Search Results (8)

The continuous growth of aquaculture places a growing demand on alternative sources of fish oil (FO). Certain microorganisms provide a sustainable replacement for FO due to their content of EPA and DHA, which are essential for fish health. Appreciable evidence shows that changes in feeding sources may alter the nutritional components of salmon; however, the influence of diets on lipid species remains unclear. In this study, the identification and semi-quantification of lipid molecular species in salmon muscle during feeding with a microbial oil (MO) were carried out by focusing on triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacyl-phospholipid using shotgun-based mass spectrometry analysis. DHA in the MO diet was efficiently incorporated into phospholipid structures on feeding, followed by accumulation in salmon muscle. The MO diet elevated the level of certain EPA-containing TAGs, such as TAG C52:5 (16:0_16:0_20:5) and TAG C54:6 (16:0_18:1_20:5), indicating that the MO diet may be an excellent source for enhancement of the abundance of ω3 lipids. Further, prostaglandins (PGs) PGE2 and PGF3α were identified and quantified for the first time in salmonid tissue. Full article

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound organelles that are generally released by eukaryotic cells and enclose various cellular metabolic information, such as RNA, meta-proteins, and versatile metabolites. The physiological properties and diverse functions of food-derived EVs have been extensively elucidated, along with a recent explosive upsurge in EV research. Therefore, a concise review of the health effects of food-derived EVs is necessary. This review summarizes the structural stability and uptake pathways of food-derived EVs to target cells and their health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects, gut microbiome modulation, and intestinal barrier enhancement. Full article

With the current advancement in mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics, the knowledge of lipidomes and their diverse roles has greatly increased, enabling a deeper understanding of the action of bioactive lipid molecules in plant- and animal-based foods. This review provides in-depth information on the practical use of MS techniques in lipidomics, including lipid extraction, adduct formation, MS analysis, data processing, statistical analysis, and bioinformatics. Moreover, this contribution demonstrates the effectiveness of MS-based lipidomics for identifying and quantifying diverse lipid species, especially triacylglycerols and phospholipids, in foods. Further, it summarizes the wide applications of MS-based lipidomics in food science, such as for assessing food processing methods, detecting food adulteration, and measuring lipid oxidation in foods. Thus, MS-based lipidomics may be a useful method for identifying the action of individual lipid species in foods. Full article

Sea cucumber processing discards, which include mainly internal organs, represent up to 50% of the sea cucumber biomass, and are a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolics. This work aimed to extract free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolics from the internal organs of the Atlantic sea cucumber (C. frondosa) using high-pressure processing (HPP) pre-treatment. The sea cucumber internal organs were subjected to HPP (6000 bar for 10 min), followed by the extraction and characterization of phenolics. Samples were evaluated for their total contents of phenolics and flavonoids, as well as several in vitro methods of antioxidant activities, namely, free radical scavenging and metal chelation activities. Moreover, anti-tyrosinase and antiglycation properties, as well as inhibitory activities against LDL cholesterol oxidation and DNA damage, were examined. The results demonstrated that HPP pre-treatment had a significant effect on the extraction of phenolics, antioxidant properties, and other bioactivities. The phenolics in sea cucumber internal organs existed mainly in the free form, followed by the insoluble-bound and esterified fractions. Additionally, UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis identified and quantified 23 phenolic compounds from HPP-treated samples, mostly phenolic acids and flavonoids. Hence, this investigation provides fundamental information that helps to design the full utilization of the Atlantic sea cucumber species and the production of a multitude of value-added products. Full article

Over the past decade, gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to many health disorders; however, the detailed mechanism of this correlation remains unclear. Gut microbiota can communicate with the host through immunological or metabolic signalling. Recently, microbiota-released extracellular vesicles (MEVs) have emerged as significant mediators in the intercellular signalling mechanism that could be an integral part of microbiota-host communications. MEVs are small membrane-bound vesicles that encase a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds (i.e., proteins, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids), thus mediating the horizontal transfer of their cargo across intra- and intercellular space. In this study, we provide a comprehensive and in-depth discussion of the biogenesis of microbial-derived EVs, their classification and routes of production, as well as their role in inter-bacterial and inter-kingdom signaling. Full article

Shotgun lipidomics was applied to identify and quantify phospholipids (PLs) in salmon muscle tissue by focusing on the distribution of ω-3 fatty acids (e.g., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) in the form of phospholipids, as well as to identify and quantify eicosanoids, which has not yet been attempted in Atlantic salmon muscle. Shotgun lipidomics enabled the identification of 43 PL species belonging to four different classes: phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylserines (PSs), and phosphatidylinositols (PIs). Among others, 16:0-22:6 PtdCho m/z [M + Na]⁺ at 828.4 was the predominant PL species in salmon muscle tissue. The present study provided the quantification of individual phospholipid species, which has not been performed for salmon muscle tissue so far. In addition, two eicosanoids—prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F3α (PGF3α)—were identified for the first time in salmon muscle. Thus, the rapid and high-throughput shotgun lipidomics approach should shed new light on phospholipids and eicosanoids in salmon muscle tissue. Full article

Phenolics, which are secondary metabolites of plants, exhibit remarkable bioactivities. In this contribution, we have focused on their protective effect against chronic diseases rather than their antioxidant activities, which have been widely discussed in the literature. A large body of epidemiological studies has proven the bioactivities of phenolics in both standard compounds and natural extracts: namely, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities as well as reducing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease. Phenolics also display anti-analgesic, anti-allergic, and anti-Alzheimer’s properties. Thus, this review provides crucial information for better understanding the bioactivities of phenolics in foods and fills a gap in the existing collective and overall knowledge in the field. Full article

This contribution provides a review of the topic of insoluble-bound phenolics, especially their localization, synthesis, transfer and formation in plant cells, as well as their metabolism in the human digestive system and corresponding bioactivities. In addition, their release from the food matrix during food processing and extraction methods are discussed. The synthesis of phenolics takes place mainly at the endoplasmic reticulum and they are then transferred to each organ through transport proteins such as the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter at the organ’s compartment membrane or via transport vesicles such as cytoplasmic and Golgi vesicles, leading to the formation of soluble and insoluble-bound phenolics at the vacuole and cell wall matrix, respectively. This part has not been adequately discussed in the food science literature, especially regarding the synthesis site and their transfer at the cellular level, thus this contribution provides valuable information to the involved scientists. The bound phenolics cannot be absorbed at the small intestine as the soluble phenolics do (5%–10%), thus passing into the large intestine and undergoing fermentation by a number of microorganisms, partially released from cell wall matrix of foods. Bound phenolics such as phenolic acids and flavonoids display strong bioactivities such as anticancer, anti-inflammation and cardiovascular disease ameliorating effects. They can be extracted by several methods such as acid, alkali and enzymatic hydrolysis to quantify their contents in foods. In addition, they can also be released from the cell wall matrix during food processing procedures such as fermentation, germination, roasting, extrusion cooking and boiling. This review provides critical information for better understanding the insoluble-bound phenolics in food and fills an existing gap in the literature. Full article