Search Results (168)

Leeches hold significant medical and pharmaceutical value for antithrombotic treatments, yet their genetic diversity patterns remain poorly understood. We performed population genetic analyses on seven Hirudinaria manillensis populations from southern China using mitochondrial protein-coding genes (MitPCGs). Complete sequences of all 13 MitPCGs were obtained from 74 individuals. Haplotype diversity exhibited a logarithmic relationship with the gene length (R² = 0.858, p < 0.001), while nucleotide diversity showed a near-perfect alternating low-high pattern (Z = 2.938, p = 0.003). Concatenated sequence analyses indicated high haplotype diversity (>0.5) and low nucleotide diversity (<0.005) across all populations, suggesting a historical bottleneck followed by rapid expansion and mutation accumulation. The haplotype network, haplotype phylogenetics, and genetic structure analyses revealed moderate genetic differentiation across populations, dividing them into three clades: a basal Yunnan population (YNHH), sub-basal Guangxi populations (GXGG, GXLZ, and GXYL), and distal Guangdong/Hainan populations (GDMM, GDZJ, and HNDA). Analysis of historical population demography revealed five phases from ancient to recent times (P1–5): growth, prolonged stability, rapid decline, rapid growth, and secondary decline. These phases correlate strongly with past climatic events, demonstrating that glacial–interglacial cycles profoundly impacted the leech’s effective population size. This study provides a key scientific basis for H. manillensis resource conservation and utilization. Full article

The Tsushima leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus), an endangered feline endemic to Tsushima Island, Japan, faces critical threats due to its small and isolated population. Understanding its demographic history and genetic differentiation from continental populations is essential for conservation planning. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing of four Tsushima individuals and applied demographic inference methods, including pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC) and Sequentially Markovian Coalescent (SMC++), to reconstruct the historical effective population size (Ne) and estimate divergence times. PSMC revealed a population expansion between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago, followed by a long-term decline. SMC++ inferred a continuous decline and estimated that the divergence from the Korean leopard cat population occurred approximately 30,000–20,000 years ago. Genetic diversity analysis showed that the Tsushima population has significantly lower heterozygosity and higher inbreeding levels than continental populations. Genetic clustering based on genome-wide SNPs indicated that the Tsushima population is genetically closest to the Korean population, forming a northern cluster distinct from southern populations, such as Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history and genetic status of the Tsushima leopard cat and contribute critical data for the design of future conservation strategies targeting this unique insular lineage. Full article

Ιn this study, we evaluated the genetic resources of nine Greek sheep breeds. The genotyping data of 292 animals were acquired from Illumina’s OvineSNP50 Genotyping BeadChip. The genetic diversity and inbreeding levels were evaluated using the observed and expected heterozygosity indices, the F_IS inbreeding coefficient, and runs of homozygosity (ROH). The genetic differentiation of breeds was assessed using the F_ST index, whereas their population structure was analyzed using admixture and principal components analysis (PCA). Historical recombination patterns and genetic drift were evaluated based on linkage disequilibrium, effective population sizes, and gene flow analysis to reveal migration patterns. PCA revealed distinct clusters mostly separating mountainous, insular, and lowland breeds. The F_ST value was the lowest between Serres and Karagouniko breeds (0.050). Admixture analysis revealed a genetic substructure for Serres and Kalarritiko breeds, while Chios, followed by Katsika, demonstrated the highest within-breed genetic uniformity. ROH analysis revealed low levels of inbreeding for all breeds. Genetic introgression from both Anatolia and Eastern Europe has been evidenced for Greek sheep breeds. The results also revealed that Greek sheep breeds maintain adequate levels of genetic diversity, without signs of excessive inbreeding, and can serve as valuable resources for the conservation of local biodiversity. Full article

In most cases, sponge fossils are preserved as isolated spicules, with complete sponge body fossils largely confined to Konservat-Lagerstätten. Although the classification and diversity of sponges and their isolated spicules have been extensively studied, no systematic attempts have been made to define the relationship between fossil spicules and the sponge body plan. By utilizing relatively well-preserved sponge fossils from the black shales of the Shuijingtuo Formation (South China) in conjunction with isolated spicules from the same locality, we assess spicule morphology to identify the potential functional roles of spicules and chart their arrangement within the sponge body. The elemental distribution and three-dimensional morphology of the examined sponge body fossil (likely a hexactinelid) are assessed using both micro-XRF and micro-CT. Tetractine, stauractine and pentactine spicules are the most abundant spicule types, both in the body fossil and in acid residues, with an additional spicule type (monaxons) also present. The larger pentactine spicules (five-ray spicules) frame the structure, whereas the smaller tetractines and stauractines (four-ray spicules), along with smaller pentactines, are arranged along the branches of the larger spicules. Based on the arrangement of the different spicules, it is proposed that each of the spicule types represents a discrete functional form: monaxons support the overall sponge body plan, pentactines construct the framework of the parietal gaps, and the smaller pentactines or tetractines stabilize the framework of the parietal gaps. These results provide a new understanding of sponge morphology, spicule function and the relationship between isolated fossil spicules and associated sponge body fossils. Full article

This study examined genetic diversity in the endangered medicinal plant Celastrus paniculatus using 62 individual samples from seven natural populations in northern and northeastern Thailand to inform conservation strategies. The analysis of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) markers revealed 17 haplotypes (CpI1–CpI17) across these populations, with 15 being population-specific. The genetic diversity varied significantly among populations: CMI showed the highest diversity (Hd = 0.944 ± 0.070), while LEI and LPN displayed complete homogeneity. The haplotype network identified a central shared haplotype (CpI4), suggesting a common ancestry, with the PLK population showing a distinct genetic divergence through unique haplotypes separated by multiple mutation steps. Genetic distance calculations revealed close relationships between LEI and NPM populations (distance = 0.0004), with greater differentiation between PLK and other populations (distances > 0.005). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the species integrity while highlighting population clusters, especially PLK in ITS analyses and LPN in rbcL analyses. This genetic structure information provides a foundation for targeted conservation planning. Results suggest that conservation efforts should prioritize both genetically diverse populations (like CMI and MKM) and genetically distinct ones (like PLK) to preserve the maximum evolutionary potential. This study delivers crucial molecular data for developing evidence-based conservation strategies to protect this valuable medicinal species from further decline. Full article

Although the usage of genetic data for the conservation management of threatened species is growing rapidly, the assessment of the trajectory and persistence of ex situ and in situ populations suffers from a lack of monitoring of genetic indicators. To fill this gap, we conducted a comparative analysis of the genetic structure ex situ and its source population of Cochlearia polonica to improve conservation outcomes for this species. C. polonica, as a range-restricted endemic species in Poland, exists in the wild in a single reintroduced population, which was the source for establishing an ex situ population in the botanical garden, and both populations have been well studied in abundance time series until the extinction of artificial populations due to genetic constraints. We collected AFLP data from individuals sampled after the peak recovery phase following the founder effect in the ex situ population, as well as from the source population, to assess the genetic consequences of long-term cultivation. The genetic profile of both populations suggested their strong differentiation. The genetic variation in the ex situ population expressed by Shannon’s Information Index and expected heterozygosity (He) was approximately half that of the source population. While ex situ population growth was high, the gene pool was homogenised, and genetic diversity waned, leading to its extinction across merely 5–6 generations. Thus, the only reintroduced population of C. polonica left in the wild is more threatened with extinction than previously thought, and conservation action should be taken immediately. Full article

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has emerged as a significant threat to global shrimp aquaculture, causing economic losses because of its rapid spread and high mortality rates. This study aims to elucidate the genetic and evolutionary dynamics of WSSV through a comprehensive genome analysis. Utilizing 27 complete genome sequences sourced from public databases, this study investigates the genetic variability, potential recombination events, and evolutionary patterns of WSSV. Our results identified multiple genomic deletions, 14 novel single-nucleotide polymorphism sites, and variable number tandem repeats across different strains, underscoring the virus’s genetic diversity. A recombination event between freshwater and marine strains highlights a complex transmission pathway, potentially facilitated by aquaculture practices. A phylogenetic tree constructed using ancestral genes suggests that WSSV originated in Southeast Asia and subsequently globally spread, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Genomic shrinkage of the virus occurred in time series, while the host’s viral infection induced transposon transposition and insertion into the earlier virus genome to provide a basis for genomic shrinkage. Our research emphasizes the importance of advanced molecular characterization and evolutionary models of the virus in understanding the spread of viral pathogens in aquaculture environments. Full article

An important area of interest for therapeutic development is the IL-1 superfamily, a critical group of immune regulators with profound implications in a variety of disorders. This study clarifies the evolutionary patterns of IL-1 family members by thoroughly analyzing more than 400 animal species, demonstrating their ancient roots that extend back to the earliest vertebrates. Important results show that, although IL-1 ligands expanded significantly over the evolution of mammals, their corresponding receptors remained remarkably structurally conserved. Identifying both lineage-specific adaptations and evolutionarily conserved residues provides vital information for treatment design. These findings point to the possibility of two different therapeutic strategies: addressing species-specific variants may allow for more targeted interventions, whereas focusing on conserved motifs may result in broad-acting treatments. The study also identified less well-known species as useful models for comprehending early immune systems. In addition to advancing our knowledge of the function of the IL-1 family in autoimmune, inflammatory, and carcinogenic illnesses, this research lays the groundwork for the development of more potent targeted therapeutics by creating an evolutionary framework for the IL-1 family. Full article

Trachurus murphyi have been studied for population genetic structures for decades, identifying only one large population across the South Pacific Ocean. Although all of these studies have extensively examined the spatial genetic pattern, there remains a gap in understanding the potential role of temporality. Our study aims to elucidate spatial and temporal genetic patterns in T. murphyi populations in the South Pacific Ocean, examining genetic composition across seasons, including feeding and spawning seasons, where the latter was not previously investigated. Using 10 microsatellite loci, our study confirms an overall consistent and stable population genetic pattern in T. murphyi across its geographic distribution observed over multiple years and seasons. The only exception was found for New Zealand in the spring–summer season. Furthermore, we identify potential genetic markers for monitoring variability in the species. Full article

This study investigated the genetic diversity and structure of thirteen wild populations of Crassostrea gigas in Korea. The purpose of this investigation was to provide foundational data for selecting reference populations to enhance genetic diversity. Overall, the genetic diversity of Korean C. gigas was relatively low. Analysis using AMOVA, genetic differentiation, and DAPC revealed a genetic structure that was consistent with one group. This study identified reference populations to be used for selective breeding to increase the genetic diversity of Korean C. gigas and provided essential data on genetic diversity and structure for future selective breeding efforts in C. gigas. Full article

Understanding how life-history strategies influence cancer susceptibility in dinosaurs requires a molecular-level analysis of preserved soft tissues. While previous research has largely focused on skeletal remains, the discovery of soft tissue structures in fossils, such as Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, highlights the need for a new approach. Paleoproteomics offers a transformative opportunity to analyze ancient proteins, revealing the evolutionary trade-offs between growth, reproduction, and cancer suppression. This study argues that prioritizing fossil collection and soft tissue preservation is crucial, as future advances in molecular techniques will allow deeper insights into disease evolution. By integrating life-history theory with paleopathology, we can better understand the selective pressures that shaped cancer susceptibility in extinct species and identify potential mechanisms of tumor resistance. This commentary highlights the necessity of long-term fossil conservation efforts to support future breakthroughs in evolutionary biology and comparative oncology. Full article

Endosymbiosis can be considered a regressive or degenerative evolutionary process characterized at the genomic level by genome erosion and degeneration due to high mutational pressure toward AT (adenine and thymine) bases. The genomic and biological complexity of endosymbionts must be lower than that of the free-living bacteria from which they evolved. In the present work, we contrasted whether two proposed metrics for measuring genomic complexity in both types of bacteria, GS and BB, reflect their complexity, expecting higher values in free-living bacteria than in endosymbionts. On the other hand, we endeavored to delve into the factors that contribute to the reduction in metric values in endosymbionts, as well as their eventual relationship with six genomic parameters associated with functionality. This study aimed to test the robustness of these proposed metrics in a well-known biological scenario, such as the endosymbiosis process. Full article

Secondary sexual traits, such as specific body parts or colouration, play an important role in mating interactions. It has been proposed that they function as quality indicators driven by sexual selection. In birds, much attention has been paid to the study of feather pigmentation, especially in diurnal passerines. However, recent research demonstrates that structural achromatic colours are likely to be of similar importance for communication, especially for species inhabiting poorly lit environments and that are active at night. Using 15 years of capture–recapture data from a long-term study on adult European Nightjars (Caprimulgus europaeus), we investigated the role of males’ white tail and wing markings as secondary sexual traits. We show that the inter-individual variation in marking size exceeds that of the other morphometric variables, suggesting that wing and tail markings could be subject to sexual selection. Older males, individuals with a higher body condition index, and long-term territory holders had larger markings, while these effects were particularly pronounced in terminal tail feather markings. The importance of markings for signalling is likely related to their observed use in social displays. Pronounced site differences in tail marking sizes and annual variation suggest environmental factors acting on the ornaments that remain to be further examined. Full article

Ciliates of the genus Frontonia have been extensively studied to resolve their phylogenetic and evolutionary history, but challenges remain. This study used molecular analyses of SSU rRNA genes, phylogenetic tree reconstruction, molecular dating, and diversification analysis, together with ancestral state reconstruction of morphological traits and habitat preferences. Data included newly sequenced Korean species, GenBank records and published morphological information. Phylogenetic trees revealed paraphyly within Frontonia, identifying four groups that emerged in the Mesozoic era: Group I (~172 mya), Group II (~83 mya), Group III (~115 mya), and Group IV (~190 mya), with a common ancestor dating to ~420 mya in the Palaeozoic era. Diversification analysis revealed higher extinction rates (0.826 and 0.613 species/year) than speciation rates (0.011 and 0.016 species/year). Morphological evolution showed habitat adaptation and plasticity, with habitat transitions unrelated to contractile vacuolar traits. The SSU rRNA gene polymorphism likely contributed to the paraphyletic state of Frontonia. These results highlight the complex evolutionary patterns of the genus, shaped by genetic diversity, morphology, and environmental constraints. Full article

Recent advancements in tissue engineering and stem cell science have positioned bone disease treatment as a promising frontier in regenerative medicine. This review explores the hormonal and signaling pathways critical to bone regeneration, with a focus on their clinical relevance. Key endocrine factors, including thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), play pivotal roles in bone remodeling by regulating osteoblast activity, bone resorption, and mineralization. These factors primarily act through the Wnt/β-catenin, BMP, and FGF signaling pathways, which govern bone repair and regeneration. While animal models, such as axolotls, zebrafish, and Xenopus laevis, provide valuable findings about these mechanisms, translating these findings into human applications presents challenges. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of modulating these hormonal networks to enhance bone regeneration while cautioning against possible adverse effects, such as uncontrolled tissue proliferation or metabolic imbalances. By integrating knowledge from regenerative models, this work provides a foundation for optimizing hormone-based therapies for clinical applications in bone repair and disease treatment. Full article