Search Results (7,098)

Background/Objectives: Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are investigated in cancer research; however, the direct biological effects of unloaded magnetic colloidal suspensions in renal cancer remain insufficiently characterized. This study compared two double-oleic-acid-coated formulations prepared from precursors: magnetite-based MCS 1 and maghemite-based MCS 2. Methods: The suspensions were characterized by vibrating-sample magnetometry, dynamic light scattering, bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Their effects on A704 renal adenocarcinoma cells were evaluated after 24 h of exposure to 1–5 µg/mL using MTT, neutral red uptake, JC-1, Hoechst 33342/MitoTracker Red CMXRos, acridine orange/propidium iodide staining, and a 7-day clonogenic assay. Results: MCS 2 showed higher volumetric saturation magnetization (1.541 vs. 1.059 Gs), a smaller Z-average hydrodynamic diameter (79.65 vs. 103.9 nm), and a more uniform volume-weighted distribution. Both formulations significantly reduced metabolic activity and neutral red uptake and induced mitochondrial depolarization, cell-death-associated morphological changes, and impaired clonogenic capacity. MCS 1 generally produced a moderate response with an apparent plateau, whereas MCS 2 showed a pronounced concentration-related effect at 4–5 µg/mL. At 5 µg/mL, MCS 2 reduced metabolic activity to approximately 49%, neutral red uptake to 50.04%, the JC-1 aggregate-to-monomer ratio to 46.02%, and colony formation to 31.44% of the control. Conclusions: The suspensions exhibited distinct physicochemical and biological profiles. MCS 2 produced greater effects at the highest concentrations, potentially related to its smaller hydrodynamic size and more uniform particle-size distribution. Further studies should establish tumor selectivity, cellular uptake, and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Full article

The Waliguan–Duohemao tectonic belt on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau hosts Qinghai’s highest-temperature hot springs (Zhacanggou 98 °C, Qunaihai 97 °C) and deep hot dry rock resources in the Gonghe Basin. However, the mechanisms governing hydrothermal circulation in this region remain poorly understood, limiting the assessment of its sustainable geothermal development potential. Through integrated fluid geochemistry, borehole temperature logging, and crustal thermal structure analyses, this study reveals the dual “water–heat” control exerted by the fault zone. The fault acts as a dominant pathway for deep meteoric water circulation, controlling mixing between deep hydrothermal fluids and shallow cold water, as evidenced by continuous hydrochemical and isotopic trends. Heat flow analysis indicates surface heat flow values up to 134.66 mW/m² in the Gonghe Basin (with a 78.6% crustal contribution), decreasing to 57.4% in the Guinan area. A deep intra-crustal partial melting layer provides additional heat in the Gonghe Basin, whereas the Guide and Tongren areas rely primarily on radiogenic heat generation. The systematic increase in crustal heat flow from southwest to northeast confirms the fault zone as an efficient conduit for deep thermal transport, highlighting the region’s substantial deep geothermal energy potential. To overcome the “heat without water” exploration bottleneck and promote sustainable resource development, we propose differentiated exploration strategies tailored to the structural heterogeneity of the belt: (1) in the western Gonghe Basin, prioritize heat source characterization and enhanced geothermal system (EGS) feasibility assessment; (2) in the central Guide area, employ high-resolution geophysical methods to detect water-conducting fault zones; and (3) in the eastern Tongren area, evaluate water source conditions and fault connectivity with recharge areas. These strategies collectively minimize exploration risks and support the long-term, sustainable utilization of geothermal resources in this high-altitude region. Full article

The Yinchuan Basin is situated at the leading edge of the latest northeastward expansion of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Sedimentary sequences at basin margins are crucial for understanding basin–mountain coupling relationships, yet systematic studies remain scarce. Here, we present a comprehensive sedimentological, paleomagnetic, whole-rock major and trace element, carbon–oxygen isotope, and detrital zircon U–Pb geochronological analysis of ZK01 Borehole (203 m) from the Kushui River area in the southern basin. Multi-proxy reconstruction reveals that Quaternary climate evolution can be divided into five stages: (1) Early Pleistocene (~2.58–1.77 Ma) alluvial fan-lacustrine alternations with high-amplitude climatic fluctuations, responding to orbitally-driven monsoon precipitation changes; (2) late Early Pleistocene (~1.77–0.78 Ma) stable lacustrine environment with sustained warm–humid conditions and subdued wet–dry oscillations; (3) Middle Pleistocene Climate Transition (MPT, ~0.9–0.6 Ma), marked by positive δ¹³C shifts, heavier δ¹⁸O values, and peak CIA values, indicating intensified chemical weathering in the catchment despite regional warming–drying; (4) Late Pleistocene (~0.16–0.12 Ma) extreme arid alluvial fan phase, with decreased CIA, recording a major dry event; and (5) post-last interglacial (~0.12 Ma–present) shallow lake recovery, with gradual enrichment of all proxies. Detrital zircon U–Pb age spectra show multi-peak characteristics (200–300 Ma, 400–500 Ma, etc.), consistent with upper Yellow River sediments. From the Late Pliocene to the Quaternary, the 200–300 Ma component increased while Precambrian components decreased. Provenance evolution indicates the Yellow River has been the primary sediment carrier, with increasing young components linked to the far-field effects of the Kunlun-Huanghe Movement, revealing tectonic uplift-driven headward erosion and provenance changes. We conclude that Quaternary environmental evolution of the Yinchuan Basin was jointly controlled by orbital-scale monsoon climate and episodic tectonic uplift of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin, with Yellow River integration further reshaping the basin’s drainage pattern. Full article

To elucidate the recharge relationships and hydrological processes among different water bodies in the Qinghai Lake Basin, precipitation, river water, groundwater, and lake water samples were collected from April to November 2024. The hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope compositions (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) were determined to characterize their spatiotemporal variations, and the MixSIAR model was applied to quantitatively evaluate the recharge contributions among different water bodies. The results show significant differences in stable isotope compositions among the various water bodies. Overall, lake water exhibited the most enriched isotopic signatures, whereas groundwater was the most depleted and isotopically stable, while precipitation displayed the largest variability. Precipitation isotopes exhibited pronounced seasonal effects. River water showed a depletion–enrichment–depletion pattern, reflecting the important recharge contributions from wet season precipitation and frozen-soil meltwater. Groundwater exhibited relatively weak seasonal variations and a distinct smoothing effect. In contrast, the isotopic composition of lake water was jointly controlled by evaporative fractionation and multiple recharge sources, with the highest enrichment occurring in spring and gradual depletion during wet season and dry season. Spatially, significant isotopic differences were observed among rivers. Groundwater was relatively enriched in the western part of the basin and depleted in the eastern part, whereas lake water exhibited an opposite pattern, characterized by enrichment in the east and depletion in the west. The Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) of the Qinghai Lake Basin was defined as δ²H = 8.07δ¹⁸O + 37.48 (R² = 0.96). Both the slope and intercept were higher than those of the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL), indicating that locally recycled evaporated moisture played an important role in regional precipitation formation. The river water line showed characteristics similar to those of the groundwater line, suggesting strong hydraulic connectivity between river water and groundwater. In contrast, the lake water line deviated markedly from the meteoric water line, indicating significant evaporative fractionation of lake water. The MixSIAR results indicate that the contributions of river water, groundwater, and precipitation to lake water were 37.5%, 33.9%, and 28.6%, respectively. These findings reveal the complex hydrological connections and transformation processes among multiple water bodies in the Qinghai Lake Basin and provide a scientific basis for water resource management and ecological environmental protection in inland basins of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Full article

Global warming profoundly alters the stability of soil organic matter (SOM) in permafrost zones, yet the underlying mechanisms governing SOM stability in permafrost landscapes at different stages of degradation remain unclear. This study utilised soil samples from the 0–50 cm layer collected from both continuous and isolated patches permafrost zones in the Daxing’an Mountains for laboratory incubation experiments at constant temperatures of 5 and 15 °C. The results for SOC, Fe and Al oxide content, δ ¹³C and MBC indicate that SOM in isolated patchy permafrost possesses greater bioavailability and higher decomposability under warming, and carbon mineralization in shallow soils is more temperature-sensitive (Q₁₀ = 4.24). After 89 days of incubation, the mineralisation rate in mineral-rich deep soil was only half that of organic-rich surface soil. Furthermore, as the ratio of Fe/Al oxides to organic carbon increased, the sensitivity of SOM decomposition to temperature decreased significantly. Overall, the stability of organic matter in permafrost is jointly regulated by the intrinsic molecular properties of the organic matter and the protective effect of minerals; furthermore, this protective effect can significantly delay the process by which peatlands in permafrost regions transition from carbon sinks to carbon sources. Full article

Dynamic inductive charging (DIC) combined with hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities offers a promising pathway toward extended-range electric vehicles with grid integration benefits. However, real-time optimal energy management remains challenging due to multi-axis coil misalignment, component aging, and bidirectional power flow uncertainty. This paper proposes an adaptive digital twin driven artificial intelligence (AI) energy management framework integrating physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), soft actor critic (SAC) deep reinforcement learning, and model predictive control (MPC) for optimal power distribution among a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), lithium-ion battery, supercapacitor, dynamic wireless charging, and grid interface in four-wheel drive electric vehicles (4WD-EVs). The framework features: (1) a self-evolving digital twin with online learning via Elastic Weight Consolidation (EWC) updating every 50 cycles; (2) a PINN-based state estimator for battery-state estimation, with an average inference time of 1.1 ms and a worst-case latency of 2.8 ms; (3) a hierarchical SAC–MPC strategy with high-level mode selection and low-level power optimization; (4) real-time five-degree-of-freedom WPT misalignment compensation, achieving a mean efficiency of 91.5% under the evaluated dynamic lateral misalignment conditions, with a 50 mm displacement amplitude; (5) degradation-aware V2G optimization generating €582.50/year in revenue while reducing battery aging by 31.8%; and (6) comprehensive techno-economic analysis yielding a discounted payback period of approximately 5.57 years and a net present value of approximately €3777 over a 10-year horizon. Validated through 200+ hours of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation on the dSPACE/NVIDIA Jetson platform, the proposed approach achieves a 24.3% cost reduction and 31.8% lower battery degradation. The MPC controller exhibits an average execution time of 32.1 ms, a 95th-percentile latency of 44.8 ms, and a worst-case latency of 62.4 ms, while remaining within the 100-ms real-time control deadline. Results demonstrate the viability of adaptive digital twins for next-generation EVs with autonomous charging and multi-source architectures. Full article

Late Mesozoic magmatic rocks are widely exposed in the northern Great Xing’an Range, a key region recording Phanerozoic crustal growth along the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). This study integrates petrology, LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb geochronology, zircon Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemistry for Late Mesozoic granitic subvolcanic intrusions in the Huoluotai area, northern Great Xing’an Range. Zircon U–Pb dating yields crystallization ages of 143.4 ± 1.2 Ma for the felsite and 138.8 ± 2.0 Ma for the rhyolite porphyry, documenting early Early Cretaceous emplacement. Geochemical data reveals that the investigated felsite and rhyolite porphyry exhibit high SiO₂, K₂O and total alkali (K₂O + Na₂O) contents, coupled with low MgO, Mg^#, Ni, Sr and Yb values, and thus belong to shoshonitic I-type granites. The samples are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILIs; e.g., Rb, K, U) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), with depletion of high-field-strength elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Ta, P, Ti) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), accompanied by pronounced negative Eu anomalies, typical of crust-derived magmas. Zircon ε_Hf(t) values range from −2.25 to +1.57 for the felsite (T_DM2 = 1092–1334 Ma) and −0.65 to +3.58 for the rhyolite porphyry (T_DM2 = 960–1229 Ma). Zircon Hf isotopic features demonstrate that the primary magmas were mainly derived from Mesoproterozoic juvenile crust, accompanied by variable mixing with ancient sialic crustal components. The felsite and rhyolite porphyry formed in a post-collisional extensional setting, constraining the final closure of the eastern Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean to earlier than ~144 Ma. By contrast, Late Jurassic (150–146 Ma) Mo-mineralization-related granitoids in this area are Na-rich adakites with high Sr and low Yb, generated during oceanic subduction. The remarkable geochemical transition from 150–146 Ma subduction-related Na-rich adakites to 143–139 Ma post-collisional K-rich granites restricts a tectonic transition from compression to extension at ~145 Ma in the northern Great Xing’an Range. Full article

Oil–source relationships in the Tarim Basin remain controversial because Paleozoic oils may record contributions from multiple marine source rock systems. We compiled 207 source rock trace element, 184 source rock rare earth element (REE), 44 crude oil trace element, and 33 crude oil REE records to evaluate elemental proxies in an overmature marine carbonate petroleum system. Lower Cambrian source rocks generally record more reducing conditions than the Saergan Formation, although both groups are compositionally variable. PERMANOVA shows significant separation in V/Ni–Ni/Co and Ni/Mo–Mo/Co spaces (R² = 0.4675 and 0.6381; p < 0.001), but PERMDISP indicates unequal dispersion only for V/Ni–Ni/Co. Thus, Ni/Mo–Mo/Co provides the more robust source rock separation. Some Ordovician reservoir oils are compositionally compatible with the Lower Cambrian field, whereas others occupy intermediate or outlying positions. However, whole-rock and ashed oil analyses represent different elemental pools, precluding unique genetic assignment. REE parameters have limited discriminatory capacity because source rock fields overlap and oil data are incomplete and strongly study dependent. V–Ni–Mo–Co relationships should therefore be used as complementary evidence together with biomarkers, stable isotopes, and regional petroleum geology. Full article

The Youjiang Basin is located in the southwestern margin of the South China Block and at the junction between the South China and Indochina Blocks at the eastern end of the Tethyan tectonic domain. The processes responsible for Triassic magmatism in the basin are crucial to understanding the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. This study presents the geochemistry and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes of granites from the Pingxiang area in the southwestern Youjiang Basin. The granites belong to the high-K and peraluminous series with A/CNK ratios of 1.16–1.38. They have high SiO₂ and K₂O contents and moderate Al₂O₃ content with moderately fractionated REE patterns (La_N/Yb_N = 6.35–7.83) and negative Ba, Sr, P and Ti anomalies, consistent with peraluminous A₂-type granites. The granites have LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages of 243–241 Ma, with negative εHf_(t) values ranging from −13.22 to −6.52 and T_DM2 model ages from 1654 to 2073 Ma. They were formed by partial melting of Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in an extensional setting. Combined with existing data, we suggest that the 243–241 Ma extensional event is related to the subduction-to-collision transition likely induced by slab breakoff during the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Full article

Volcanic gas and isotope anomalies can retain delayed effects of shallow hydrothermal storage, transfer and selective chemical removal before they are measured at the surface. A single Caputo order provides a parsimonious memory law, but finite cutoffs, multiple relaxation slopes and discrete exchange domains may require broader descriptions. This theoretical study formulates hydrothermal memory first as a causal Volterra process and distinguishes positive-spectral and Sonine-compatible refinements of that class without assuming that either implies the other. Exact initialized diffusive realizations, positive finite-reservoir approximations, a quadratic storage identity and finite-window kernel-to-observable error bounds are developed. Synthetic experiments compare memory classes through scalar, gas-ratio and isotope responses. The principal statistical benchmark is deliberately restricted to the nested Caputo and exponentially tail-tempered families, thereby testing whether one additional cutoff parameter is supported. In a key negative-control experiment, omission of a slow inherited mode caused AICc to prefer tail tempering in 72.0% of replicates even though the post-observation kernel remained Caputo. This demonstrates that incorrect memory initialization can masquerade as a constitutive cutoff. The study has not yet been validated against real volcanic gas or isotope records, and no site calibration is claimed. Full article

Mead quality is shaped by both fermentation and subsequent bottle aging, but stage-resolved descriptions that follow one production batch from honey must through fermented mead to aged mead remain scarce, particularly for region-specific single-honey products. Here, mead produced from Tithonia diversifolia honey from Southern Shan State, Myanmar, was characterised at three processing stages: pre-fermentation must (Pre), post-fermentation mead (Post), and mead bottle-aged for 1 year under ambient conditions at 24–28 °C (Aged). Physicochemical parameters were measured in three biologically independent production replicates and analysed statistically. Volatile and non-volatile profiling was performed on a single composite sample per stage, prepared by combining the three replicates, and is therefore descriptive: it characterises one production batch and does not support statistical comparison between stages. Fermentation reduced glucose and fructose from 71.9 ± 0.2 and 86.6 ± 0.8 mg/mL to below the limit of quantification, and both remained below it after aging. Mead pH rose slightly during fermentation (3.80 ± 0.07 to 3.88 ± 0.05) and fell during storage (3.67 ± 0.05), while colour shifted towards the lighter end of the Pfund scale rather than browning. Semi-quantitative electronic-nose analysis detected 60 putative volatile candidates across the sequence. The pre-fermentation profile was the least similar to the others (Pre versus Post, r = 0.16; Pre versus Aged, r = 0.04, against r = 0.38 between Post and Aged), and the post-fermentation profile was dominated by alcohol- and sulfur-associated responses. Twenty-nine candidates were detected only after fermentation, and 17 were shared between the fermented and aged mead, while the aged sample additionally contained candidates, including pentanol, 2-methylpropanoic acid, propyl acetate, 2-methylbutanal, thiophene, and terpinen-4-ol. Untargeted UHPLC-QTOF/MS resolved 10 non-volatile features that differed in detection across the three stages; these were putatively annotated by accurate mass, isotopic fidelity, and MS/MS library matching, with peptides and peptide derivatives forming the largest group. Because no authentic standards were analysed, these annotations remain tentative. Because the profiling data derive from one batch of one monofloral honey fermented with one yeast strain and were not confirmed by orthogonal or sensory methods, the compounds reported here define a candidate feature list for targeted validation in T. diversifolia mead rather than established markers of mead maturation. Full article

High-precision two-dimensional intermolecular potential energy surfaces (PESs) for Rg–CuF (Rg = Ar, Kr, Xe) were constructed at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles with non-iterative triples [CCSD(T)] level by employing aug-cc-pVXZ (X = D, T, Q) basis sets, and the energies were extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. All three complexes exhibit a consistent topological pattern: the global minimum corresponds to a collinear Rg–Cu–F configuration, and the local minimum corresponds to an anti-linear Rg–F–Cu configuration. As the atomic number of noble gas increases, the Rg–Cu equilibrium distance lengthens while the binding strength remarkably enhances. Bound state calculations were performed based on these PESs to yield rotational levels, which can be used to derive the intermolecular vibrational frequencies, molecular structures and spectroscopic parameters for all primary isotopologues. The predicted rotational constants B are in excellent agreement with the experimental observations, attaining a sub-MHz accuracy at the AVTZ level for Kr–CuF and at the CBS limit for Ar–CuF and Xe–CuF. Vibrational wavefunction analysis reveals that the intermolecular vibrational modes of Kr–CuF and Xe–CuF are highly localized, consistent with the pronounced molecular rigidity observed experimentally. Isotopic effect analysis reveals a well-defined linear relationship between the changes in the rotational constant B and the intermolecular vibrational frequency in relation to the reduced mass of the complex, which provides a reliable basis for predicting spectroscopic parameters of unobserved isotopologues. Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) energy decomposition further demonstrates that the Rg–Cu interaction is dominated by induction forces, with significant contributions from dispersion and electrostatics, and exhibits notable charge transfer character. This polarization and orbital overlap transcend the conventional van der Waals picture and reveal a partially covalent nature in noble gas transition metal interactions. Full article

Paleoclimate change from arid to dry sub-humid conditions is recorded in the upper Silurian (Přídolí) through lowermost Devonian (Lochkovian) Clam Bank Formation, western Newfoundland, based on the stratigraphy of reworked paleosol material, in situ pedogenic and groundwater calcretes, and other lithic paleoclimatic indicators. Reworked paleosol material appears in anomalous debris and streamflow deposits within an arid low-gradient Přídolí lowland. Fragments of surface to near-surface dolocrete, barite-bearing nodules, and loessial paleosol interred within an upland ferruginous and soil-bearing dolomitic regolith document a protracted paleosol history following Salinic orogenesis. Protosol development in a lower Lochkovian tidal/supratidal succession is associated with increased coastal humidity reflected in coastal-zone polsterland and brakeland floral assemblages. A dense interstratification of near-synsedimentary pedogenic and groundwater calcretes in alluvial stratigraphy, with local preservation of phreatophyte rhizoliths, comprises the uppermost (middle? Lochkovian) formation. Stable isotope geochemistry resolves the effects of evaporation and dilution on calcrete formation; microfractures identify shrinkage, likely defining some seasonality of water supply; and Sr-isotope ratios differentiate pedogenic and groundwater flow. The increased availability of surface- and groundwater through the Silurian–Devonian transition marks the local, but earliest, expression of an eventual hemispheric shift along southeast Laurussia from late Silurian aridity to wetter conditions during the Emsian (Early Devonian). Full article

Consumer behavior is increasingly shifting toward non-alcoholic beers. However, dealcoholized beers often have a reduced aroma compared to their alcoholic counterparts. An alternative for producing non-alcoholic beers is the use of special yeasts with reduced sugar metabolization; however, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge regarding the molecular contribution of non-Saccharomyces yeasts to beer aroma. Applying a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis to two non-alcoholic beers brewed with Kluyveromyces marxianus or Cyberlindnera saturnus resulted in 31 odor-active compounds, among which 27 were detected in both beer samples. Sensory evaluation showed well-balanced aromas in the two beers, with a more intense banana note in the beer brewed with C. saturnus. Among the 22 odorants that exceeded their odor threshold concentrations in the C. saturnus beer was the banana-like smelling 3-methylbutyl acetate, which showed a significantly lower odor activity value in the K. marxianus beer (OAVs 830 vs. 8.2). Its decisive role in the banana note of the C. saturnus beer was finally confirmed in a spiking experiment. Full article

River sediments act not only as important sinks for heavy metal pollution in watersheds, but also as potential secondary sources under changing environmental conditions. Heavy metals can enter river systems through industrial wastewater discharge, agricultural non-point runoff, urban stormwater and sewage inputs, mining and smelting activities, and atmospheric deposition. During adsorption onto suspended particles, sedimentation, and resuspension, metals such as Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, As, and Hg progressively accumulate in sediments. Because heavy metals are persistent, non-degradable, and bioaccumulative, contaminated sediments can record historical watershed pollution while also releasing metals back into overlying water under hydrodynamic disturbance, pH and redox fluctuations, organic matter mineralization, benthic bioturbation, and dredging activities, thereby threatening aquatic ecosystem stability and human health. Using a global methodological framework with particular emphasis on Chinese river basins, this review systematically summarizes key issues in the study of heavy metal pollution in river sediments, including spatial–temporal distribution and operationally defined fractionation, pollution levels and ecological risk assessment, source apportionment, and remediation and management technologies. Current evidence indicates that heavy metal contamination in river sediments exhibits pronounced spatial heterogeneity and watershed-specific characteristics. Its distribution is jointly controlled by geological background, land use patterns, source input intensity, hydrodynamic conditions, sediment particle size composition, and organic matter content. Methodologically, the field has evolved from single total concentration monitoring and exceedance-based evaluation toward integrated assessment systems that combine total concentrations, operationally defined fractionation, bioavailability, ecological risk, health risk, and source contribution. The joint use of BCR sequential extraction, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), the pollution load index (PLI), the potential ecological risk index (RI), the risk assessment code (RAC), sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), receptor models, isotope tracing, and machine learning has substantially improved pollution identification, risk zoning, and source apportionment. Overall, research on heavy metal pollution in river sediments has shifted from descriptive judgments of whether contamination exists toward mechanistic and management-oriented questions concerning pollution sources, risk evolution, and remediation strategies. However, important gaps remain in compound pollution transformation mechanisms, regional background values and evaluation benchmarks, uncertainty in model parameters, long-term dynamic monitoring, and engineering-scale verification of remediation technologies. Future studies should strengthen multi-media, multi-scale, and long-term monitoring and further integrate fractionation analysis, toxicological effects, source apportionment models, and remediation technologies to provide a scientific basis for watershed ecological security and precision management of contaminated sediments. Full article