Search Results (10)

The continuous evolution of advanced wireless IoT systems necessitates novel network protocols capable of enhancing resource efficiency and performance to support increasingly demanding applications. Full-duplex (FD) communication emerges as a key advanced wireless technology to address these needs by doubling spectral efficiency. However, unlocking this potential is non-trivial, as it introduces complex interference scenarios and requires sophisticated management of heterogeneous Quality of Service (QoS) demands, presenting a significant challenge for existing MAC protocols. To overcome these limitations through protocol optimization, this paper proposes IDA-FDMAC, a novel MAC architecture tailored for FD-enabled IoT networks. At its core, IDA-FDMAC employs a dynamic priority scheduling mechanism that concurrently manages interference and provisions for diverse QoS requirements. A comprehensive theoretical model is developed and validated through extensive simulations, demonstrating that our proposed architecture significantly boosts system throughput and ensures QoS guarantees. This work thus contributes a robust, high-performance solution aligned with the development of next-generation wireless IoT systems. Full article

Short sprints are predominantly assessed using timing gates and analyzed through parameters of the mono-exponential equation, including estimated maximal sprinting speed ($\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}$) and relative acceleration ($\mathrm{T}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{U}$), derived maximum acceleration (MAC), and relative propulsive maximal power ($\mathrm{P}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{X}$), further referred to as the No Correction model. However, the frequently recommended flying start technique introduces a bias during parameter estimation. To correct this, two additional models (Estimated TC and Estimated FD) were proposed. To estimate model precision and sensitivity to detect the change, 31 basketball players executed multiple 30 m sprints. Athlete performance was simultaneously measured by a laser gun and timing gates positioned at 5, 10, 20, and 30 m. Short sprint parameters were estimated using a laser gun, representing the criterion measure, and five different timing gate models, representing the practical measures. Only the MSS parameter demonstrated a high agreement between the laser gun and timing gate models, using the percent mean absolute difference ($\%\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{D}$) estimator ($\%\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{D}$ < 10%). The MSS parameter also showed the highest sensitivity, using the minimum detectable change estimator ($\%\mathrm{M}\mathrm{D}{\mathrm{C}}_{95}$), with an estimated $\%\mathrm{M}\mathrm{D}{\mathrm{C}}_{95}$ < 17%. Interestingly, sensitivity was the highest for the No Correction model ($\%\mathrm{M}\mathrm{D}{\mathrm{C}}_{95}$ < 7%). All other parameters and models demonstrated an unsatisfying level of sensitivity. Thus, sports practitioners should be cautious when using timing gates to estimate maximum acceleration indices and changes in their respective levels. Full article

This paper proposes a MAC protocol for ad hoc networks using In-band Full-duplex (IBFD) wireless communications, which are named as AdHoc-FDMAC. To utilize IBFD communications in ad hoc networks, this protocol modifies a number of control frames in the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) MAC standard. Here, the detailed time sequences for all types of IBFD communications are shown for the data transmission and routing. In this paper, the probability and throughput equations for IBFD communications in different situations have been derived. The performance of the proposed AdHoc-FDMAC has been analysed in terms of probability, throughput, and routing time. The Maximum throughput of AdHoc-FDMAC has been found to be 48.34 Mbps, and it is compared with a recently published ad hoc MAC as well as with the conventional HD MAC. The AdHoc-FDMAC outperforms the recently published ad hoc MAC and conventional HD MAC by 16.80% and 66.50% throughput gain, respectively. AdHoc-FDMAC incorporates the existing Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, but this AODV routing is utilized here using IBFD communications. This paper also compares the routing time of the IBFD-based AODV with the conventional AODV. The result shows that the IBFD-based AODV requires 33.33% less routing time than that of the conventional AODV for 3-hop distance between the transmitter and receiver. This paper suggests that the AdHoc-FDMAC protocol provides much more throughput in ad hoc networks by utilizing IBFD communications. Full article

Full-duplex (FD) communication has been attractive as the breakthrough technology for improving attainable spectral efficiency since the 5G mobile communication system. Previous research focused on self-interference cancellation and medium access control (MAC) protocol to realize the FD system in wireless networks. This paper proposes an optimal achievable transmission capacity (OATC) scheme for capacity optimization in the FD multihop wireless networks. In this paper, the proposed OATC scheme considers the temporal reuse for spectral efficiency and the spatial reuse with transmit power control scheme for interference mitigation and capacity optimization. OATC scheme controls the transmit power to mitigate interference and optimizes the transmission capacity, which leads to the optimal achievable network capacity. We conduct the performance evaluation through numerical simulations and compare it with the existing FD MAC protocols. The numerical simulations reveal that considering only the concurrent transmissions in the FD system does not guarantee optimal transmission capacity. Moreover, the hybrid mechanism, including the sequential transmissions, is also crucial because of the interference problem. Besides, numerical simulation validates that the proposed OATC scheme accomplishes the optimal achievable network capacity with lower interference power and higher achievable throughput than the existing MAC protocols. Full article

Medium access control (MAC) protocol operations for in-band full duplex multi-hop networks play an important role in efficient data relaying and throughput enhancement. Knowledge of the relationship between essential operations in MAC protocol for full duplex MAC (FD MAC) networks and network performance is important and useful in terms of the protocol and network design. FD MAC protocols often require exchanging control frames, e.g., request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS). However, the conventional model cannot analyze the performance of wireless multi-hop networks with RTS/CTS-based FD MAC. Thus, this paper proposes a throughput analysis model for wireless multi-hop networks with RTS/CTS-based FD MAC. The proposed model includes novel “airtime expressions”, which allows us to handle RTS/CTS operations under FD MAC. The proposed model provides the end-to-end throughput of multi-hop networks with RTS/CTS-based FD MAC for any number of hops and any payload size. The validity of the analytical expressions is confirmed through comparisons with simulation results. Full article

In-band full-duplex communication offers significant potential to enhance network performance. This paper presents the full-duplex linear transmit delay allocation MAC (FD-LTDA-MAC) protocol for full-duplex based underwater acoustic chain networks (FD-UACNs) for subsea pipeline monitoring. This incorporates a number of extensions to the LTDA-MAC protocol in order to fully exploit advantages of full-duplex communication to enhance the efficiency of underwater facility monitoring. The protocol uses a greedy optimisation algorithm to derive collision-free packet schedules for delivering data packets to the sink node of the underwater chain network. The purpose of this paper is to show the significant improvement that can be achieved in packet scheduling by exploiting temporal spectrum re-use of an underwater acoustic channel through full-duplex communication. Simulation results show that more efficient packet scheduling and reduced end-to-end packet delays can be achieved in large scale scenarios using FD-LTDA-MAC compared with LTDA-MAC and LTDA-MAC with full-duplex enabled nodes. It can provide much higher monitoring rates for long range underwater pipelines using low cost, mid range, low rate, and low power acoustic modems. Full article

Underwater wireless communication has gained a great deal of attention in the last couple of decades because of its applications in the military, industrial, and monitoring sectors. Despite the extreme physical and MAC layer difficulties, acoustics are used for various applications among the various modes of underwater communication technologies used. While significant research efforts have been made to address these issues, the bottleneck remains in achieving high bandwidth, high throughputs, and data rate. Researchers have begun to look into full duplex (FD) implementation to improve bandwidth efficiency and increase data rate and throughput. Users can send and receive data simultaneously over the FD links, maximizing bandwidth utilization and increasing throughput. As a result, we thoroughly reviewed various FD physical layered UWAC systems and MAC layered protocols for underwater communication. The various problems that the aforementioned systems and protocols have faced, as well as the solutions suggested in previous works to solve each problem, are also highlighted. Various metrics are used to compare the performance of various physical layered FD systems and FD MAC protocols. We also explore some of the open research questions in these FD-physical layered and MAC layered protocols, as well as future research directions. Based on ample information, we suggest a cross-layered architecture based on various IBFD-SI cancellations, DA-CSMA, and FD-MAC protocols. This review provides a broad view of the current FD physical and MAC layered protocols based on acoustic communication, as well as recommendations. Full article

The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has become a dominant piece of technology to carry wireless traffic for Internet of Things (IoT). The next-generation high-density WLAN scenario is very suitable for the development trend of the industrial wireless sensor network. However, in the high-density deployed WLAN scenarios, the access efficiency is low due to severe collisions, and the interference is diffused due to the scattered locations of the parallel access stations (STAs), which results in low area throughput, i.e., low spatial reuse gain. A spatial group-based multi-user full-duplex orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) (GFDO) multiple access control (MAC) protocol is proposed. Firstly, the STAs in the network are divided into several spatial groups according to the neighbor channel sensing ability. Secondly, a two-level buffer state report (BSR) information collection mechanism based on P-probability is designed. Initially, intra-group STAs report their BSR information to the group header using low transmission power. After that, group headers report both their BSR information collected from their members and inter-group interference information to the access point (AP). Finally, AP schedules two spatial groups without mutual interference to carry on multi-user full duplex transmission on the subchannels in cascading mode. The closed-form formulas are theoretically derived, including the number of uplink STAs successfully collected by AP, the network throughput and area throughput under saturated traffic. The simulation results show that the theoretical analysis coincide with the simulation results. The system throughput of the GFDO protocol is 16.8% higher than that of EnFD-OMAX protocol. Full article

The intelligentization and connectedness of vehicles make vehicle cybersecurity an important research topic. In-vehicle key management is a critical function in vehicle cybersecurity countermeasures. After describing previous research on vehicle key management and the development trend of vehicle network architecture, a key management scheme for in-vehicle multi-layer electronic control units (ECUs) is proposed. The scheme is based on authenticated key exchange protocol 2 (AKEP2) and on-the-air (OTA) technology. Then, the key storage and trusted key usage based on secure hardware are analyzed and studied. Moreover, the AES Counter with CBC-MAC (AES-CCM) algorithm, which uses fewer keys, is introduced to in-vehicle secure communication. The simulation analysis for the proposed OTA-based key update protocol verifies the protocol’s security. The validity of the hardware-based trusted key usage environment and the feasibility of the AES-CCM algorithm for the CAN FD bus are proven with corresponding experiments. Full article

Full-duplex (FD) communication provides new opportunities for improving the throughputs of networks. However, this condition means that the number of senders increases from one to two within a certain range. We have to arrange the two nodes to send frames simultaneously in the media access control (MAC) layer. For the single-hop network model, using the FD features of the nodes and the cut-through mechanism, we propose an FD MAC protocol. The protocol improves the throughput of the network from the following two aspects. On the one hand, during the transmission of each node, based on the information of the received frame’s header, the protocol can detect collisions in the network, preventing the channel from being ineffectively occupied for a long time. On the other hand, the protocol can provide the FD with as many opportunities as possible for the nodes. According to the working process of the protocol, we modeled the states (“active” and “passive” transmission, back-off) of each node and their transitions to a Markov chain. We solved the “active” transmission probability of the node and further modeled the analytical performance of the protocol. The simulation results showed that the system throughput produced by our protocol was at least twice that of the conventional CSMA/CA protocol used in the half-duplex networks. Full article