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This study investigates public perception and acceptance of AI-generated art using an integrated system that merges eye-tracking methodologies with advanced bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT)-based sentiment analysis. Eye-tracking methods systematically document the visual trajectories and fixation spots of consumers viewing AI-generated artworks, elucidating the inherent relationship between visual activity and perception. Thereafter, the BERT-based sentiment analysis algorithm extracts emotional responses and aesthetic assessments from numerous internet reviews, offering a robust instrument for evaluating public approval and aesthetic perception. The findings indicate that consumer perception of AI-generated art is markedly affected by visual attention behavior, whereas sentiment analysis uncovers substantial disparities in aesthetic assessments. This paper introduces enhancements to the BERT model via domain-specific pre-training and hyperparameter optimization utilizing deep Gaussian processes and dynamic Bayesian optimization, resulting in substantial increases in classification accuracy and resilience. This study thoroughly examines the underlying mechanisms of public perception and assessment of AI-generated art, assesses the potential of these techniques for practical application in art creation and evaluation, and offers a novel perspective and scientific foundation for future research and application of AI art. Full article

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144 pages, 2373 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Programme and Abstracts ECEM 2024

by Ronan Reilly and Ralph Radach

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(6), 1-144; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.6.1 - 20 Dec 2024

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Conference chairs: Ralph Radach (Programme), General and Biological Psychology, University of Wuppertal; Ronan Reilly (Local organisation), Department of Computer Science, Maynooth University [...] Full article

17 pages, 6603 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Leading Line Composition on Visual Cognition: An Eye-Tracking Study

by Hsien-Chih Chuang, Han-Yi Tseng and Chia-Yun Chiang

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(5), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.5.2 - 13 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2821

Abstract

Leading lines, a fundamental composition technique in photography, are crucial to guiding the viewer’s visual attention. Leading line composition is an effective visual strategy for influencing viewers’ cognitive processes. However, in-depth research on the impact of leading line composition on cognitive psychology is lacking. This study investigated the cognitive effects of leading line composition on perception and behavior. The eye movement behaviors of 34 participants while they viewed photographic works with leading lines were monitored through eye-tracking experiments. Additionally, subjective assessments were conducted to collect the participants’ perceptions of the images in terms of aesthetics, complexity, and directional sense. The results revealed that leading lines significantly influenced the participants’ attention to key elements of the work, particularly when prominent subject elements were present. This led to greater engagement, longer viewing times, and enhanced ratings on aesthetics and directional sense. These findings suggest that skilled photographers can employ leading lines to guide the viewer’s gaze and create visually compelling and aesthetically pleasing works. This research offers specific compositional strategies for photography applications and underscores the importance of leading lines and subject elements in enhancing visual impact and artistic expression. Full article

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17 pages, 1756 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Standalone Eye Blinking Monitoring System for Computer Users

by Ahmad A. Jiman, Amjad J. Abdullateef, Alaa M. Almelawi, Khan M. Yunus, Yasser M. Kadah, Ahmad F. Turki, Mohammed J. Abdulaal, Nebras M. Sobahi, Eyad T. Attar and Ahmad H. Milyani

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(5), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.5.1 - 6 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3381

Abstract

Purpose: Working on computers for long hours has become a regular task for millions of people around the world. This has led to the increase of eye and vision issues related to prolonged computer use, known as computer vision syndrome (CVS). A main contributor to CVS caused by dry eyes is the reduction of blinking rates. In this pilot study, an intelligent, standalone eye blinking monitoring system to promote healthier blinking behaviors for computer users was developed using components that are affordable and easily available in the market. Methods: The developed eye blinking monitoring system used a camera to track blinking rates and operated audible, visual and tactile alarm modes to induce blinks. The hypothesis in this study is that the developed eye blinking monitoring system would increase eye blinks for a computer user. To test this hypothesis, the developed system was evaluated on 20 subjects. Results: The eye blinking monitoring system detected blinks with high accuracy (95.9%). The observed spontaneous eye blinking rate was 43.1 ± 14.7 blinks/min (mean ± standard deviation). Eye blinking rates significantly decreased when the subjects were watching movie trailers (25.2 ± 11.9 blinks/min; Wilcoxon signed rank test; p < 0.001) and reading articles (24.2 ± 12.1 blinks/min; p < 0.001) on a computer. The blinking monitoring system with the alarm function turned on showed an increase in blinking rates (28.2 ± 12.1 blinks/min) compared to blinking rates without the alarm function (25.2 ± 11.9 blinks/min; p = 0.09; Cohen’s effect size d = 0.25) when the subjects were watching movie trailers. Conclusions: The developed blinking monitoring system was able to detect blinking with high accuracy and induce blinking with a personalized alarm function. Further work is needed to refine the study design and evaluate the clinical impact of the system. This work is an advancement towards the development of a profound technological solution for preventing CVS. Full article

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20 pages, 1558 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Movement and Recall of Visual Elements in Eco-Friendly Product

by Jing Li and Myun Kim

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(4), 1-20; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.4.6 - 6 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1402

Abstract

This study aims to explore the distribution of visual attention on sustainability graphics when viewing an eco-friendly product and the recall of sustainability information afterward. Twenty-five students majoring in environmental studies and twenty-five students from non-environmental majors participated in the study. They were further divided into a higher group and a lower group based on their sustainability level. Participants viewed diagrams of an eco-trash boat design with sustainability graphics and a 15-page design description. Their eye-movement data and verbal reports on the recall of sustainability information were collected. Higher sustainability group had higher fixation count in sustainability graphics. Non-environmental majors had a shorter time to first fixation to sustainability graphics, and there was an interaction effect. Environmental students detected graphics faster in the lower group, but the opposite occurred in the higher group. Higher-sustainability non-environmental students were quicker, while the reverse was true for environmental students. In terms of recalling sustainability graphics, the higher group scored higher, while environmental majors scored higher in recalling sustainability features. In the recall coding, the most frequently mentioned terms were "green," "plant," "vivid," and "eco." The study offers new insights into sustainable development and provides design recommendations for eco-product designers. Full article

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16 pages, 5785 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Interference Effect of Low-Relevant Animated Elements on Digital Picture-Book Comprehension in Preschoolers: An Eye-Movement Study

by Nina Liu, Chen Chen, Yingying Liu, Shan Jiang, QianCheng Gao and Ruihan Wu

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(4), 1-16; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.4.1 - 6 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1193

Abstract

Digital picture-book (DPB) with animated elements can enhance children’s engagement, but irrelevant animations may interfere with their comprehension. To determine the effect of the relevance of animated elements on preschoolers’ comprehension, an experimental study was conducted. Thirtythree preschoolers between the aged 4-5 years engaged with DPB in three conditions: high- and lowrelevant animations and a static control while listening to the story; their eye movements were recorded simultaneously. The study found that preschoolers had lower comprehension when exposed to low-relevant animation, but had comparable scores to the static condition with high-relevant animation. The results of eye-movement analysis showed that children who focused less on highrelevant or more on low-relevant elements had poorer comprehension. Those exposed to low-relevant animations looked less at high-relevant elements and more at low-relevant elements than those in the static and high-relevant conditions. These results suggested that low-relevant animations in DPB interfered with children’s comprehension by directing their visual attention away from crucial, highrelevant elements and more to less relevant elements. Therefore, designers creating DPBs, as well as parents and caregivers selecting DPBs for children, should consider the importance of the relevance of animated elements. And the corresponding mechanism of animation effect in DPB comprehension was discussed. Full article

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2 pages, 243 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Capturing a Moment in an Evolving Landscape: Contemporary Management of Ankyloglossia

by Raymond J. Tseng and Sharon Smart

Int. J. Orofac. Myol. Myofunct. Ther. 2024, 50(2), 1-2; https://doi.org/10.52010/ijom.2024.50.2.7 - 1 Dec 2024

Viewed by 574

Abstract

This special issue on ‘Contemporary Approaches to Collaborative Management in Ankyloglossia’ contains a collection of scholarly papers that address the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care of tethered oral tissues (TOTs). In this column, the editors summarize the content of the issue and [...] Read more.

20 pages, 1668 KB

Open AccessReview

Gastrointestinal Symptom Improvement in Infants After Restrictive Tethered Oral Tissue Release: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

by Humera Khatri, Iqbal Musani, Prashant Udavant and Tushar Parikh

Int. J. Orofac. Myol. Myofunct. Ther. 2024, 50(2), 1-20; https://doi.org/10.52010/ijom.2024.50.2.6 - 1 Dec 2024

Viewed by 2226

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review was to systematically explore improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms 1 week and 1 month following the frenotomy procedure, compared to before the procedure for infants under 12 months of age using meta-analysis calculations. Methods: Studies were selected that presented data on breastfed infants under 12 months of age, with gastrointestinal symptoms and reflux, who underwent surgical correction for restricted maxillary labial frenum and/or ankyloglossia, and/or maxillary buccal frena. Case reports, letters to editors, previous systematic reviews, in vitro and animal studies, and only abstracts were excluded. An integrative literature review was carried out in MEDLINE via PubMed, EBSCOhost, Scopus Embase, Web of Science & Cochrane Library from April 2016 to March 2023. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Modified Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. GRADE profiler (GRADEpro) was used to rate the quality of evidence. We conducted meta-analysis using random effects modelling with the RevMan Software 5.4. Results: Out of the 90 studies identified, nine studies were included, seven were prospective cohort studies, one was a prospective randomized trial, and one was a retrospective analysis. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms showed statistically significant improvement in I-GERQ-R scores after 1 week (effect size = 3.40, p < 0.00001) and 1 month (effect size = 6.37, p < 0.00001) as compared to before release. Kotlow Class 3 and Class 4 lip tie, Coryllos Type 3 and Type 4 tongue tie showed maximum symptoms and the greatest improvement after release. Conclusion: Tethered oral tissues should be considered as a potential etiology in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal reflux in infants. Full article

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17 pages, 601 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reading Comics: The Effect of Expertise on Eye Movements

by Hong Yang

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(4), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.4.5 - 15 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2028

Abstract

The theory of expertise suggests that there should be observable differences in the eye movement patterns between experts and non-experts. Previous studies have investigated how expertise influences eye movement patterns during cognitive tasks like reading. However, the impact of expertise on eye movements in comics, a multimodal form of text, remains unexplored. This article reports on a study that uses eye tracking to examine patterns in the ways that experts and non-experts read comics. Expert participants (14) with experience in reading comics than non-expert participants (17). When controlling for variables such as layout and text quantity, we found significant differences in visual scanning between experts and non-experts. Experts exhibited more frequent saccades and greater amplitude of saccades. Further analysis revealed distinct strategies in processing text and image content between the two groups: the interaction between expertise level and content type in specific AOI showed significant differences across multiple visual measurement metrics, including Average duration of fixations, number of fixations, and number of saccades within AOI. These findings not only support the applicability of the expertise level theory in the field of comic reading but also provide a new perspective for understanding the reading processing of multimodal texts. Full article

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19 pages, 2734 KB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Approaches to Apply the String Edit Algorithm to Create Accurate Visual Scan Paths

by Ricardo Palma Fraga and Ziho Kang

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(4), 1-19; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.4.4 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1247

Abstract

Eye movement detection algorithms (e.g., I-VT) require the selection of thresholds to identify eye fixations and saccadic movements from gaze data. The choice of threshold is important, as thresholds too low or large may fail to accurately identify eye fixations and saccades. An inaccurate threshold might also affect the resulting visual scan path, the time-ordered sequence of eye fixations and saccades, carried out by the participant. Commonly used approaches to evaluate threshold accuracy can be manually laborious, or require information about the expected visual scan paths of participants, which might not be available. To address this issue, we propose two different computational approaches, labeled as “between-participants comparisons” and “within-participants comparisons.” The approaches were evaluated using the open-source Gazebase dataset, which contained a bullseyetarget tracking task, where participants were instructed to follow the movements of a bullseye-target. The predetermined path of the bullseye-target enabled us to evaluate our proposed approaches against the expected visual scan path. The approaches identified threshold values (220°/s and 210°/s) that were 83% similar to the expected visual scan path, outperforming a 30°/s benchmark threshold (41.5%). These methods might assist researchers in identifying accurate threshold values for the IVT algorithm or potentially other eye movement detection algorithms. Full article

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17 pages, 1181 KB

Open AccessConference Report

Proceedings of the 2024 IAOM Convention

by IAOM

Int. J. Orofac. Myol. Myofunct. Ther. 2024, 50(1), 1-11; https://doi.org/10.52010/ijom.2024.50.1.4 - 30 Oct 2024

Viewed by 893

Abstract

The International Association of Orofacial Myology (IAOM) held its 2024 Convention in Raleigh, North Carolina, from September 27–29. The Proceedings of the Convention contain abstracts and summaries of each presentation. Full article

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11 pages, 805 KB

Open AccessArticle

Feeding and Gastrointestinal Symptomatology: Comparing Infants Without Oral Restriction to Those with Treated and Untreated Tethered Oral Tissues

by Rebecca R. Hill

Int. J. Orofac. Myol. Myofunct. Ther. 2024, 50(2), 1-11; https://doi.org/10.52010/ijom.2024.50.2.5 - 10 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1032

Abstract

Objectives: The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate if there were any significant differences in gastrointestinal (GI) and/or feeding symptoms for infants with tethered oral tissues (TOTs) pre-frenotomy compared to infants with untreated TOTs and infants without TOTs, and (2) evaluate if treatment via frenotomy led to improvements in symptoms that more closely align with GI and/or feeding symptoms in infants with untreated TOTs and/or infants without (TOTs). Methods: This study utilized a pretest-only control group design. The Infant Eating Assessment Tool (InfantEAT) and Gastrointestinal and Gastroesophageal Reflux (GIGER) Scale were used to evaluate infant feeding and GI symptoms, respectively. Multiple linear regression was used to compare scores between the three groups at baseline, controlling for age and gestational age at birth. Treatment group’s average score after intervention was compared to the mean baseline score of the other two groups. For the treatment group, paired t-test was used to evaluate changes in scores before and after the treatment. Results: All subscales of both the InfantEAT and GIGER demonstrated statistically significant differences for infants with TOTs before intervention when compared with infants with TOTs who did not undergo treatment and infants without TOTs. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance of considering structure along with function for infants with tongue- and/or lip-tie. Clinicians must evaluate maternal symptoms alongside infant factors. The decision to treat TOTs via frenotomy is multifactorial and is not necessary in every mother-infant dyad. Full article

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22 pages, 15943 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Eye-Tracking-Based Investigation on the Principle of Closure in Logo Design

by Han-Yi Tseng and Hsien-Chih Chuang

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(4), 1-22; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.4.3 - 10 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2697

Abstract

This study employs subjective evaluation and eye movement experiments to explore the application and conveyance of logo graphics design, which conforms to the Gestalt principle of closure, to understand the psychological process of this principle in the perception of a logo. The study found that there is no significant difference between completely enclosed logos and unenclosed ones that conform to the principle of closure in their influence on sightline behavior due to the effects of closure, but the subjective evaluation favors unenclosed logos as more attractive and comfortable to perceive, which agrees with modern logo design trends. In addition, the sightline distribution of the image-type logos is more scattered and has the most extended fixation duration. In contrast, the sightline distribution of text-type logos is more concentrated. Designers who understand the principle of closure can intentionally incorporate imperfection into logo design, triggering the automatic mental filling of gaps and instilling new meaning and visual effect into a design. Full article

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14 pages, 2820 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Ocular Motility and Motor Skills

by Carmen López-de-la-Fuente, Eider Eider Bereau Iridoy, Paula Pardo Sofín, José Luis Cebrián Lafuente, Víctor Berdejo, Cristina Ruiz-Garros and María José López-de-la-Fuente

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(4), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.4.2 - 10 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

The primary aim of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between ocular motility and motor skills in school-age children. Participants included 142 schoolchildren (mean age: 7.08 ± 0.61 years) who completed a computerised version of the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test while their eye movements were recorded, and Northeastern State University College of Optometry's Oculomotor test (NSUCO). Children were classified into three groups based on their level of motor performance, which was measured by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2). The group with typical motor performance had higher percentiles for both vertical and horizontal time, fewer errors, number of saccades, fixations, and regressions, and faster test performance. Visual test results correlate with the motor assessment outcomes; correlations are weak or moderate. Our findings emphasise the interconnectedness of motor and ocular motility. Hence, including evaluation of visual and motor proficiencies at school age would help to detect struggles in these crucial areas of development. Full article

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34 pages, 30882 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Evaluation Method for Design Education and Comparison Research between visualizing Heat-Maps of Class Activation and Eye-Movement

by Jiayi Jia, Tianjiao Zhao, Junyu Yang and Qian Wang

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(2), 1-34; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.2.1 - 10 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1457

Abstract

The evaluation of design results plays a crucial role in the development of design. This study presents a design work evaluation system for design education that assists design instructors in conducting objective evaluations. An automatic design evaluation model based on convolutional neural networks has been established, which enables intelligent evaluation of student design works. During the evaluation process, the CAM is obtained. Simultaneously, an eye-tracking experiment was designed to collect gaze data and generate eye-tracking heat maps. By comparing the heat maps with CAM, an attempt was made to explore the correlation between the focus of the evaluation’s attention on human design evaluation and the CNN intelligent evaluation. The experimental results indicate that there is some certain correlation between humans and CNN in terms of the key points they focus on when conducting an evaluation. However, there are significant differences in background observation. The research results demonstrate that the intelligent evaluation model of CNN can automatically evaluate product design works and effectively classify and predict design product images. The comparison shows a correlation between artificial intelligence and the subjective evaluation of human eyes in evaluation strategy. Introducing artificial intelligence into the field of design evaluation for education has a strong potential to promote the development of design education. Full article

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