Search Results (30)

This paper presents an enhanced hub location model tailored to port–hinterland logistics planning, grounded in the Capacitated Multiple-Allocation Hub Location Problem (CMAHLP). The formulation incorporates nonlinear cost structures, hub-specific operating costs, adaptive capacity constraints, and a feasibility condition based on the Social Net Present Value (NPVsocial) to support the design of intermodal freight networks under asymmetric spatial and socio-environmental conditions. The empirical case focuses on Spain, leveraging its strategic position between Asia, North Africa, and Europe. The model includes four major ports—Barcelona, Valencia, Málaga, and Algeciras—as intermodal gateways connected to the 47 provinces of peninsular Spain through calibrated cost matrices based on real distances and mode-specific road and rail costs. A Genetic Algorithm is applied to evaluate 120 scenarios, varying the number of active hubs (4, 6, 8, 10, 12), transshipment discounts (α = 0.2 and 1.0), and internal parameters. The most efficient configuration involved 300 generations, 150 individuals, a crossover rate of 0.85, and a mutation rate of 0.40. The algorithm integrates guided mutation, elitist reinsertion, and local search on the top 15% of individuals. Results confirm the central role of Madrid, Valencia, and Barcelona, frequently accompanied by high-performance inland hubs such as Málaga, Córdoba, Jaén, Palencia, León, and Zaragoza. Cities with active ports such as Cartagena, Seville, and Alicante appear in several of the most efficient network configurations. Their recurring presence underscores the strategic role of inland hubs located near seaports in supporting logistical cohesion and operational resilience across the system. The COVID-19 crisis, the Suez Canal incident, and the persistent tensions in the Red Sea have made clear the fragility of traditional freight corridors linking Asia and Europe. These shocks have brought renewed strategic attention to southern Spain—particularly the Mediterranean and Andalusian axes—as viable alternatives that offer both geographic and intermodal advantages. In this evolving context, the contribution of southern hubs gains further support through strong system-wide performance indicators such as entropy, cluster diversity, and Pareto efficiency, which allow for the assessment of spatial balance, structural robustness, and optimal trade-offs in intermodal freight planning. Southern hubs, particularly in coordination with North African partners, are poised to gain prominence in an emerging Euro–Maghreb logistics interface that demands a territorial balance and resilient port–hinterland integration. Full article

The October 2024 cut-off low event triggered one of the most catastrophic floods recorded in the Valencia Metropolitan Area, exposing significant vulnerabilities in urban planning, infrastructure resilience, and emergency preparedness. This study presents a novel comprehensive assessment of the event, using a multi-sensor satellite approach combined with socio-economic and infrastructure data at the metropolitan scale. It provides a comprehensive spatial assessment of the flood’s impacts by integrating of radar Sentinel-1 and optical Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 imagery with datasets including population density, land use, and critical infrastructure layers. Approximately 199 km² were inundated, directly affecting over 90,000 residents and compromising vital infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, transportation corridors, and agricultural lands. Results highlight the exposure of peri-urban zones and agricultural areas, reflecting the socio-economic risks associated with the rapid urban expansion into flood-prone plains. The applied methodology demonstrates the essential role of multi-sensor remote sensing in accurately delineating flood extents and assessing socio-economic impacts. This approach constitutes a transferable framework for enhancing disaster risk management strategies in other Mediterranean urban regions. As extreme hydrometeorological events become more frequent under changing climatic conditions, the findings underscore the urgent need for integrating remote sensing technologies, early warning systems, and nature-based solutions into regional governance to strengthen resilience, reduce vulnerabilities, and mitigate future flood risks. Full article

This paper analyzes the exploitability, economic viability, and impact of fleet-based 5G network extensions implemented in maritime environments, focusing on the Baltic Sea and Mediterranean as a case study. Through cost–benefit analysis and business model validation, we demonstrate how multi-hop 5G connectivity can reduce communication costs while improving service quality for maritime operators. Our findings indicate that implementing vessel-based 5G relay stations can achieve 80–90% coverage in key maritime corridors with a break-even period of 2–3 years. The study reveals that combining vessel-to-vessel relaying with strategic floating base stations can reduce connectivity costs by up to 40% compared to traditional satellite solutions, while enabling new revenue streams through premium services. We provide a detailed economic framework for evaluating similar implementations across different maritime routes and suggest policy recommendations for facilitating cross-border 5G maritime networks and introduce key use cases value creation for network extension. Full article

Agricultural expansion and intensification are major drivers of biodiversity loss, particularly through habitat fragmentation. In the Mediterranean region, traditional farming systems like olive groves have historically supported biodiversity by creating heterogeneous landscapes. This study evaluates the role of olive groves in maintaining ecological connectivity for reptiles in Liguria, Italy. Using a dataset of 5211 georeferenced reptile records and habitat suitability models, we constructed taxon-specific resistance maps and applied circuit theory to model landscape-scale connectivity. We addressed three key questions: (1) Do olive groves act as barriers to reptile movement? (2) Do olive groves provide connectivity levels comparable to those of natural habitats? (3) Do olive groves serve as corridors connecting protected areas? Our results indicate that olive groves do not impede reptile movement, with normalized current flow (NCF) values close to 1, similar to those of natural habitats. Additionally, olive groves frequently intersect with least-cost paths between protected areas, highlighting their role as connectivity corridors. These findings underscore the conservation value of traditional olive groves in fragmented landscapes. By integrating these agroecosystems into regional conservation strategies, we can enhance biodiversity while supporting sustainable agriculture. This study provides critical insights for land management practices that balance ecological and agricultural priorities. Full article

Electric Road Systems (ERS) are emerging technologies that enable electricity transfer to electric vehicles in motion. However, their implementation presents challenges due to high energy demands and infrastructure requirements. This technology offers a significant opportunity for decarbonizing road freight transport, one of the most carbon-intensive sectors, contributing to the European Union’s climate goals. This study hypothesizes that implementing an inductive ERS for freight transport along the AP-7 corridor in Spain will generate environmental benefits—primarily through greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions—that outweigh the associated socioeconomic costs, making it a viable decarbonization strategy. To test this hypothesis, an impact assessment framework based on Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) is conducted, incorporating climate change and other environmental benefits. The framework is applied to a section of the Mediterranean Highway Corridor AP-7 in Spain. The results indicate that the most significant benefits are derived from positive environmental impacts and lower vehicle operation costs. Through a sensitivity analysis, our research identifies key variables affecting the system’s socioeconomic profitability, including payload capacity, volatility of energy prices and shadow prices of GHG emissions. The study provides insights for policymakers to optimize ERS deployment strategies, ensuring maximum social benefits while addressing economic and environmental challenges. Full article

Electric power transmission lines both cause and are impacted by wildfires and fuel breaks are crucial to mitigate wildfire hazard along and in conjunction with these infrastructures. Information about fuel dynamics is crucial for planning and maintaining fuel treatments, namely, to define their frequency. We sampled mechanically treated power line corridors representative of wide variation in climate, soil, and plant communities in Portugal and at different times since treatment. Non-destructive methods were used to assess ground cover and height per fuel stratum and the corresponding phytovolumes and fine fuel loads were calculated. Variability in fuel metrics was described by fitting logistic generalized linear models or linearized power functions based on time since disturbance and categorical variables for the effect of regeneration strategy, soil-richness structure, and climate. Time since treatment dominated fuel abundance and recovery was faster in communities of obligate resprouters in comparison with obligate or facultative seeders and in light- versus heavy-textured soils. No apparent effect of local climate was found given the short-lived impact of fuel treatments under the productive regional Mediterranean climate. The results provide a decision-making basis to refine the current treatment periodicity. Mechanical-treatment intervals of 3–5 years or 6–10 years are advised, respectively, for wildfire control and to minimize infrastructure damage. Full article

Building on the observation of gaps in current research, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial patterns of heritage sites along the Silk Road, focusing on how historical trade routes shaped what are now recognized as heritage sites. Using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage List, the research examines heritage sites across Eurasia and North Africa, with a specific emphasis on the Silk Road corridors. This study employs a spatiotemporal approach, categorizing sites into northern overland routes and southern maritime routes to highlight regional variations in network development. The key findings of this study reveal the significant influence of historical trade routes on the development of settlements, cities, and cultural landmarks along the Silk Road. These findings identify clear trends in the Silk Road network’s evolution over time, illustrating a shift in its spatial focus across different historical periods. Initially, the network was centered in the eastern Mediterranean during the Classical Period. In the medieval period, this focus expanded to include a dual core area in both the eastern Mediterranean and Central Asia. By the late Medieval period, the network had shifted again, with a new core emerging in Europe. This chronological and spatial analysis allows for a detailed examination of the Silk Road network’s heritage landscape evolution. The study underscores the interconnectedness of heritage sites across these regions, contributing to a deeper understanding of how landscape connectivity and trade network dynamics evolved over time. Furthermore, by identifying patterns of network development and shifts in centrality and density, this research offers valuable insights for the conservation and management of heritage landscapes. These findings are particularly crucial for preserving the historical and cultural integrity of Silk Road heritage sites. Full article

The Rif Cordillera, an Alpine orogen in the Western Mediterranean, was developed by the interaction of Eurasian and African (Nubia) plates. Neotectonic deformations of the Rif foreland influence the relief, especially in post-nappe basins and their boundaries with Jurassic and Cretaceous carbonate mountain massifs, and they contribute to highlighting the recent evolution of the Cordillera. The topographic and hydrological lineaments of these basins were characterised on the basis of multi-scale morphostructural data analysis, supported by digital mapping and GIS. They were correlated with geological structures, essentially with fractures. The outcrops of the Upper Tortonian and Messinian deposits depict well-defined geometric shapes with roughly rectilinear boundaries, as defined by their contacts with the massive and rigid rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous series. Upper Tortonian deposits evidence major regional N70°E and N40°E lineaments, which are obliquely intersected by late structures. Messinian N120°E and N25°E lineaments, associated with N140°E lineaments, are also recognised. The interpretation of these lineaments as faults indicates the activity of two systems of transtensive sinistral and then dextral brittle shearing that correspond to two episodes of neotectonic deformation that played a decisive role in shaping the reliefs of the Eastern Rif. These deformations are particularly relevant to isolate basins and likely have a key role during the closure of the South Rifian corridor during the Mediterranean Messinian Salinity crisis. Full article

This paper presents an innovative dataset designed explicitly for challenging agricultural environments, such as greenhouses, where precise location is crucial, but GNNS accuracy may be compromised by construction elements and the crop. The dataset was collected using a mobile platform equipped with a set of sensors typically used in mobile robots as it was moved through all the corridors of a typical Mediterranean greenhouse featuring tomato crops. This dataset presents a unique opportunity for constructing detailed 3D models of plants in such indoor-like spaces, with potential applications such as robotized spraying. For the first time, to the authors’ knowledge, a dataset suitable to test simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) methods is presented in a greenhouse environment, which poses unique challenges. The suitability of the dataset for this purpose is assessed by presenting SLAM results with state-of-the-art algorithms. The dataset is available online. Full article

The trans-European transport network (TEN-T) is a key factor in the relationship between railway development and urban growth in Europe, with a tangible impact on urban morphology. In this scenario, the aim of this article is to analyze how the Mediterranean Railway Corridor (EU’s TEN-T strategy) is inducing new processes of railway integration in the urban system located along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Our working hypothesis is based on the analysis of three vectors that are modifying the relationship between high-performance rail networks and cities, using new processes that have been overlooked by most of the existing scientific and EU grey literature. Firstly, the development of a trans-European transport network (TEN-T) is driving new and complex rail projects that are associated with achieving the full interoperability of the trans-European rail corridors. Secondly, the European liberalization of passenger transport is promoting rail operations with a strong urban and morphological impact, due to the resulting increase in rail services. Finally, the European response to the consequences of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has made it possible to launch large-scale financial operations aimed at sustainable transport projects, including rail projects. We have carried out an analysis of the academic and institutional literature and we have also considered three case studies along the Mediterranean Corridor in Spain: Barcelona, Valencia, and Murcia. For each one, we present the structure of the current rail networks, the ongoing urban integration projects driven by the Mediterranean Corridor, and the resulting implications for urban morphology, as well as the opportunities they bring from a socio-economic perspective. Therefore, we argue that there is a triple substantial change: the significance of rail and urban projects (from the national scale to throughout the European Union), the operational network (from the domestic high-speed network to the TEN-T network), and funding (from state self-financing to European CEF and RRF funds). Nonetheless, further research activities are needed to assess how the revision of the TEN-T regulation strategy will affect the urban–railway relationship. Full article

Due to globalisation and anthropopressure (intensification of shipping, creation of water corridors connecting seas, cultivation of commercial species), the movement of aquatic species has increased in recent years. The determination of trends in the movement of aquatic species in their geographical distribution over time is important because it may help in the management of a species in aquatic ecosystems. There are also knowledge gaps on the long-term trends in the movements of Southern European aquatic alien invertebrates. The study provides the first evidence of both northward and southward movements of these species based on available observations from 1940 to 2021, using meta-analyses and GAM modelling. To date, the majority (98%) of analysed Southern European aquatic alien invertebrates of Mediterranean and Ponto-Caspian origin have moved to the north. Among them, 61% are Ponto-Caspian aquatic alien invertebrates that moved only to the north, and 4% are Mediterranean aquatic alien invertebrates that moved only to the north; the rest include species that moved to the north and south: 27% are Ponto-Caspian aquatic alien invertebrates, and 6% are Mediterranean aquatic alien invertebrates. The one-way movement to the south was observed only in 2% of Mediterranean aquatic alien species. The study will help in understanding the movement patterns of Southern European aquatic alien invertebrates and in the effective management of aquatic ecosystems that allow for the co-existence of people and the rest of biodiversity. Full article

Recreational use of urban rivers is becoming popular since rivers may act as amenity corridors with the potential for exhibition, recreation, leisure, relaxation and retreat. However, several point and non-point pollution sources contribute to the degradation of urban rivers’ water quality, thereby impeding their beneficial uses and amenities. The physicochemical and microbiological quality of a Greek urban river (Kifisos–Athens) was analyzed over a period of 12 months. A sampling campaign was implemented, collecting monthly data from five sites. Spearman’s analysis showed significant correlation of the Hellenic Water Quality Index with specific nutrients. The total physicochemical status of all sampling stations was characterized as poor or bad. The annual average concentration of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was extremely high in four sites out of five, ranging from 16,822 to 26,780 cfu/100 mL. Bacteriological quality was unacceptable, as the study demonstrated the widespread occurrence of E. coli and low-quality physiochemical conditions. The spatiotemporal distribution of pollution levels revealed hotspots to be monitored further via automatic monitoring stations. A series of management and restoration measures, including tracing the exact pollution routes, should be initiated to minimize pollution pressures and establish the good ecological status of an important Mediterranean river. Full article

Green façades in the urban environment represent points of biodiversity value, contributing to species conservation, acting as urban wildlife corridors connecting elements, and also aiming at sustainability, when the materials and structure are thoughtfully chosen. Ivies (Hedera spp.) are perennial climbing evergreen plants that are easy to cultivate and demand little input, and their use in vertical green systems is much appreciated but may lead to damage to the constructions in the long term. Among the 14 species of Hedera currently recognized, a few have been bred into cultivars and are available in the market for cultivation, often as exotic species. Four Hedera spp. are native to Portugal, but most cultivated species in this territory are exotic and the suitability of native species for their use in green façades has not been documented. Thus, in the present work, we describe the installation of a low-cost indirect green façade structure supported on cork panels using plants belonging to the native H. iberica and H. hibernica. The structure is installed at the Ajuda Botanical Garden, under Mediterranean conditions, on a brick and cement wall, and will enable researchers and landscape architects to follow the development of this structure as a long-term experiment, prompting the use of native species toward increased biological and technical sustainability. The preliminary results indicate that the cork structure is able to provide adequate support for the plants and that these were able to climb and develop in this structure, avoiding direct contact with the wall and the possible subsequent damage. Therefore, the structure provides a viable solution to implementing sustainable green façades with native species, on brick-cement walls, able to be replicated in other urban locations under similar environmental conditions. Full article

The first inventory of the flora of Appia Antica Regional Park (Italy), one of the largest protected urban areas in Europe (4580 ha), its biological, ecological and biogeographical composition, and notes of the vegetation physiognomies and landscape are presented; physical characteristics of the territory (geomorphology, lithotypes, and phytoclimate) are also given. The landscape is defined by an agricultural matrix with natural and seminatural areas as patches, and riparian vegetation communities as corridors. The vegetation physiognomies are represented by types linked to the Mediterranean climate (mixed, Mediterranean, and riparian forests; scrubby, rocky, aquatic, and helophytic vegetation; anthropogenic communities). The floristic list includes 714 taxa (104 families and 403 genera). Therophytes prevail over hemicryptophytes; woody flora comprises about 30% of alien species. As regards chorotypes, together with a considerable number of Mediterranean species, there are many exotic species with wide distribution areas testifying to a long-lasting anthropic impact. Floristic novelties (european, national, and regional levels) for 21 taxa are reported. The extraordinary species diversity discovered (43% of flora of Rome and 20% of regional flora) is linked to the landscape heterogeneity, the characteristics of which are: (1) persistence of residual natural patches, (2) occurrence of quite well-preserved aquatic habitats and humid meadows, (3) a rich anthropogenic flora, (4) an interesting flora of archeological sites, (5) occurrence of species not common in Latium, (6) occurrence of populations of aliens in crops (which cause economic impact), (7) presence of aliens on archeological ruins (which cause economic-social impacts). The extensive set of data provided represents a general base framework for guiding future research efforts and landscape action plans consistent with environmental sustainability. Full article

One of the biggest issues in railroad planning and design is determining the optimal railroad route. After the railroad route variants are determined, the major challenge is to identify and select the criteria which will be used for the analysis and evaluation of the variants. This paper is primarily concerned with the evaluation and selection of an optimal railroad route between Rijeka and Zagreb as part of the Mediterranean Corridor. The large number of criteria used to analyze solutions makes this decision-making complex. The objectives are usually in conflict with each other, and there are usually several groups of decision makers involved in the process. The aim of this paper was to analyze alternative railroad route variants using the optimization method of multi-criteria analysis. To achieve the research aim, a model comprising the defined criteria and sub-criteria including their weighting coefficients was set. To perform the analysis, the authors applied the defined model for evaluation and selection of a railway route between Rijeka and Zagreb using the PROMETHEE II method for multi-criteria ranking of alternatives and the computer software “Visual PROMETHEE”. The value of the defined model is expressed by the presented methodology of multi-criteria optimization, which is used in railroad planning and designing. Full article