A Novel Discovery: Holistic Efficacy at the Special Organ Level of Pungent Flavored Compounds from Pungent Traditional Chinese Medicine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Collecting the Compounds of Pungent TCMs
2.2. Pungent Flavor Compound-Target Network
2.3. Organ Targets Location Map
2.4. Target-Pathway Network
3. Discussion
3.1. The Material Base of Pungent Flavor of Pungent TCMs
3.2. Pungent Compounds Provide Support for the Treatment of Cardiovascular and Liver Diseases
3.3. Expression of Meridian Tropism at Level of Tissue and Organ
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Date Collection and Visualization
4.2. The Gene Analysis of Liver and Heart Organ in Cardiovascular System
4.2.1. Identify the Pungent Flavored Compounds
4.2.2. Identify Organ Target Location with Gene Organizer
4.3. Network Construction
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BASR | blood-activating and stasis-resolving |
cGMP-PKG | cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase |
CNS | central nervous system |
CVDs | cardiovascular diseases |
CYP1A1 | cytochrome P450 1A1 |
JUN | proto-oncogene c-JUN |
KEGG | Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes |
LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
MACCS | molecular Access System |
MDL | Molecular Design Limited |
NAFLD | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NFE2L2 | nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
NFKB1 | nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit |
PCA | Principal Component Analysis |
PPARD | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, |
PTGS2 | prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 |
TCM | traditional Chinese medicine |
TCM-HPs | traditional Chinese medicine herbal properties |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
TPAs | target-pathway association interactions |
TRP | transient receptor potential |
TRPA1 | transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 |
TRPM7 | potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 |
TRPM8 | potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8 |
TRPV1 | transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 |
TRPV3 | transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 3 |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Latin Name | English Name | Chinese Name | Flavor |
---|---|---|---|
Piper Nigrum | Black pepper | Heihujiao | Fragrant smelling, taste pungent |
Syzygium aromaticum | Cloves | Dingxiang | Strong fragrant smelling, taste pungent and feeling on tongue |
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. | Fenugreek | Huluba | Sweet smelling aroma; fragrant |
Menthae Haplocalycis Herba | Peppermint | Bohe | Cool and fragrant smelling, taste pungent |
Zanthoxyli Pericarpium | Pepper | Huajiao | Fragrant smelling; taste sweet and pungent |
Myristicae Semen | Nutmeg | Roudoukou | Strong fragrant smelling, taste pungent |
Aucklandiae Radix | Common vladimiria root | Muxiang | Specific fragrant smelling, taste slightly bitter |
Origanum vulgare L. | Oregano | Niuzhi | Taste pungent and slightly bitter |
Thymus mongolicusRonn | Thyme | Bailixiang | Taste pungent |
Cinnamomt Cortex | Cinnamon | Rougui | Strong fragrant smelling, taste sweet and pungent |
Rosmarinus officinalis | Rosemary | Midiexiang | Pungent |
Allii Sativi Bulbus | Garlic | Dasuan | Specific smelling, taste pungent |
Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens | Ginger | Shengjiang | Specific fragrant smelling, taste pungent |
Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma | Galangal | Gaoliangjiang | Fragrant smelling, taste pungent |
Latin Name | Chinese Herb | Diversity | No. Entries | Descriptor |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chuanxiong Rhizome | ChuanXiong | 0.6678 | 352 | TCMID, TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM, TCM Database@Taiwan, TCM-Mesh |
Carthami Flos | HongHua | 0.7011 | 272 | |
Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum | JiangXiang | 0.5255 | 169 | |
Foeniculi Fructus | XiaoHuiXiang | 0.6495 | 74 | |
Angelicae Sinensis Radix | DangGui | 0.7116 | 292 |
Latin Name | Herbs | Molecule Name | FEMA or PubChem ID |
---|---|---|---|
Chuanxiong Rhizome | ChuanXiong | Ethylpalmitate | 2451 |
Trimethylamine | 3241 | ||
Vanillin | 3107 | ||
Nonanal | 2782 | ||
1,8-cineole | 2465 | ||
Myrcene | 2762 | ||
Methyleugenol | 2475 | ||
hexanal | 2557 | ||
thymol | 3066 | ||
trans-2-Nonen-1-ol | 3379 | ||
P-Cymene | 2356 | ||
Borneol | 2157 | ||
Naphthalene | pubchem_931 | ||
Phenylacetaldehyde | 2874 | ||
O-Cresol | 3480 | ||
Linalool | 2635 | ||
Camphene | 2229 | ||
Linoleic Acid | 3380 | ||
3-Carene | 3821 | ||
2-pentylfuran | 3317 | ||
Angelicae Sinensis Radix | DangGui | Camphene | 2229 |
Carvacrol | 2245 | ||
o-Cresol | 3480 | ||
p-Cresol | 2337 | ||
p-Ethylphenol | 3156 | ||
Guaiacol | 2532 | ||
Isoeugenol | 2468 | ||
Phenol | 3223 | ||
Vanillin | 3107 | ||
Nonanal | 2782 | ||
Myrcene | 2762 | ||
naphthalene | pubchem_931 | ||
1-hexadecanol | 2554 | ||
m-cresol | 3530 | ||
3-carene | 3821 | ||
Carthami Flos | HongHua | Benzothiazole | 3256 |
3-Hexanol | 3351 | ||
Phenylacetaldehyde | 2874 | ||
Nonanal | 2782 | ||
Methylcinnamate | 2698 | ||
carvacrol | 2245 | ||
Isovalericacid | 3102 | ||
stearicacid | 3035 | ||
Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum | JiangXiang | 1,8-cineole | 2465 |
indole | 2593 | ||
Ethylpalmitate | 2451 | ||
Foeniculi Fructus | XiaoHuiXiang | D-Limonene | 2633 |
α-Terpinene | 3558 | ||
Terpinolene | 3046 | ||
1,8-cineole | 2465 | ||
Myrcene | 2762 | ||
acetaldehyde | 2003 | ||
d-fenchone | 2479 |
Target | UniProt ID | Gene Name | Related Diseases | Degree |
---|---|---|---|---|
NFE2L2 | Q16236 | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 | Atherosclerosis, hypertension, Heart failure | 16 |
AR | P10275 | Androgen Receptor | Atherosclerosis, Coronary artery disease, Hypertension, Myocardial infarction | 15 |
PTGS2 | P35354 | Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 | Pain, Coronary heart disease, Myocardial infarction, Vascular lesion regression | 13 |
TNF | P01375 | Tumor necrosis factor | Heart failure, Hepatitis C infection, Hypertension, Coronary atherosclerosis, Cirrhosis | 13 |
NFKB1 | P19838 | Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit | Atherosclerosis, Cancer, Type 2 diabetes, Hepatitis C, Chronic Liver cirrhosis | 12 |
PPARD | Q03181 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta | Central nervous system disease, Metabolic disorders, Atherosclerosis, Coronary; Coronary heart disease | 12 |
CYP1A1 | P04798 | Cytochrome P450 1A1 | Liver cancer; Liver disease, Coronary artery disease, Hypertension | 12 |
JUN | P05412 | Proto-oncogene c-JUN | Heart failure, Breast cancer | 11 |
CYP2E1 | P05181 | Cytochrome P450 2E1 | Liver cancer; Liver disease | 10 |
AHR | P35869 | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor | Multiple myeloma, HIV infections, Myocardial infarction | 10 |
CAT | P04040 | Catalase | Skin burns, Heart failure | 10 |
ALB | P02768 | Serum albumin | Hemophilia’ Visualizing lesions with abnormal blood brain barrier | 10 |
PTGS1 | P23219 | Cyclooxygenase-1 | Platelet function, Myocardial Infarction, Acute coronary syndrome | 9 |
CXCL8 | P10145 | Interleukin-8 | Melanoma. Autoimmune diabetes | 9 |
MMP9 | P14780 | Matrix metalloproteinase 9 | Atherosclerosis, Carotid, Colorectal cancer | 9 |
HMOX1 | P09601 | Heme oxygenase 1 | Myocardial infarction, Atherosclerosis, Coronary, Cardiovascular disease, Ischemic injury of the liver, Inflammation, Cerebral vasospasm | 9 |
IL1B | P01584 | Interleukin-1 β | Coronary disease, Hypertension, Chronic hepatitis C | 8 |
IL6 | P05231 | Interleukin-6 | Arteriosclerosis, Heart valve diseases, Hepatitis B | 8 |
ACE | P22303 | Acetylcholinesterase | Chronic heart failure, Hypertension | 8 |
HSPB1 | P04792 | Heat shock protein β-1 | Breast cancer. Ovarian cancer, Bladder cancer, Prostate cancer, Lung cancer, Arthritis | 8 |
Latin Name | Chinese Herb | TCM-HPs |
---|---|---|
Chuanxiong Rhizome | ChuanXiong | Warm, pungent, liver, gallbladder, pericardium meridian tropism |
Carthami Flus | HongHua | Warm, pungent, liver, heart meridian tropism |
Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum | JiangXiang | Warm, pungent, liver, spleen meridian tropism |
Foeniculi Fructus | XiaoHuiXiang | Warm, pungent, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach meridian tropism |
Angelicae Sinensis Radix | DangGui | Warm, pungent, liver, heart, spleen meridian tropism |
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Chen, Z.; Cao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Qiao, Y. A Novel Discovery: Holistic Efficacy at the Special Organ Level of Pungent Flavored Compounds from Pungent Traditional Chinese Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030752
Chen Z, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Qiao Y. A Novel Discovery: Holistic Efficacy at the Special Organ Level of Pungent Flavored Compounds from Pungent Traditional Chinese Medicine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(3):752. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030752
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Zhao, Yanfeng Cao, Yanling Zhang, and Yanjiang Qiao. 2019. "A Novel Discovery: Holistic Efficacy at the Special Organ Level of Pungent Flavored Compounds from Pungent Traditional Chinese Medicine" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 3: 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030752