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Keywords = ODS steel layer

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15 pages, 15656 KiB  
Article
Study on the Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon 9Cr-ODS Steel in Oxygen-Saturated Lead–Bismuth Eutectic for 1000 Hours
by Chongdou Yang, Tao Liu, Yiqun Yang, Youqi Wang, Yuwen Xu, Di Yun, Penghui Lei and Jie Qiu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040258 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 733
Abstract
A novel low-carbon 9Cr-ODS steel was exposed to corrosion in lead–bismuth eutectic saturated with oxygen at 500 °C for 1000 h, leading to the formation of three distinct layers of oxide film. From the outermost to the innermost layer, these included a Fe [...] Read more.
A novel low-carbon 9Cr-ODS steel was exposed to corrosion in lead–bismuth eutectic saturated with oxygen at 500 °C for 1000 h, leading to the formation of three distinct layers of oxide film. From the outermost to the innermost layer, these included a Fe3O4 layer infiltrated with Pb, a FeCr2O4 layer, and an inner oxide zone. The inner oxide zone was primarily composed of an unoxidized matrix and Cr2O3. The formation of the inner oxide zone was primarily attributed to the preferential oxidation of Cr following the infiltration of insufficient O content. Two distinct morphologies of the inner oxide zone were identified: one is porous, while the other is non-porous. The porous morphology is characterized by low Fe content and Pb infiltration. The loss of Fe is the main factor contributing to the development of the porous inner oxide zone and the infiltration of Pb, while the short-range diffusion of Cr promotes the growth of Cr2O3, resulting in a needle-like morphology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
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18 pages, 5831 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Irradiation on the Improvement in Oxidation Behavior of MX-ODS Steel in Liquid Pb
by Yuwen Xu, Shijing Xie, Jie Qiu, Cunfeng Yao, Wei Yan, Yanfen Li, Chongdou Yang, Shaoqiang Guo, Long Gu and Di Yun
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090798 - 4 May 2024
Viewed by 1505
Abstract
Lead-cooled fast reactors exhibit strong inherent safety performance and good economic features, while material degradation due to corrosion and irradiation is still challenging. Oxide dispersion-strengthened steels are one of the promising candidates for fuel cladding materials. The effects of both irradiation and corrosion [...] Read more.
Lead-cooled fast reactors exhibit strong inherent safety performance and good economic features, while material degradation due to corrosion and irradiation is still challenging. Oxide dispersion-strengthened steels are one of the promising candidates for fuel cladding materials. The effects of both irradiation and corrosion on ODS steel need to be further studied. In this work, MX-ODS steel was irradiated by Fe ions at 500 °C up to 46 dpa. Later, the as-received specimen and the irradiated specimen were used to conduct corrosion tests in oxygen-saturated Pb at 550 °C for 1 h. In the as-received specimen, discontinuous oxides penetrated by Pb and Pb in contact with steel matrix were observed, demonstrating unsatisfactory corrosion resistance of the material. However, in the irradiated specimen after corrosion experiment, a protective oxide layer formed and prevented Pb attack. The oxidation behavior differences between the two specimens can be attributed to the defects produced by irradiation and the structural discrepancy in oxides caused by the formation process. A possible mechanism of irradiation on the corrosion is discussed. In the as-received specimen, Fe atoms loss led to voids in the oxides, and lead penetrated the oxides through these voids. In the irradiated specimen, defects left by previous irradiation helped to form a more uniform oxide layer. The adhesive outer magnetite oxide and the Fe ions generated from where grain boundary oxidation developed retarded the presence of voids and made the oxide layer protective. Full article
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15 pages, 3378 KiB  
Article
Stress Distribution in Wear Analysis of Nano-Y2O3 Dispersion Strengthened Ni-Based μm-WC Composite Material Laser Coating
by Li Tao, Yang Yang, Wenliang Zhu, Jian Sun, Jiale Wu, Hao Xu, Lu Yan, Anhui Yang and Zhilong Xu
Materials 2024, 17(1), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010121 - 26 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1700
Abstract
Oxide-dispersion- and hard-particle-strengthened (ODS) laser-cladded single-layer multi-tracks with a Ni-based alloy composition with 20 wt.% μm-WC particles and 1.2 wt.% nano-Y2O3 addition were produced on ultra-high-strength steel in this study. The investigation of the composite coating designed in this study [...] Read more.
Oxide-dispersion- and hard-particle-strengthened (ODS) laser-cladded single-layer multi-tracks with a Ni-based alloy composition with 20 wt.% μm-WC particles and 1.2 wt.% nano-Y2O3 addition were produced on ultra-high-strength steel in this study. The investigation of the composite coating designed in this study focused on the reciprocating friction and wear workpiece surface under heavy load conditions. The coating specimens were divided into four groups: (i) Ni-based alloy, nano-Y2O3, and 2 μm-WC (2 μm WC-Y/Ni); (ii) Ni-based alloy with added 2 μm-WC (2 μmWC/Ni); (iii) Ni-based alloy with added 80 μm-WC (80 μmWC/Ni); and (iv) base metal ultra-high-strength alloy steel 30CrMnSiNi2A. Four conclusions were reached: (1) Nano-Y2O3 could effectively inhibit the dissolution of 2 μm-WC. (2) It can be seen from the semi-space dimensionless simulation results that the von Mises stress distribution of the metal laser composite coating prepared with a 2 μm-WC particle additive was very uniform and it had better resistance to normal impact and tangential loads than the laser coating prepared with the 80 μm-WC particle additive. (3) The inherent WC initial crack and dense stress concentration in the 80 μm-WC laser coating could easily cause dislocations to accumulate, as shown both quantitatively and qualitatively, resulting in the formation of micro-crack nucleation. After the end of the running-in phase, the COF of the 2 μm-WC-Y2O3/Ni component samples stabilized at the minimum of the COF of the four samples. The numerical order of the four COF curves was stable from small to large as follows: 2 μm-WC-Y2O3/Ni, 2 μm-WC/Ni, 80 μm-WC/Ni, and 30CrMnSiNi2A. (4) The frictional volume loss rate of 2 μm-WC-Y2O3/Ni was 1.3, which was significantly lower than the corresponding values of the other three components: 2.4, 3.5, and 13. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)
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13 pages, 7441 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Corrosion Behavior of T91, 9Cr and 9CrAl ODS Steels in Liquid Pb
by Lingzhi Chen, Shuai Xu, Carsten Schroer, Haodong Jia, Zhangshun Ruan, Bo Qin, Zhangjian Zhou and Bin Long
Materials 2023, 16(6), 2295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062295 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1906
Abstract
It is important to improve the liquid lead corrosion resistance of fuel cladding alloy for promoting the development of lead-based reactors. The corrosion behaviors of traditional T91 steel and similar oxide dispersion strengthen ODS-type steels with or without the addition of Al, and [...] Read more.
It is important to improve the liquid lead corrosion resistance of fuel cladding alloy for promoting the development of lead-based reactors. The corrosion behaviors of traditional T91 steel and similar oxide dispersion strengthen ODS-type steels with or without the addition of Al, and were examined and compared at 600 °C in static oxygen-controlled liquid Pb in this research. High-temperature liquid lead corrosion tests were carried out for 120 h, 240 h, 500 h, 1000 h, and 2000 h, respectively, for three prepared samples. After the experiment, the corrosion behavior was evaluated and compared mainly based on the aspects of appearance, corrosion depth, microstructure, and composition difference. It was found that just the ODS design did not show a positive effect on corrosion resistance, while the addition of Al is beneficial to improving the corrosion resistance of ODS steel. The maximum corrosion depth of 9CrAl ODS is only 51.8 μm after corrosion for 2000 h, which is much lower than that of 9Cr-ODS steel. A thin film containing Al/Cr formed in the corrosion area after adding Al in 9Cr ODS steel, which played a positive role in corrosion resistance. Full article
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23 pages, 784 KiB  
Article
Heat Transfer of Buoyancy and Radiation on the Free Convection Boundary Layer MHD Flow across a Stretchable Porous Sheet
by Hari Mohan Srivastava, Ziad Khan, Pshtiwan Othman Mohammed, Eman Al-Sarairah, Muhammad Jawad and Rashid Jan
Energies 2023, 16(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010058 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2462
Abstract
Theoretical influence of the buoyancy and thermal radiation effects on the MHD (magnetohydrodynamics) flow across a stretchable porous sheet were analyzed in the present study. The Darcy–Forchheimer model and laminar flow were considered for the flow problem that was investigated. The flow was [...] Read more.
Theoretical influence of the buoyancy and thermal radiation effects on the MHD (magnetohydrodynamics) flow across a stretchable porous sheet were analyzed in the present study. The Darcy–Forchheimer model and laminar flow were considered for the flow problem that was investigated. The flow was taken to incorporate a temperature-dependent heat source or sink. The study also incorporated the influences of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The general form of the buoyancy term in the momentum equation for a free convection boundary layer is derived in this study. A favorable comparison with earlier published studies was achieved. Graphs were used to investigate and explain how different physical parameters affect the velocity, the temperature, and the concentration field. Additionally, tables are included in order to discuss the outcomes of the Sherwood number, the Nusselt number, and skin friction. The fundamental governing partial differential equations (PDEs), which are used in the modeling and analysis of the MHD flow problem, were transformed into a collection of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by utilizing the similarity transformation. A semi-analytical approach homotopy analysis method (HAM) was applied for approximating the solutions of the modeled equations. The model finds several important applications, such as steel rolling, nuclear explosions, cooling of transmission lines, heating of the room by the use of a radiator, cooling the reactor core in nuclear power plants, design of fins, solar power technology, combustion chambers, astrophysical flow, electric transformers, and rectifiers. Among the various outcomes of the study, it was discovered that skin friction surges for 0.3 F1 0.6, 0.1 k1 0.4 and 0.3 M 1.0, snf declines for 1.0 Gr 4.0. Moreover, the Nusselt number augments for 0.5 R 1.5, 0.2 Nt 0.8 and 0.3 Nb 0.9, and declines for 2.5 Pr 5.5. The Sherwood number increases for 0.2 Nt 0.8 and 0.3 Sc 0.9, and decreases for 0.1 Nb 0.7. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Mechanics and Turbulence)
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22 pages, 39960 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of EU-DEMO Breeding Blanket First Wall Mock-Ups in Support of the Manufacturing and Material Development Programmes
by Bradut-Eugen Ghidersa, Ali Abou Sena, Michael Rieth, Thomas Emmerich, Martin Lux and Jarir Aktaa
Energies 2021, 14(22), 7580; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227580 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2110
Abstract
This paper presents the testing campaign of the two First Wall mock-ups in the HELOKA facility, one mock-up having a 3 mm thick Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steel layer on its surface and the other featuring a tungsten functionally graded cover. Special consideration [...] Read more.
This paper presents the testing campaign of the two First Wall mock-ups in the HELOKA facility, one mock-up having a 3 mm thick Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steel layer on its surface and the other featuring a tungsten functionally graded cover. Special consideration is given to the diagnostics used for these tests, in particular, the measurement of the surface temperature of the tungsten functionally graded layer with an infrared camera. Additionally, the paper looks into the uncertainty associated with the calorimetric evaluation of the applied heating power for these experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear Fusion Technology: R&D and Applications)
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13 pages, 3446 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Aluminum Content on Oxidation Resistance of New-Generation ODS Alloy at 1200 °C
by Luděk Stratil, Vít Horník, Petr Dymáček, Pavla Roupcová and Jiří Svoboda
Metals 2020, 10(11), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111478 - 6 Nov 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3420
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the effect of aluminum content on the oxidation resistance of new-generation of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy at 1200 °C. Three grades of the alloy of chemical composition Fe-15Cr-xAl-4Y2O3 with [...] Read more.
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the effect of aluminum content on the oxidation resistance of new-generation of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy at 1200 °C. Three grades of the alloy of chemical composition Fe-15Cr-xAl-4Y2O3 with different Al contents x = 0.3 wt.%, 2.0 wt.% and 5.5 wt.% are prepared by mechanical alloying. The alloys are consolidated by high temperature rolling followed by heat treatment. To study the oxidation resistance the samples are isothermally aged in the air for 1 h, 4 h, 16 h and 64 h at 1200 °C. The oxidation kinetics, composition and formation mechanism of the oxide layers are analyzed. The weight gain of prepared steels is estimated. The kinetics of oxidation is studied on metallographic cross-sections of the exposed samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis. The oxides on the surfaces are identified by X‑ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The Al content significantly enhances the oxidation resistance of the alloy. For a sufficiently high Al content in the alloy a compact oxide layer of α‑Al2O3 on the surface is formed, which significantly suppresses further oxidation process. Full article
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11 pages, 5561 KiB  
Article
Chromium Diffusion Coating on an ODS Ferritic-Martensitic Steel and Its Oxidation Behavior in Air and Steam Environments
by Chaewon Kim, Sung Hwan Kim, Ji-Hwan Cha, Changheui Jang and Tae Kyu Kim
Coatings 2020, 10(5), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050492 - 20 May 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4007
Abstract
A chromium diffusion coating was applied on an oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic-martensitic (ODS-FM) steel to improve oxidation resistance at high temperature. By carrying out physical vapor deposition followed by inter-diffusion heat treatment, a thin Cr-rich carbide layer was produced on the ODS-FM steel. [...] Read more.
A chromium diffusion coating was applied on an oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic-martensitic (ODS-FM) steel to improve oxidation resistance at high temperature. By carrying out physical vapor deposition followed by inter-diffusion heat treatment, a thin Cr-rich carbide layer was produced on the ODS-FM steel. Both the as-received and surface-modified specimens were oxidation-tested at 650 °C in air and steam environments for 500 h. The surface-modified specimens showed improved oxidation resistance in both environments. In an air environment, both conditions exhibited a thin and continuous chromia layer, but the formation of Cr2O3 and (Mn, Cr)3O4 nodules resulted in greater weight gain for the as-received specimen. In a steam environment, weight gain increased for both the as-received and surface-modified specimen. Especially, the as-received specimen showed much greater weight gain with the formation of a thick oxide layer consisted of outer Fe-rich oxide and inner (Fe, Cr, Mn) oxide layers. On the other hand, a thin and continuous chromia layer was formed for the surface-modified specimen, which resulted in much less weight gain in a steam environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coating for High Temperature Applications)
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