Search Results (55)

This research examines the relationship between environmental, social safety and governance risks, and the mitigation strategies of the host country to enhance project performance in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The study concludes that the timely and effective completion of CPEC projects is challenged by environmental, social safety, and governance (ESG) risks, including environmental degradation, security threats, and governance issues. Based on the data of 618 respondents from Pakistan and using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through SMART PLS 4, the study investigates the impact of sustainable environmental practices, safety and security measures, governance risk mitigation actions, and project management systems on the project performance of CPEC projects. The results show that mitigation efforts implemented by the host country reduce the ESG investment risk and yield a positive effect on the project performance. Hence, this paper will show the importance of proactive measures such as sustainable development practices, security risk management systems, and transparent governance practices in matching challenges and enhancing project benefits. This research reinforces the potential for these risks to be mitigated through the adoption of innovative technologies. Innovation in environments, social protection, and governance frameworks can greatly mitigate the negative impacts of risks, directly improving the outcomes of project delivery. Infrastructure projects are extremely challenging to manage, and this study gives key hints for enhancing project safety and risk management in those types of infrastructure projects for practitioners, policymakers, project managers, and other stakeholders to establish innovative, sustainable strategies. Full article

Located on the northern side of the China–Pakistan Highway in the Pamir Plateau, Laqi Gully represents a typical rainfall–meltwater coupled debris flow gully. During 2020–2024, seven debris flow events occurred in this area, four of which disrupted traffic and posed significant threats to the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The hazard assessment of debris flows constitutes a crucial component in disaster prevention and mitigation. However, current research presents two critical limitations: traditional models primarily focus on single precipitation-driven debris flows, while low-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) inadequately characterize the topographic features of alpine narrow valleys. Addressing these issues, this study employed GF-7 satellite stereo image pairs to construct a 1 m resolution DEM and systematically simulated debris flow propagation processes under 10–100-year recurrence intervals using a coupled rainfall–meltwater model. The results show the following: (1) The mudslide develops rapidly in the gully section, and the flow velocity decays when it reaches the highway. (2) At highway cross-sections, maximum velocities corresponding to 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals measure 2.57 m/s, 2.75 m/s, 3.02 m/s, and 3.36 m/s, respectively, with maximum flow depths of 1.56 m, 1.78 m, 2.06 m, and 2.52 m. (3) Based on the hazard classification model of mudslide intensity and return period, the high-, medium-, and low-hazard sections along the highway were 58.65 m, 27.36 m, and 24.1 m, respectively. This research establishes a novel hazard assessment methodology for rainfall–meltwater coupled debris flows in narrow valleys, providing technical support for debris flow mitigation along the CPEC. The outcomes demonstrate significant practical value for advancing infrastructure sustainability under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Full article

The China–Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) traverses the ecologically fragile and geologically hazardous Pamir plateau (PP), where glacier dynamics are critical for water resources and ecological stability. This study analyzes glacier changes in the PP segment of CPEC from 2000 to 2022 using Google Earth engine (GEE) and an improved glacier and snow cover extraction method. Results show that before CPEC’s initiation (2000–2014), glacier area fluctuated with an annual increase of 422 km², peaking in 2010. After 2015, glacier area declined continuously at 1000 km² per year, reaching a minimum in 2022. Snow cover also declined, especially post-2015. Glacier retreat was most severe in low-altitude regions, particularly in the eastern and southern PP, while higher altitudes (5000–7000 m) exhibited slower retreat. Climatic analysis reveals a strengthening negative correlation between temperature, evapotranspiration, and glacier area, indicating accelerated retreat due to global warming. These findings provide scientific support for ecological protection, water resource management, and geological hazard mitigation along CPEC. Full article

The Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) is a tectonic plate boundary where the Arabian Plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate. This study investigated the dynamic response in the Gwadar region, located in the eastern part of the MSZ. A suite of seismic records compatible with the Building Code of Pakistan (BCP:2021) rock design spectrum was used as the input ground motions at the bedrock. The amplification characteristics were assessed through a series of one-dimensional (1D) site response analyses utilizing a non-linear (NL) approach. The results revealed significant de-amplification in soft soils at short spectral periods. A general depth-wise decrease in the shear stress ratio and peak ground acceleration values was observed, influenced by shear-strain-induced effects and shear wave velocity reversals within the site profiles. The code spectra, compared to the proposed design spectra, underestimated the site amplification for stiff soils (i.e., Site Class D) for periods of less than 0.32 s and overestimated it for soft soils (i.e., Site Class E) across all periods. These findings underscore the necessity for site-specific ground response analyses, particularly within the framework of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Full article

Highland ecologies are the most susceptible to climate change, often experiencing intensified impacts. Due to climate change and human activities, there were dramatic changes in the alpine domain of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is a vital project of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The CPEC is subjected to rapid infrastructure expansion, which may lead to potential land surface susceptibility. Hence, focusing on sustainable development goals, mainly SDG 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure) and SDG 13 (climate action), to evaluate the conservation and management practices for the sustainable and regenerative development of the mountainous region, this study aims to assess change detection and find climatic conditions using multispectral indices along the mountainous area of Gilgit and Hunza-Nagar, Pakistan. It has yielded practical and highly relevant implications. For sustainable and regenerative ecologies, this study utilized 30 × 30 m Landsat 5 (TM), Landsat 7 (ETM+), and Landsat-8/9 (OLI and TIRS), and meteorological data were employed to calculate the aridity index (AI). The results of the AI showed a non-significant decreasing trend (−0.0021/year, p > 0.05) in Gilgit and a significant decreasing trend (−0.0262/year, p < 0.05) in Hunza-Nagar. NDVI distribution shows a decreasing trend (−0.00469/year, p > 0.05), while NDWI has depicted a dynamic trend in water bodies. Similarly, NDBI demonstrated an increasing trend, with rates of 79.89%, 87.69%, and 83.85% from 2008 to 2023. The decreasing values of AI mean a drying trend and increasing drought risk, as the study area already has an arid and semi-arid climate. The combination of multispectral indices and the AI provides a comprehensive insight into how various factors affect the mountainous landscape and climatic conditions in the study area. This study has practical and highly relevant implications for policymakers and researchers interested in research related to land use and land cover change, environmental and infrastructure development in alpine regions. Full article

Energy–economy–environment sustainability is critical in shaping energy policies, especially in developing countries facing energy shortages. Investment in energy infrastructure, such as under the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), provides an opportunity to explore how such investments impact economic growth, environmental quality, and energy security. This study examines the energy, economic, and environmental effects of CPEC’s energy investments in Pakistan, covering a range of power sources, including coal, hydro, solar, wind, and nuclear energy. Utilizing data from 31 CPEC energy projects and employing the GTAP-E-Power model, this research assesses these impacts through seven scenarios, comprehensively analyzing the heterogeneity of different power sources. Our findings reveal that while all types of CPEC energy infrastructure investments contribute to increasing the share of zero-emissions electricity to 49.1% and reducing CO₂ emissions by 18.61 million tons, the economic impacts vary significantly by energy source. The study suggests that it is crucial to prioritize renewable energy investments while addressing immediate power shortages to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. Policymakers should also consider the potential inter-sectoral substitution effects when applying significant shocks to specific sectors. This analysis informs future energy investment decisions under CPEC and offers insights for other Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries aiming to optimize their energy strategies for sustainable development. Full article

The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), as an important part of the Belt and Road Initiative, is of great significance for the promotion of sustainable development in the region through the study of land use change and the simulation of future multi-scenarios. Based on the multi-period land use data of the CPEC, this study firstly analyzed the spatial and temporal land use changes in the CPEC from 2000 to 2020 by using GIS technology, and, secondly, simulated the land use patterns of the CPEC under four scenarios, namely, natural development, investment priority, ecological protection, and harmonious development, in 2040 by using the Markov-FLUS model with comprehensive consideration of natural, socio-economic, and other driving factors. The results show the following: (1) The urban land, forest land, and grassland in the CPEC from 2000 to 2020 show an increasing trend, while the farmland, unutilized land, and water area categories show a decreasing trend. In terms of land use transfer changes, the most frequently transferred out is the conversion of unutilized land to grassland. (2) The FLUS model has high accuracy in simulating the land use pattern of the CPEC, and its applicability in the CPEC area is strong and can be used to simulate the future land use pattern of the CPEC. (3) Among the four different land use scenarios, the harmonious development scenario strikes a better balance between infrastructure construction, economic development, and ecological protection, and can provide a scientific basis for future land management in the CPEC, in order to highlight the importance of promoting economic growth and ecological protection and ultimately realize sustainable development. Full article

Landslides have become a common global concern because of their widespread nature and destructive power. The Gaizi Valley section of the Karakorum Highway is located in an alpine mountainous area with a high degree of geological structure development, steep terrain, and severe regional soil erosion, and landslide disasters occur frequently along this section, which severely affects the smooth flow of traffic through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). In this study, 118 views of Sentinel-1 ascending- and descending-orbit data of this highway section are collected, and two time-series interferometric synthetic aperture radar (TS-InSAR) methods, distributed scatter InSAR (DS-InSAR) and small baseline subset InSAR (SBAS-InSAR), are used to jointly determine the surface deformation in this section and identify unstable slopes from 2021 to 2023. Combining these data with data on sites of historical landslide hazards in this section from 1970 to 2020, we constructed 13 disaster-inducing factors affecting the occurrence of landslides as evaluation indices of susceptibility, carried out an evaluation of regional landslide susceptibility, and identified high-susceptibility unstable slopes (i.e., potential landslides). The results show that DS-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR have good agreement in terms of deformation distribution and deformation magnitude and that compared with single-orbit data, double-track SAR data can better identify unstable slopes in steep mountainous areas, providing a spatial advantage. The landslide susceptibility results show that the area under the curve (AUC) value of the artificial neural network (ANN) model (0.987) is larger than that of the logistic regression (LR) model (0.883) and that the ANN model has a higher classification accuracy than the LR model. A total of 116 unstable slopes were identified in the study, 14 of which were determined to be potential landslides after the landslide susceptibility results were combined with optical images and field surveys. These 14 potential landslides were mapped in detail, and the effects of regional natural disturbances (e.g., snowmelt) and anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., mining projects) on the identification of potential landslides using only SAR data were assessed. The results of this research can be directly applied to landslide hazard mitigation and prevention in the Gaizi Valley section of the Karakorum Highway. In addition, our proposed method can also be used to map potential landslides in other areas with the same complex topography and harsh environment. Full article

This study investigates the role of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in expediting energy transition in Pakistan, specifically during its second phase of development, i.e., CPEC 2.0. The study provides an overview of energy projects under CPEC, detailing the diverse sources contributing to the energy mix, highlighting China’s significant investments in green energy and its pivotal role in global renewable energy transition. A mixed-method approach is applied; the research integrates secondary data analysis with consultative discussions and key informant interviews. Findings underscore China’s pivot towards green investment, exemplified by significant commitments to clean energy infrastructure. The paper further analyzes challenges and opportunities for Pakistan under CPEC 2.0, emphasizing the imperative nature of regulatory consistency, debt restructuring, and the cultivation of public–private partnerships. Recommendations encompass policy coherence, debt management strategies, and collaboration among pertinent ministries to ensure sustainable and inclusive growth facilitated by CPEC. Full article

This study prioritized initiatives within the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), foreign funding, and the associated environmental and national issues. Additionally, it analyzed these factors’ effects on improving infrastructure, commerce, and economic cooperation between China and Pakistan. Besides that, it also studies the current climatic, economic, and political challenges, mainly focused on water and agriculture issues. Climate, economic, and political issues affect the environment. These concerns deserve global attention. Pakistan mainly relies on agriculture, and its water scarcity predisposes it to economic losses, urbanization, and many socioeconomic problems. Climate change and the current flood have devastated the agriculture sector. Water scarcity affects agriculture too and significantly impacts the economy and food resources. The nation has not previously experienced such a profoundly distressing epoch. Pakistan has faced several environmental, economic, and political challenges; specifically, the fields of agriculture and water present notable apprehensions. Unfavorable climatic conditions impede the attainment of sustainable agriculture in Pakistan. Considering the strong reliance of agriculture on water resources, it is crucial to acknowledge that industrialization has resulted in substantial water contamination due to the presence of microplastics and heavy metals. Moreover, the South Asian region experiences a significant scarcity of water resources. Besides that, CPEC is the solution for the financial issues, but it is a big challenge for environmental degradation in the current stage, especially since foreign funding is a key challenge for increasing corruption and bringing more burden on the economy. Unfortunately, foreign funding is not good for Pakistan. To ensure safety, security, and sustainability, CPEC projects should follow environmental regulations. This study provides a new list of CPEC initiative priority tasks that more openly disrupt the initiative, serve the whole project, and give appropriate recommendations for future research and policy-making. Full article

The surface water area (SWA) and terrestrial water storage (TWS) are both essential metrics for assessing regional water resources. However, the combined effects of climate change and human activities on the dynamics of the SWA and TWS have not been extensively researched within the context of the CPEC. To fill this gap, we first analyzed the annual changes in the SWA and TWS in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) region in recent decades using the methods of correlation analysis and Geodetector. Our findings indicate that Sindh exhibited the highest increase in the SWA at 8.68 ha/km², whereas FATA showed the least increase at 0.2 ha/km² from 2002 to 2018. Punjab exhibited a significant decrease in TWS, with a slope of −0.48 cm/year. Azad Kashmir followed with a decrease in TWS at a rate of −0.36 cm/year. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA exhibited an insignificant increase in TWS, with values of 0.02 cm/year and 0.11 cm/year, respectively. TWS was significantly positively correlated with the SWA in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. However, other regions showed inconsistent changes; in particular, a decline was observed in Gilgit–Baltistan. The changes in TWS in Balochistan were primarily influenced by the SWA and climate change, while TWS changes in FATA were mainly affected by climate change. In addition, human activities had a primary impact on the TWS changes in Azad Kashmir, Punjab, and Sindh. The influencing factors of TWS changes in different regions of the CPEC mainly involved a dual-factor enhancement and the nonlinear weakening of single factors. These results highlight that under the effect of climate change and human activities, TWS may not increase as surface water area increases. This study contributes to a better understanding of water resource dynamics and can aid in the development of strategies for the efficient and sustainable use of water resources in the CPEC. Full article

Logistics centers (LCs) have become a critical component of supply chain networks, playing an essential role in the development and implementation of logistics and supply chain management strategies. Recognizing the importance of LCs, Pakistan and China have initiated an extensive plan to establish and expand an LC system as part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) initiative. However, the implementation of this plan has faced challenges due to the inadequate prioritization of factors used to identify LCs. This research proposes a structured framework for selecting LC locations, employing a combination of fuzzy logic and the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). These widely used methods address various challenges encountered in location selection. The findings highlight crucial logistics hubs in China and Pakistan, emphasizing factors such as port accessibility, freight demand, and transportation costs. The prioritization of criteria for LC selection is determined through the evaluation of variables and alternatives. The proposed framework enhances decision-making based on multiple criteria by addressing uncertainty and subjective assessments. Full article

Under global warming, flooding has become one of the most destructive natural disasters along the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which significantly jeopardizes the construction and ongoing stability of the CPEC. The assessment of regional flood potential is, therefore, crucial for effective flood prevention and relief measures. In light of this, our study applied MIKE 11 hydrodynamic model for the Indus River Basin of Pakistan to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the flood-affected locations and depths under typical scenarios. The flood risk zones along the CPEC were evaluated using the indicator system method in conjunction with the combination weighting method. The results show that the hydrodynamic model has a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.86, allowing for the investigation of floods at more precise temporal and spatial scales. Punjab, Sindh, and Balochistan Provinces are the main inundation areas under a 100-year flood scenario, with inundation depths ranging from 1 to 4 m. The coastal regions of Sindh and Hafizabad in Punjab witnessed the most severe floods, with maximum inundation depths exceeding 8 m. Flooding predominantly impacts the southeastern region of the CPEC. The medium- to high-risk zones comprise 25.56% of the region, while high-risk areas constitute 4.18%. Particularly, the eastern and southern regions of Punjab, along with the central and southern regions of Sindh, have been pinpointed as high-risk areas, primarily due to their dense population and riverine characteristics. Overall, our findings provide a scientific basis for informed decision making pertaining to disaster reduction and flood prevention. Full article

The Health Silk Road (HSR) of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China aims to enhance public health and foster international cooperation in the healthcare sector. HSR objectives include strengthening healthcare infrastructure, expanding China’s global health leadership, and enhancing international health cooperation. The aim of this study was to examine the HSR and its implications for global health and international relations by using expert opinion analysis on known major HSR initiatives. We analyzed the objectives of HSR, including improving healthcare infrastructure, enhancing global health cooperation, and expanding China’s global health leadership. Additionally, as a case study, an in-depth analysis of the China-Pakistan collaboration on healthcare under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was conducted. This research posits that the HSR has a mix of positive and negative implications. Positive impacts of HSR include improved healthcare services, infrastructure, and capacity-building in participating countries. The main challenges include the quality and sustainability of the infrastructure and services provided, debt sustainability, transparency of projects, and China’s geopolitical influence. This research identified five motives behind China’s HSR: economic interests, diplomatic influence, reputation building, regional stability, and health security. The summary centers on CPEC and the WHO/Global collaboration. This research contributes to a nuanced understanding of the HSR’s multifaceted impacts and underscores the importance of open dialogue, cooperation, and the sharing of best practices among stakeholders. By assessing the motives, implications, and concerns of the HSR, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers, global health practitioners, and scholars, highlighting the significance of international collaboration. Full article

This research aimed to investigate the green practices in the mega construction project of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Over recent years, there has been an increasing need for adopting and implementing more green and sustainable practices, leading to national and international sustainable and green environmental agendas. To address the issue, green project practices were considered an independent variable comprising green design, procurement, and construction. The dependent variables were environmental performance and economic performance. Primary data were collected from respondents working on the CPEC project. A representative sample of 276 respondents was used. The analysis was conducted using PLS-SEM. The results indicated that green design significantly influences economic performance, green procurement has a positive and significant effect on environmental performance, and green construction has a positive and significant impact on both environmental and economic and financial performance. The research showed that construction management at CPEC should adopt all facets of green project practices together, reducing negative environmental effects, increasing environmental benefits, and improving long-term economic performance in the area. Full article