Salivary Adipokine and Cytokine Levels as Potential Markers for the Development of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Role of Adipose Tissue in the Development of Obesity
3. Saliva as a Potential Material in the Diagnosis of Obesity and Its Associated Disorders
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diagnostic Parameters of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders | The Levels of Adipokine/Cytokine in Saliva | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin | IL-10 | Resistin | TNF-α | IL-8 | MMP-2 | Study Cited | Age Group | |
↑ BMI [kg/m2] | ↓ * ▪▪ | ↓ ▪ | ↑ * ▪▪ | Attlee et al. [23] | A | |||
↑ * (no data) | Al-Rawi et al. [37] | A | ||||||
↑ * ▪▪▪▪ | ↑ * ▪▪▪ | ↑ * ▪▪▪▪▪ | Ostrowska et al. [40] | A | ||||
↑ WC [cm] | ↓ ▪▪ | ↑ * ▪▪ | Attlee et al. [23] | A | ||||
↑ * ▪▪▪ | ↑ * ▪▪▪▪ | Ostrowska et al. [40] | A | |||||
↑ BFM [kg] | ↑ * ▪▪▪ | ↑ * ▪▪▪ | ↑ * ▪▪▪▪▪ | Ostrowska et al. [40] | A | |||
↑ PBF [%] | ↑ * ▪▪▪ | ↑ * ▪▪▪▪ | Ostrowska et al. [40] | A | ||||
↑ VAT [cm3] | ↑ * ▪▪▪ | ↑ * ▪▪▪▪ | Ostrowska et al. [40] | A | ||||
↑ VAT/SAT ratio | ↑ * ▪▪▪▪ | ↑ * ▪▪▪▪ | Ostrowska et al. [40] | A | ||||
↑ FPG [mg/dl] | ↑ * ▪▪▪ | Chauhan et al. [30] | A | |||||
↑ PPBS [mg/dl] | ↓ * ▪▪▪ | Kalyani et al. [25] | A | |||||
↑ TG [mg/dl] | ↓ * ▪▪ | ↑ * ▪▪▪ | Chauhan et al. [30] | A | ||||
↓ HDL [mg/dl] | ↓ * ▪▪▪ | Chauhan et al. [30] | A | |||||
Salivary TNF-α levels | ↓ * ▪▪ | Attlee et al. [23] | A | |||||
↑ * ▪▪▪ | Dogusal et al. [38] | Ch |
The Levels of Adipokine/Cytokine in Saliva | Study Cited | Age Group | Differences between the Study Group and the Control Group | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adipone-ctin | Kaluani et al. [25] | A | decreased adiponectin levels in the group with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes as compared to group without diabetes; | 0.04 * |
Goodson et al. [26] | Ch | decreased adiponectin levels among obese group without elevated CRP levels (relative to normal-weight group); | <0.0004 * | |
Waspin (serpin A12) | Lehmann-Kalata et al. [28] | A | higher waspin levels among obese group without comorbidities compared to overweight and normal weight people; | 0.000004 * |
IL-10 | Chauhan et al. [30] | A | decreased IL-10 levels in patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome compared to controls; | >0.05 |
Goodson et al. [26] | Ch | decreased IL-10 levels among obese group without elevated CRP levels (relative to normal-weight group); | <0.0004 * | |
Selvaraju et al. [31] | Ch | 7.6-fold lower IL-10 concentration in overweight or obese group compared to normal weight group; | >0.05 | |
CD40/CD40L | Lehmann et al. [32] | A | lower sCD40L concentrations in obese adults compared to normal weight subjects; | <0.001 * |
Leptin | Jayachan-dran et al. [35] | A | higher leptin concentrations in overweight group; | <0.01 * |
Goodson et al. [26] | Ch | elevated leptin levels in obese group with coexisting elevated serum CRP levels compared to normal weight group without elevated CRP; | <0.0004 * | |
Pirsean et al. [19] | Ch | 3-fold higher leptin levels in overweight or obese group compared to normal weight group; | <0.01 * | |
Resistin | Al.-Rawi et al. [37] | A | higher resistin levels in obese patients (both in the diabetic and non-diabetic groups) compared to those without diabetes and obesity; | 0.01 * |
Selvaraju et al. [31] | Ch | 2.4-fold higher resistin levels in overweight and obese subjects compared to normal weight subjects; | <0.0001 * | |
Lehmann-Kalata et al. [28] | A | higher resistin levels in subjects with BMI > 30 kg/m2 compared to subjects with BMI < 30 kg/m2; | 0.013 * | |
TNF-α | Lehmann-Kalata et al. [28] | A | higher TNF-α levels and higher TNF-α-R1 levels in subjects with BMI > 30 kg/m2 compared to subjects with BMI < 30 kg/m2; | 0.002 * 0.0003 * |
Lehmann et al. [32] | A | higher TNF-α receptors concentrations in obese subjects compared to normal weight subjects; | <0.001 * TNF-α-R1 0.02 * TNF-α-R2 | |
Chauhan et al. [30] | A | higher TNF-α levels in patients with metabolic syndrome than in controls; increase in TNF-α levels with an increase in the number of components of the metabolic syndrome; | <0.05 * | |
Selvaraju et al. [31] | Ch | 1.5-fold higher TNF-α levels in overweight and obese children compared to normal weight children; | <0.001 * | |
IL-6 | Pirsean et al. [19] | Ch | 4.5-fold higher IL-6 levels in overweight or obese children compared to normal weight children; the highest IL-6 concentrations (98 ng/mL) in the entire study group in the child with the highest degree of obesity (>99th percentile); | <0.01 * |
Selvaraju et al. [31] | Ch | 3.4-fold higher IL-6 levels in overweight and obese children compared to normal weight children; | <0.001 * | |
IL-8 | Ostrowska et al. [40] | A | higher IL-8 levels among obese women compared to normal weight women; | 0.042 * |
IL-1β | Tvarijona-viciute et al. [16] | Ch | 2.6-fold higher IL-1β levels in overweight/obese children compared to normal weight children; | 0.028 * |
MCP-1/CCL2 | Lehmann-Kalata et al. [28] | A | higher MCP-1 concentrations in obese adults without comorbidities compared to overweight and normal weight subjects; | 0.032 * |
Lehmann et al. [32] | A | higher MCP-1 concentrations in obese adults without comorbidities compared to normal weight subjects; | <0.001 * | |
Selvaraju et al. [31] | Ch | 4.4-fold higher MCP-1 levels in overweight and obese subjects compared to normal weight subjects; | <0.0001 * | |
MMP-2 | Ostrowska et al. [40] | A | higher MMP-2 levels among obese women compared to normal weight women; | 0.005 * |
PAI-1 | Lehmann-Kalata et al. [28] | A | higher PAI-1 levels in people with a BMI > 30 kg/m2 and no comorbidities compared with those with BMI < 30 kg/m2; | 0.007 * |
sICAM | Lehmann-Kalata et al. [28] | A | higher sICAM levels of obese subjects compared to overweight and normal weight subjects; | 0.007 * |
Lehmannet al. [32] | A | higher sICAM levels of obese subjects compared to normal weight subjects; | <0.001 | |
PTX3 | Lehmann-Kalata et al. [28] | A | higher PTX3 levels in obese subjects compared to overweight and normal weight subjects; | 0.021 * |
Lehmannet al. [32] | A | higher PTX3 levels in obese subjects compared to normal weight subjects; | 0.006 * |
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Zyśk, B.; Ostrowska, L.; Smarkusz-Zarzecka, J. Salivary Adipokine and Cytokine Levels as Potential Markers for the Development of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111703
Zyśk B, Ostrowska L, Smarkusz-Zarzecka J. Salivary Adipokine and Cytokine Levels as Potential Markers for the Development of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(21):11703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111703
Chicago/Turabian StyleZyśk, Beata, Lucyna Ostrowska, and Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka. 2021. "Salivary Adipokine and Cytokine Levels as Potential Markers for the Development of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21: 11703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111703