) from glioblastoma (GB), IDH-wildtype (WHO CNS 2021 grade 4) is rare and often under-recognized, yet it has immediate implications for staging and management. We report a case series integrating advanced neuroimaging, whole-body imaging, and pathology/biomarkers to characterize imaging–pathology correlates of EM and highlight practical clinical triggers that should prompt systemic evaluation. Case presentation: We report three patients with adult-type, IDH-wildtype GB who developed EM confirmed by cytology/histology and/or concordant multimodality imaging. Brain MRI (1.5T/3T) demonstrated aggressive primary tumors with qualitative elevation of DSC-perfusion and frequent tumor–surface contact (dural, ependymal/leptomeningeal contact). Intratumoral susceptibility signal reached grade 3 where assessed. All patients underwent surgical resection followed by temozolomide-based chemoradiation; two received fotemustine and bevacizumab, and one underwent re-irradiation. EM presented with clinical triggers including severe axial/back pain, palpable cervical masses, and/or cytopenias. Initial EM sites were bone marrow/vertebrae (n = 1) and cervical lymph nodes (n = 2); staging revealed additional osseous disease in both nodal cases and a small pulmonary nodule in one. Nodal and osseous lesions were FDG-avid on 18F-FDG PET/CT. OLIG2-positive cytology confirmed cervical nodal metastases, and bone marrow aspiration with GFAP/OLIG2 positivity confirmed medullary infiltration. All tumors shared a molecular profile of TERT-promoter mutation, ATRX wild-type, TP53 mutation, and MGMT-promoter methylation. Despite attempts at second- and third-line therapies, disease progression was rapid, and all patients succumbed within 8–16 months of diagnosis. Discussion: This series underscores that EM can occur despite MGMT-promoter methylation and supports the concept of heterogeneous metastatic phenotypes in GB. Our cases reinforce that new axial/back pain or hematologic abnormalities may signal osseous or marrow involvement, and necrotic cervical lymphadenopathy in GB patients warrants dedicated imaging and tissue confirmation with glial markers. Integrating brain MRI features (high perfusion, surface contact, susceptibility burden) with FDG-PET/CT and targeted cytology/pathology can expedite diagnosis and inform multidisciplinary care. Conclusions: EM can arise despite MGMT-promoter methylation in IDH-wildtype GBM. Imaging red flags (high perfusion, surface contact, necrotic/FDG-avid cervical nodes) and clinical cues (axial pain, cytopenias, neck masses) should prompt early systemic staging (CT/PET-CT) and targeted tissue confirmation to advance management. Full article

Background: Lung cancer (LC) remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Survival outcomes are strongly stage-dependent. Many patients are diagnosed at advanced stages due to pre-clinical and diagnostic delays. While advances in imaging, bronchoscopic techniques, molecular diagnostics, and systemic therapies have improved individualized treatment, system-level delays continue to limit their impact. Aim of the study: The aim of this narrative review is a synthesis with an implementation-oriented framework proposal. Part I synthesizes the peer-reviewed literature, Part II presents an operational framework integrating a Fast Trac Clinic (FTC) and a network of Lung Cancer Units (LCUs) including proposed turnaround-time (TAT) goals. Methods: A narrative review of the literature of selected European policy documents addressing diagnostic delays, rapid-access lung cancer pathways, and coordinated care models was conducted. Results: European models demonstrate that structured referral criteria, centralized coordination, and predefined interval targets can achieve the first specialist assessment within 7–10 days and the completion of diagnostics within 21–28 days in optimized settings. Key determinants of timeliness include: direct primary care referral, parallel diagnostic processes, prioritized pathology and molecular testing, and multidisciplinary team (MDT) assessment. We propose operational TAT targets for chest CT, PET-CT, histopathology, NGS, PFTs, and MDT decision-making. Conclusions: Reducing avoidable diagnostic and therapeutic delays in LC requires a coordinated, system-level approach. A standardized FTC-LCU pathway with explicit TAT benchmarks, multidisciplinary governance, and digital support infrastructure may improve diagnostic efficiency, increase the proportion of patients treated at earlier stages, and enhance patient experience. Prospective evaluation of implementation impact on stage distribution and survival is advised. Full article

Purpose: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a well-established molecular target in prostate cancer (PCa). Both radionuclide imaging and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging offer high sensitivity for in vivo tumor detection. PSMA-targeted dual-modality probes integrating these two imaging techniques provide complementary preoperative and intraoperative tumor visualization, thereby improving surgical guidance in PCa. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel dual-labeled PSMA probe combining radioactive and fluorescent properties to achieve precise tumor delineation during radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods: A high-affinity PSMA-targeted fluorescent probe (PSMA-DF) was synthesized using solid-phase synthesis. Subsequent radiolabeling with the radionuclide [⁶⁸Ga]Ga yielded the successful generation of a dual-modal PSMA-targeted molecular probe, namely [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-DF. The probe was systematically evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, and its safety profile was assessed through acute toxicity testing. Tumor-bearing nude mouse models were established using PSMA-positive 22Rv1 and PSMA-negative PC-3 PCa cell lines. Imaging performance, tumor-targeting specificity, and biodistribution of the probe were comprehensively evaluated using micro-PET imaging, in vivo fluorescence imaging, and biodistribution studies. Results: High-quality and high-purity PSMA-DF was successfully prepared, which exhibited excellent optical properties. Following radiolabeling with [⁶⁸Ga]Ga, a dual-modality radionuclide-fluorescence probe ([⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-DF) was successfully constructed. In vitro cellular uptake studies demonstrated that 22Rv1 cells had relatively high uptake of the probe, reaching 7.34 ± 0.55 IA%/10⁶ cells at 120 min. In contrast, PC-3 cells and blocked 22Rv1 cells displayed minimal uptake, confirming the specific targeting ability of the probe. In vivo evaluations were conducted on tumor-bearing mice using micro-PET/CT and NIRF imaging. The results revealed that [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-DF achieved high specific tumor accumulation in 22Rv1 xenografts, with the peak tumor uptake (SUVmax = 1.748 ± 0.132) and tumor-to-muscle ratio (11.542 ± 1.511) observed at 120 min. Notably, high-contrast fluorescence imaging was also achieved at later time points, yielding a tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) of 6.559 ± 1.415 at 48 h. Notably, ex vivo biodistribution data were consistent with in vivo imaging findings. Conclusions: This preclinical study demonstrates that [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-DF exhibits high and specific uptake in PCa models, supporting its potential as a dual-modality tracer for both PET/CT imaging and real-time intraoperative fluorescence guidance during PCa surgery. Full article

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by significant reductions in glucose metabolism, reflecting underlying synaptic dysfunction, correlating with cognitive decline. We aimed to explore the impact of dietary patterns on the change in glucose metabolism. Methods: This longitudinal, prospective study included 132 community-dwelling older adults without a diagnosed dementia history enrolled in the Western Australian Memory Study (WAMS). Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and underwent [¹⁸F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging at baseline and at up to two follow-up assessments scheduled approximately 18 months apart, over a maximum follow-up period of 43 months. Principal component analysis yielded two dietary patterns—named Western Diet and Prudent Diet. Linear mixed-effect models evaluated the association between dietary adherence and glucose metabolism, including potential confounders. Analysis was repeated stratified by sex. Results: Adherence to a Western Diet, characterized by high sugars and saturated fats, was associated with faster decline in glucose metabolism in the left fusiform gyrus (β = −0.00062; SE = 0.00025; FDR-adjusted p = 0.043), neocortex (β = −0.00063; SE = 0.00026; FDR-adjusted p = 0.047), left ventrolateral prefrontal (β = −0.00083; SE = 0.00032; FDR-adjusted p = 0.045 and inferior parietal region (β = −0.00344; SE = 0.00129; FDR-adjusted p = 0.033) in females. A Prudent Diet, characterized by a high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, showed no significant effects. Conclusions: Our study highlights the following: (a) The potential detrimental impact of a Western Diet on brain glucose metabolism, particularly for females, who are at higher risk for AD. The decline was observed in regions essential for cognitive functions, including visual processing and facial recognition, emphasizing the role of diet in brain health. (b) No significant associations were observed between adherence to a Prudent dietary pattern and changes in glucose metabolism. Full article

Background/Objectives: Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) is now central to the management of borderline resectable (BRPC) and locally advanced (LAPC) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This narrative review summarizes contemporary evidence and guidelines from a surgical perspective, with emphasis on pretreatment classification, post-NAT selection for exploration, intraoperative vascular strategy, and postoperative management. Methods: We conducted a structured narrative review of randomized and prospective studies, high-quality observational cohorts, and major international guidelines published through 31 July 2025. Results: BRPC and LAPC remain primarily defined by vascular anatomy, but biologic and conditional factors are increasingly integrated into decision-making. NAT is the preferred initial strategy for BRPC and the standard induction approach for LAPC, with resection considered only in carefully selected responders. After NAT, contrast-enhanced CT combined with CA19-9 kinetics remains the core restaging platform, while FDG-PET, diffusion-weighted MRI, radiomics, and circulating biomarkers may serve as adjuncts in equivocal cases. Surgical exploration should be guided by physiologic recovery, the absence of metastatic progression, and multidisciplinary reassessment. Staging laparoscopy remains useful for detecting occult metastatic disease. Intraoperatively, vascular resection should be margin-driven rather than routine, with portal–mesenteric venous resection established in expert centers, whereas arterial resection remains highly selective. Periarterial divestment represents an artery-sparing alternative in selected cases. NAT does not appear to worsen short-term postoperative outcomes, but anticoagulation after venous reconstruction remains non-standardized. Conclusions: NAT has transformed BRPC/LAPC PDAC into a biology-gated, time-sequenced surgical pathway. Standardized reassessment, careful candidate selection, and the centralization of complex vascular procedures are essential to optimize outcomes. Full article

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the SUVmax–IPI composite score, generated by integrating the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) derived from metastatic ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT imaging with the inflammatory prognostic index (IPI), in predicting overall survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, single-center cohort study included 146 patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma between 2009 and 2025. Among them, 125 patients with available PET/CT imaging were included in the SUVmax–IPI analysis. The composite score was calculated by multiplying the metastatic SUVmax value by the IPI. The optimal cut-off value was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Overall survival was evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Independent prognostic factors were identified using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with a forward (stepwise) selection approach. Results: Using the predefined cut-off value (82), the median overall survival was 125 months in patients with SUVmax–IPI ≤ 82 and 19 months in those with SUVmax–IPI > 82 (log-rank p = 0.001). In the forward multivariable Cox regression model, SUVmax–IPI > 82 remained independently associated with worse overall survival after adjustment for ALP, AST, PSA nadir, and androgen deprivation modality (hazard ratio [HR]: 7.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.97–21.10; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The SUVmax–IPI composite score, integrating PSMA PET/CT-derived metabolic tumor activity with systemic inflammatory burden, is independently associated with overall survival in metastatic prostate cancer. These findings suggest that combining metabolic and inflammatory parameters may enhance prognostic stratification beyond conventional clinical and biochemical markers. Full article

Radiogenomics examines associations between imaging phenotypes and underlying biological characteristics across cancer types. This structured narrative review focuses on oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and evaluates how genomic programs characteristic of HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors have been investigated across computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) as variations in heterogeneity, diffusion patterns, perfusion and metabolic activity. A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science to identify studies on radiomics and radiogenomics in OPSCC and related head and neck cancers. After screening and eligibility assessment, 81 studies were included in the narrative synthesis. The reviewed literature indicates that imaging-derived features have been associated with HPV status, hypoxia-related signatures, extranodal extension and treatment outcomes. However, the current evidence base remains heterogeneous and is largely composed of retrospective, single-institution studies with relatively small cohorts. Methodological challenges, including variability in imaging acquisition, segmentation and feature harmonization, limit reproducibility and generalizability. Although cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is not used for primary OPSCC staging and no CBCT-based radiogenomic studies in OPSCC have been reported, existing radiomics research in dentomaxillofacial imaging suggests its potential as a hypothesis-generating modality for future investigation. Overall, current evidence supports the biological plausibility of radiogenomic imaging signatures in OPSCC, while emphasizing the need for larger multicenter datasets, standardized imaging protocols and prospective validation before clinical implementation. Full article