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Keywords = Montbeliarde

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23 pages, 892 KiB  
Article
Reproductive Performance, Inbreeding, and Genetic Diversity in Montbeliarde Dairy Cattle Obtained by Absorption Crossing
by Luis F. Cartuche-Macas, Oscar J. Guaman Ilvay, Edilberto Chacón, Miguel A. Gutierrez-Reinoso and Manuel Garcia-Herreros
Animals 2025, 15(3), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030322 - 23 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1854
Abstract
Montbeliarde dairy cattle were introduced in Ecuador with the aim of ameliorating the production performance of other cattle breeds. The aim was to analyze the reproductive performance, demographic structure, inbreeding, and genetic diversity of Montbeliarde cattle obtained by absorption crossing. Official pedigree records [...] Read more.
Montbeliarde dairy cattle were introduced in Ecuador with the aim of ameliorating the production performance of other cattle breeds. The aim was to analyze the reproductive performance, demographic structure, inbreeding, and genetic diversity of Montbeliarde cattle obtained by absorption crossing. Official pedigree records from the Ecuadorian Montbeliarde Association were used. The total population was divided into seven populations: (i) historical (all individuals), (ii) 1999–2003, (iii) 2004–2008, (iv) 2009–2013, (v) 2014–2018, (vi) 2019–2023 (current), and (vii) reference (individuals with known parents). Demographic structure variables analyzed: pedigree completeness index (PCI), number of equivalents (GEqu), complete (GCom) and maximum (GMax) generations, and generation interval (GI). Inbreeding-derived variables analyzed: inbreeding (F), inbreeding increment (ΔF), average relatedness (AR), co-ancestry (C), non-random mating (α), effective population size (Ne), and genetic conservation index (GCI). Gene origin probability/genetic diversity variables analyzed: number of founders (f), effective number of founders (fe) and ancestors (fa), number of equivalent genomes (fg), fe/fa and fg/fa ratio, and DG losses. The databases were analyzed by ENDOG, POPREP, and CPC software. PCI in the historical population compared to the current population decreased from 72.95 to 65.87% (sire/dam pathway), while the GI decreased from 7.17 to 3.08 years when the historical and current populations were compared. Dam reproductive efficiency increased over time. Moreover, F = ~1%, AR = 2.06%, ΔF = 0.22%, C = 1.03%, α = −0.0077, GCI = 3.12, and Ne = 58 values were obtained. Gene origin probability in the reference population was f = 439, fa = 37, fe = 71.64, fg = 23.43, and fg/fe = 0.33, showing a GD loss due to unequal contribution of founders (0.55%) and bottleneck and genetic drift (4.25%). In conclusion, the Ecuadorian Montbeliarde cattle population displayed a relatively low diversity and high genetic relationship. Inbreeding levels increased while Ne values decreased over time. The introduction of new purebred bloodlines could be important to minimize the inbreeding levels ensuring the long-term conservation of this breed and minimizing GD loss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Management of Ruminants)
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10 pages, 1785 KiB  
Article
Content of Selected Macroelements and Zinc in Relation to Stage of Lactation of Montbéliarde and Polish Holstein-Friesian Cows
by Monika Sobczuk-Szul, Paulina Pogorzelska-Przybyłek, Martyna Momot and Zenon Nogalski
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010144 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 536
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a cow’s breed on the content of minerals in milk depending on the stage of lactation. The study material was the milk of cows of two breeds, Montbéliarde (mb; n = 15) [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a cow’s breed on the content of minerals in milk depending on the stage of lactation. The study material was the milk of cows of two breeds, Montbéliarde (mb; n = 15) and black-and-white Polish Holstein-Friesian (phf; n = 15), kept at the same farm. The phf cows were matched with the mb cows by analogs considering the stage and number of successive lactations. Milk for analysis was collected six times during lactation when the official test milking was performed, and a total of 180 milk samples were collected. The fresh milk was analyzed for its proximate chemical composition and mineral content (Ca, Mg, K, Na and Zn), which were identified in the mineralization by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Milk of the Montbéliarde cows contained significantly more sodium, calcium, magnesium and zinc compared to milk of the Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. This enables the conclusion that the contents of these elements are determined by breed. This study demonstrates the variability of the contents of the analyzed minerals with time after calving. During lactation, the contents of potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium were the highest at the late stage of lactation, especially in the tenth month of lactation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Science and Technology)
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16 pages, 1712 KiB  
Article
Combined Use of Univariate and Multivariate Approaches to Detect Selection Signatures Associated with Milk or Meat Production in Cattle
by Michele Congiu, Alberto Cesarani, Laura Falchi, Nicolò Pietro Paolo Macciotta and Corrado Dimauro
Genes 2024, 15(12), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15121516 - 26 Nov 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1031
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic structure of the cattle breeds selected for meat and milk production and to identify selection signatures between them. Methods: A total of 391 animals genotyped at 41,258 SNPs and belonging to nine [...] Read more.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic structure of the cattle breeds selected for meat and milk production and to identify selection signatures between them. Methods: A total of 391 animals genotyped at 41,258 SNPs and belonging to nine breeds were considered: Angus (N = 62), Charolais (46), Hereford (31), Limousin (44), and Piedmontese (24), clustered in the Meat group, and Brown Swiss (42), Holstein (63), Jersey (49), and Montbéliarde (30), clustered in the Milk group. The population stratification was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), whereas selection signatures were identified by univariate (Wright fixation index, FST) and multivariate (canonical discriminant analysis, CDA) approaches. Markers with FST values larger than three standard deviations from the chromosomal mean were considered interesting. Attention was focused on markers selected by both techniques. Results: A total of 10 SNPs located on seven different chromosomes (7, 10, 14, 16, 17, 18, and 24) were identified. Close to these SNPs (±250 kb), 165 QTL and 51 genes were found. The QTL were grouped in 45 different terms, of which three were significant (Bonferroni correction < 0.05): milk fat content, tenderness score, and length of productive life. Moreover, genes mainly associated with milk production, immunity and environmental adaptation, and reproduction were mapped close to the common SNPs. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the combined use of univariate and multivariate approaches can help to better identify selection signatures due to directional selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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5 pages, 219 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Reproduction Efficiency of Native and Imported Algerian Cattle Under Challenging Climatic Conditions
by Aziza Ferag, Djalel Eddine Gherissi, Tarek Khenenou, Amel Boughanem, Hafidha Hadj Moussa and Amina Maamour
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2024, 36(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2024036013 - 14 Nov 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 857
Abstract
This study examined the impact of climate change, specifically the Temperature–Humidity Index (THI), on local “Brune de l’Atlas” cows and imported dairy breeds (Prim’Holstein and Montbéliarde) in Algeria. Data from 24,773 artificial insemination records of 12,726 cows between 2016 and 2019 were analyzed [...] Read more.
This study examined the impact of climate change, specifically the Temperature–Humidity Index (THI), on local “Brune de l’Atlas” cows and imported dairy breeds (Prim’Holstein and Montbéliarde) in Algeria. Data from 24,773 artificial insemination records of 12,726 cows between 2016 and 2019 were analyzed for fertility traits such as conception rate at the first AI (CR1stAI), services per conception, and reproductive period (RP). The results indicated no significant impact of THI on CR1stAI for the local breed, though THI > 72 lowered CR1stAI in imported breeds. THI significantly increased the number of services per conception but did not affect the RP. Local breeds showed superior reproductive efficiency under high THI, likely due to genetic differences. Full article
12 pages, 1602 KiB  
Article
Differences in Lactation Performance, Rumen Microbiome, and Metabolome between Montbéliarde × Holstein and Holstein Cows under Heat Stress
by Hantong Weng, Hanfang Zeng, Haihui Wang, Haomiao Chang, Yunfei Zhai, Shujie Li and Zhaoyu Han
Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1729; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081729 - 22 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1642
Abstract
Heat stress negatively affects lactation performance and rumen microbiota of dairy cows, with different breeds showing varying levels of heat tolerance. This study aimed to compare the lactation performance of Montbéliarde × Holstein (MH, n = 13) and Holstein (H, n = 13) [...] Read more.
Heat stress negatively affects lactation performance and rumen microbiota of dairy cows, with different breeds showing varying levels of heat tolerance. This study aimed to compare the lactation performance of Montbéliarde × Holstein (MH, n = 13) and Holstein (H, n = 13) cows under heat stress, and 16S rRNA sequencing and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to determine the rumen microbiome and metabolome in experimental cows. The results indicated that during heat stress, milk yield (p = 0.101), milk fat yield, milk protein yield, milk protein, and milk lactose (p < 0.05) in Montbéliarde × Holstein cows were higher than those in Holstein cows, whereas milk yield variation and somatic cell counts (p < 0.05) were lower than those in Holstein cows. The sequencing results indicated that the rumen of Montbéliarde × Holstein cows was significantly enriched with beneficial bacteria, such as Rikenellaceae, Allobaculum, and YRC22 (p < 0.05). In addition, correlations were observed between specific ruminal bacteria and lactation performance. Ruminal metabolites related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Montbéliarde × Holstein cows than in Holstein cows. Overall, Montbéliarde × Holstein cows showed higher production efficiency under heat stress, which may be related to the different rumen mechanisms of crossbred and Holstein cows in adapting to heat stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)
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13 pages, 1663 KiB  
Article
Study of Plasma Biochemistry and Plasma Metabolomics Differences in Montbéliard and Holstein Backcross and Holstein Heifers
by Haihui Wang, Haomiao Chang, Hantong Weng, Yunfei Zhai, Hanfang Zeng, Shujie Li and Zhaoyu Han
Animals 2024, 14(16), 2294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162294 - 6 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1314
Abstract
Holstein cattle are the main breed of dairy cattle in China. However, given the high degree of purebred selection of Holstein cattle, Chinese dairy cattle are increasingly being characterized by poor disease resistance, poor quality, and declining fertility. In this study, using Montbéliard [...] Read more.
Holstein cattle are the main breed of dairy cattle in China. However, given the high degree of purebred selection of Holstein cattle, Chinese dairy cattle are increasingly being characterized by poor disease resistance, poor quality, and declining fertility. In this study, using Montbéliard × Holstein cattle as females and Montbéliard bulls as males for backcross breeding, we sought to provide a reference for improving the quality and performance of Holstein cattle and enhancing the efficiency of dairy farming. On the basis of similar physiological status and age, we selected 24 Montbéliard and Holstein backcross heifers and 11 Holstein heifers fed the same formula for comparative analyses. Plasma samples collected for plasma biochemical index analyses revealed that the content of ALB and BUN in the Montbéliard and Holstein backcross heifers was 20.83% (31.62 g/L to 26.17 g/L) and 42.36% (6.89 mmol/L to 4.84 mmol/L) higher than in the Holsteins (p < 0.01). The ALB/GLB (0.90 to 0.60, p < 0.05) was significantly higher in Montbéliard and Holstein backcross heifers than in Holstein heifers. Similarly, the activity of CAT in the backcross heifers was 61.28% (4.29 U/mL to 2.66 U/mL) higher than that in the Holstein heifers (p < 0.05). Although the activity of GSH-Px in the backcross heifers also showed an increasing trend, the difference did not reach the level of statistical significance (p = 0.052). Compared with Holstein heifers, the concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IL-4 were elevated by 32.52% (24.90 μg/mL to 18.79 μg/mL, p < 0.01), 13.46% (234.32 μg/mL to 206.53 μg/mL, p < 0.01), and 14.59% (306.27 pg/mL to 267.28 pg/mL, p < 0.05), and the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased by 15.92% (215.71 pg/mL to 256.55 pg/mL, p < 0.01) and 32.17% (7.17 ng/mL to 10.57 ng/mL, p < 0.01) in the plasma of Montbéliard and Holstein backcross heifers. Among the experimental heifers, five animals from each of the two groups were selected for plasma metabolomic analysis based on untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A comparison of the differential metabolites between the two heifer breeds revealed an up-regulation of d-glucuronic acid, s-glutathionyl-l-cysteine, and oleic acid levels in the backcross cattle compared with those in the Holstein heifers. We speculate that changes in the levels of these metabolites may be associated with an enhancement of the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune systems in these backcross heifers. Collectively, our findings in this study indicate that compared with 12-month-old purebred Holstein heifers, Montbéliard and Holstein backcross heifers of the same age are characterized by higher antioxidant capacity and immunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
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13 pages, 2238 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of a Forefront Weight Scale from an Automated Calf Milk Feeder for Holstein and Crossbred Dairy and Dairy–Beef Calves
by Kirsten T. Sharpe and Bradley J. Heins
Animals 2023, 13(11), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111752 - 25 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1883
Abstract
Recording of body weights of dairy calves may assist producers in monitoring the health status of calves and making feed-related management decisions. Traditional methods of weighing calves can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. The objective of this study was to evaluate a forefront weight [...] Read more.
Recording of body weights of dairy calves may assist producers in monitoring the health status of calves and making feed-related management decisions. Traditional methods of weighing calves can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. The objective of this study was to evaluate a forefront weight scale on stalls attached to an automated calf milk feeder system to determine the accuracy for measuring the calf body weights of Holstein and crossbred dairy calves. The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, MN, dairy. Eighty-eight Holstein and crossbred calves were fed either 8 L/d or ad libitum milk from September 2019 to February 2020 and March 2020 to July 2020. Crossbred calves were Grazecross crossbreds composted of Jersey, Viking Red, and Normande, ProCross crossbreds composed of Holstein, Montbéliarde, and Viking Red, Limousin-sired crossbred dairy × beef bull calves, and Limousin-sired crossbred dairy × beef heifer calves. The Limousin-sired calves were from Holstein or crossbred dams. Calves were introduced to the Holm & Laue Calf Expert and Hygiene Station automatic calf feeder (Holm & Laue GmbH & Co. KG, Westerrönfeld, Germany) at 5 days of age and were weaned at 56 d. Forefront weight scales were attached to four hygiene station feeding stalls on the automated calf milk feeder, and calves were required to place both front hooves on the scale to access milk. The calf weights from the automated milk feeder were compared to the gold standard calibrated electronic scale (Avery Weigh-Tronix LLC, Fairmont, MN scale). Calves were weighed once per week using the electronic scale, and those weights were compared to the most recent weight recorded by the forefront scale. The associations of the weights from the automated milk feeder scale and the electronic scale were determined with Pearson correlations (PROC CORR of SAS) and Bland–Altman plots (PROC SGPLOT of SAS). Furthermore, PROC GLM of SAS was used to regress the electronic scale body weight on the forefront weight scale body weight for each calf. A total of 600 weight observations were used for statistical analysis. The Pearson correlation of the electronic scale compared to the forefront weight scale was high (0.991), and the concordance correlation coefficient was high (0.987). Correlations for individual calves ranged from 0.852 to 0.999 and were classified as high. Correlations of the electronic scale and forefront weight scale for breed groups ranged from 0.990 to 0.994. The slope of the regression line was 0.9153, and the 95% confidence interval was between 0.906 and 0.925. A mean bias of 0.529 kg was observed from the Bland–Altman plots. The results suggest that there is potential for the forefront weight scale to be used on automated calf milk feeders to accurately record the body weights of calves and support management decision-making, identify sick calves, and help producers determine the proper dosage of medications for calves based on body weight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Calf Health and Performance)
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16 pages, 1042 KiB  
Article
New Insights on Nucleotide Sequence Variants and mRNA Levels of Candidate Genes Assessing Resistance/Susceptibility to Mastitis in Holstein and Montbéliarde Dairy Cows
by Bothaina Essa, Mona Al-Sharif, Mohamed Abdo, Liana Fericean and Ahmed Ateya
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010035 - 3 Jan 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3249
Abstract
A major factor in the propagation of an infectious disease is host genetics. In this study, 180 dairy cows (90 of each breed: Holstein and Montbéliarde) were used. Each breed’s tested dairy cows were divided into two groups of comparable size (45 cows [...] Read more.
A major factor in the propagation of an infectious disease is host genetics. In this study, 180 dairy cows (90 of each breed: Holstein and Montbéliarde) were used. Each breed’s tested dairy cows were divided into two groups of comparable size (45 cows each), mastitis-free and mastitis-affected groups. Each cow’s jugular vein was punctured to obtain blood samples for DNA and RNA extraction. In the examined Holstein and Montbéliarde dairy cows, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related with mastitis resistance/susceptibility were found in the RASGRP1, NFkB, CHL1, MARCH3, PDGFD, MAST3, EPS15L1, C1QTNF3, CD46, COX18, NEURL1, PPIE, and PTX3 genes. Chi-square analysis of identified SNPs revealed a significant difference in gene frequency between mastitic and healthy cows. Except for CHL1, mastitic dairy cows of two breeds had considerably higher mRNA levels of the examined genes than did healthy ones. Marker-assisted selection and monitoring of dairy cows’ susceptibility to mastitis may be accomplished through the use of discovered SNPs and changes in the gene expression profile of the studied genes. These findings also point to a possible method for reducing mastitis in dairy cows through selective breeding of animals using genetic markers linked to an animal’s ability to resist infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Mastitis of Dairy Cows)
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14 pages, 535 KiB  
Article
Effects of Concentrate Levels in Prepartum Diet on Milk Performance, Energy Balance and Rumen Fermentation of Transition Montbéliarde–Holstein Crossbred Cows
by Zhantao Yang, Shuangzhao Dong, Yuhui Zheng, Fanlin Kong, Jiaying Lv, Xiaoge Sun, Yajing Wang, Zhijun Cao, Wei Wang and Shengli Li
Animals 2022, 12(9), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091051 - 19 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2271
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of three rates of prepartum dietary concentrate feeding on the milk performance, energy balance, and rumen fermentation of Montbéliarde–Holstein crossbred cows. Eighteen transition Montbéliarde–Holstein crossbred cows with similar days of gestation (258 ± 12 day) [...] Read more.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of three rates of prepartum dietary concentrate feeding on the milk performance, energy balance, and rumen fermentation of Montbéliarde–Holstein crossbred cows. Eighteen transition Montbéliarde–Holstein crossbred cows with similar days of gestation (258 ± 12 day) and body weights (622 ± 44 kg) were selected and randomly divided into three groups. In the prepartum period, the addition of concentrates accounted for 0.3% (low concentrate, LC), 0.6% (medium concentrate, MC), and 0.9% (high concentrate, HC) of the cow’s body weight. The forage was corn stover, which was fed to the cows ad libitum with free access to water. Postpartum, all of the cows were fed a common lactation total mixed ration. The experimental period lasted from 21 days prepartum to 28 days postpartum. The energy balance (EB), net energy intake (NEI), and dry matter intake (DMI) of the HC group were greater than those of the other groups (p < 0.05). Likewise, the non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), and total bilirubin (TBIL) in the blood of the LC group had significantly higher concentrations than they did in the other groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the increase in the level of dietary concentrate had no significant effect on the rumen fermentation parameters (p > 0.05), and the total intestinal digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) in the HC group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than it was in the other groups during the prepartum period. In conclusion, the administration of the MC diet in the prepartum period had no negative effect on the performance and rumen fermentation of postpartum dairy cows and can satisfy the energy needs of prepartum dairy cows. Therefore, under our experimental conditions, the 0.6% prenatal concentrate feeding amount was the most appropriate for Montbéliarde–Holstein crossbred cows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
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24 pages, 3067 KiB  
Article
A Comprehensive Analysis of Runs of Homozygosity of Eleven Cattle Breeds Representing Different Production Types
by Tomasz Szmatoła, Artur Gurgul, Igor Jasielczuk, Tomasz Ząbek, Katarzyna Ropka-Molik, Zygmunt Litwińczuk and Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
Animals 2019, 9(12), 1024; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121024 - 25 Nov 2019
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 4754
Abstract
In the presented research, BovineSNP50 microarrays (Illumina) were applied to determine runs of homozygosity in the genomes of 11 cattle breeds maintained in Poland. These cattle breeds represent three basic utility types: milk, meat and dual purpose. Analysis of runs of homozygosity allowed [...] Read more.
In the presented research, BovineSNP50 microarrays (Illumina) were applied to determine runs of homozygosity in the genomes of 11 cattle breeds maintained in Poland. These cattle breeds represent three basic utility types: milk, meat and dual purpose. Analysis of runs of homozygosity allowed the evaluation of the level of autozygosity within each breed in order to calculate the genomic inbreeding coefficient (FROH), as well as to identify regions of the genome with a high frequency of ROH occurrence, which may reflect traces of directional selectin left in their genomes. Visible differences in the length and distribution of runs of homozygosity in the genomes of the analyzed cattle breeds have been observed. The highest mean number and mean sums of lengths of runs of homozygosity were characteristic for Hereford cattle and intermediate for the Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White variety, Holstein-Friesian Red-and-White variety, Simmental, Limousin, Montbeliarde and Charolais breeds. However, lower values were observed for cattle of conserved breeds. Moreover, the selected livestock differed in the level of inbreeding estimated using the FROH coefficient. In regions of the genome with a high frequency of ROH occurrence, which may reflect the impact of directional selection, a number of genes were observed that can be potentially related to the production traits which are under selection pressure for specific production types. The most important detected genes were GHR, MSTN, DGAT1, FABP4, and TRH, with a known influence on the milk and meat traits of the studied cattle breeds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Applications of Quantitative Genetics in Livestock Production)
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8 pages, 464 KiB  
Article
ELEVES: A NEW SOFTWARE TOOL FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELING AND SIMULATION
by Aiman Nouh, Mouhcine Chami, Abdesslem Djerdir and Mohammed El Bagdouri
World Electr. Veh. J. 2007, 1(1), 236-243; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj1010236 - 28 Dec 2007
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2431
Abstract
Vehicle simulation software is essential to vehicle design and development. Most current vehicle software simulations, however, require that components be specified prior to running the simulations. Within this context, this paper presents a simulator offering to users flexibility enough to add new component [...] Read more.
Vehicle simulation software is essential to vehicle design and development. Most current vehicle software simulations, however, require that components be specified prior to running the simulations. Within this context, this paper presents a simulator offering to users flexibility enough to add new component and use different level of accuracy. Thus a first version of a new software tool, in order to assist in developing technologies for Electric Vehicle (EV), is described. The ELEctric VEhicle Simulator (ELEVES) is currently being developed as a research project in the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM) by our laboratory Systems and Transportations (SeT). This simulator is developed on the base of the Component Hybrid Dynamic Nets (CHDN). As application, the proposed software tool has been used to modeling and simulation of four motorized wheels electric vehicle. Finally, a comparison between the results obtained by ELEVES with those obtained by Matlab/ Simulink software tool has been included. Full article
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