Emotional and Cognitive Responses and Behavioral Coping of Chinese Medical Workers and General Population during the Pandemic of COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Questionnaires
2.2.1. Demographic Data
2.2.2. Psychological Health Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Acquisition and Cognition of Preventive Knowledge of COVID-19
3.3. General Characteristics of Medical Workers and Their Pressure Sources
3.4. Association among Emotional and Cognitive Responses and Behavioral Coping
3.4.1. Reliability and Validity of Emotional and Cognitive Response Subscales
3.4.2. SEM of Emotional and Cognitive Responses and Behavioral Coping
3.4.3. Multivariate Stepwise Regression among Emotional and Cognitive Responses and Behavioral Coping
3.4.4. Comparison of the Scales’ Scores between Medical Workers and the General Public
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Number (n = 616) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 223 | 36.2 |
Female | 393 | 63.8 |
Age (years) | ||
0–18 | 55 | 8.8 |
19–35 | 356 | 57.8 |
36–59 | 188 | 30.5 |
≥ 60 | 17 | 2.8 |
Educational level | ||
Secondary school or less | 57 | 9.2 |
Junior college | 118 | 19.1 |
Undergraduate | 280 | 45.5 |
Postgraduate or more | 161 | 26.1 |
Occupation | ||
Health workers | 131 | 21.3 |
Educational and cultural workers | 59 | 9.6 |
Students with medical background | 90 | 14.6 |
Students without medical background | 66 | 10.7 |
Civil servant/Career preparation | 64 | 10.4 |
Company employee | 92 | 14.9 |
Service industry | 17 | 2.8 |
Self-employment venture | 19 | 3.1 |
Worker/Farmer | 13 | 2.1 |
Full-time housewife | 6 | 1.0 |
Retired | 14 | 2.3 |
Others | 45 | 7.3 |
COVID-19 contact history | ||
No | 598 | 97.1 |
Contact history of epidemic focus | 4 | 0.6 |
Suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients living around | 14 | 2.3 |
Variables | Medical Workers (n = 131) | Public (n = 485) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Main access of information | 0.005 | ||
Official news and broadcasts | 114 (87.0) | 412(84.9) | |
Short message service | 58 (44.3) | 252(52.0) | |
Chat software | 68 (51.9) | 325(67.0) | |
Timely message from APP | 85 (64.9) | 347(71.5) | |
Video Clips from APP | 19 (14.5) | 114(23.5) | |
Internet searching | 59 (45.0) | 217(44.7) | |
Others | 7 (5.3) | 23(4.7) | |
Awareness of COVID-19 transmission | 0.35 | ||
Droplet transmission | 131(100.0) | 482(99.4) | |
Contact transmission | 123(93.9) | 428(88.2) | |
Fecal–oral transmission | 99(75.6) | 373(76.9) | |
Household articles transmission | 85(64.9) | 337(69.5) | |
Others | 8(6.1) | 35(7.2) | |
Awareness of preventive measures | 0.029 | ||
Wear a mask | 129(98.5) | 484(99.8) | |
Avoid gathering together | 126(96.2) | 481(99.2) | |
Wash hands and disinfect furniture | 128(97.7) | 477(98.4) | |
Exercise | 109(83.2) | 427(88.0) | |
Raise the room temperature | 19(14.5) | 84(17.3) | |
Healthy living habits | 121(92.4) | 432(89.1) | |
Vinegar vapors | 8(6.1) | 45(9.3) | |
Factors affecting mood | <0.001 | ||
Limited going outside | 55(42.0) | 361(74.4) | |
Going to work early | 42(32.1) | 59(12.2) | |
Impact on the original schedule | 60(45.8) | 235(48.5) | |
Poor preventive awareness of families | 25(19.1) | 110(22.7) | |
Unable to reunite with families | 43(32.8) | 80(16.5) | |
Information explosion and rumors | 67(51.1) | 237(48.9) | |
Suspected cases around residence | 35(26.7) | 97(20.0) | |
Others | 8(6.1) | 29(6.0) |
Characteristics | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Work units | ||
Designated hospital for COVID-19 patients | 48 | 36.6 |
General hospital | 53 | 40.5 |
Disease prevention and control department | 7 | 5.3 |
Community health service center | 10 | 7.6 |
Others | 13 | 10.0 |
Concrete post | ||
Clinician | 46 | 35.1 |
Public health physician | 20 | 15.3 |
Nurse | 30 | 22.9 |
Administrative staff | 12 | 9.2 |
Others | 23 | 17.6 |
Work department | ||
Clinical department | 61 | 46.6 |
Radiology department | 4 | 3.1 |
Clinical Test Lab | 5 | 3.8 |
Epidemic prevention or infection control department | 11 | 8.4 |
Auxiliary department | 20 | 15.3 |
Others | 30 | 22.9 |
Seniority | ||
<5 years | 53 | 40.5 |
5–10 years | 34 | 26.0 |
10–20 years | 29 | 22.1 |
20 years | 15 | 11.5 |
Direct or Indirect Effects Pathway | Estimate | Standard Error | C.R. | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Depression←Emotion | 13.723 | 1.410 | 12.033 | <0.001 |
Anxiety←Emotion | 4.349 | 0.532 | 8.168 | <0.001 |
Photic anxiety←Emotion | 8.3885 | 0.530 | 15.817 | <0.001 |
Paranoia←Cognition | 4.799 | 0.286 | 16.787 | <0.001 |
Compulsion←Cognition | 23.275 | 1.448 | 16.077 | <0.001 |
Positive←Behavior | 0.499 | 0.043 | 11.721 | <0.001 |
Negative←Behavior | −0.123 | 0.073 | −1.678 | 0.093 |
Behavior←Emotion | 35.019 | 2.793 | 12.537 | <0.001 |
Behavior←Cognition | 2.779 | 0.345 | 8.067 | <0.001 |
Model | B | Beta | t | p-Value | 95%CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 11.68 | — | 7.77 | <0.001 | (8.73, 14.64) |
Positive | −4.85 | −0.21 | −4.15 | <0.001 | (−7.15, −2.55) |
Negative | 15.05 | 0.53 | 10.71 | <0.001 | (12.29, 17.81) |
Response | Dimensions | Norm | Medical Workers | Public | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emotion | Depression | 1.50 ± 0.59 | 4.42 ± 6.16 | 4.89 ± 7.20 | 68.22 | <0.001 |
Anxiety | 1.39 ± 0.43 | 2.85 ± 4.96 | 2.91 ± 5.03 | 27.65 | <0.001 | |
Photic anxiety | 1.23 ± 0.41 | 2.69 ± 4.01 | 3.35 ± 3.98 * | 78.02 | <0.001 | |
Cognition | Paranoia | 1.43 ± 0.57 | 1.56 ± 2.48 | 1.79 ± 2.83 | 4.44 | 0.01 |
Compulsion | 6~10 (Mild) | 6.22 ± 6.25 | 7.36 ± 7.01 * | 54.40 | <0.001 |
Behavioral Coping | Norm | Medical Workers | Public | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | 1.78 ± 0.52 | 1.35 ± 0.91 | 1.48 ± 0.88 | 32.97 | <0.001 |
Negative | 1.59 ± 0.66 | 0.78 ± 0.73 | 1.06 ± 0.73 * | 118.89 | <0.001 |
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Cai, Z.; Zheng, S.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Qiu, Z.; Huang, A.; Wu, K. Emotional and Cognitive Responses and Behavioral Coping of Chinese Medical Workers and General Population during the Pandemic of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176198
Cai Z, Zheng S, Huang Y, Zhang X, Qiu Z, Huang A, Wu K. Emotional and Cognitive Responses and Behavioral Coping of Chinese Medical Workers and General Population during the Pandemic of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176198
Chicago/Turabian StyleCai, Zemin, Shukai Zheng, Yanhong Huang, Xuanzhi Zhang, Zhaolong Qiu, Anyan Huang, and Kusheng Wu. 2020. "Emotional and Cognitive Responses and Behavioral Coping of Chinese Medical Workers and General Population during the Pandemic of COVID-19" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176198