Beyond Youth Development: Generating Alternative Narratives of Change in Youth Work

A special issue of Youth (ISSN 2673-995X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 21052

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Education, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK
Interests: youth work; experiential learning; youth policy

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Guest Editor
School of Education and Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Lanarkshire Campus, Hamilton International Technology Park, Blantyre G72 0LH, UK
Interests: community and youth work; equality; wellbeing and professional learning

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Guest Editor
Finnish Youth Research Network, Oulu, Finland
Interests: youth work; participation; critical pedagogy; environmental activism

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Guest Editor
School of Educational Sciences, Tallinn University, Tallinn Narva Road 25, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia
Interests: youth work; non-formal learning; professional roles and ethics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The context of this Special Issue is the increasing focus on the material and measurable benefits of youth work across Europe and the wider world. This focus is aligned with evidencing increased employability and educational or ‘positive’ outcomes and reduced crime or suicide rates, as well as the benefits accrued by individual young people in terms of personal and social development. However, this Special Issue is concerned with the less discernable and ‘individualistic’ outcomes, i.e., those that are under the radar, less easy to measure and not necessarily on the policy agenda but are nonetheless significant for the young people themselves, their peer group, their communities, and wider society.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to highlight alternative forms of youth work, the benefits these produce, as well as the processes which enable the development of outcomes that are beneficial but difficult to measure. As such, this Special Issue will help to create and sustain alternative discourses of youth work beyond the narrow confines of current mainstream policy. We are particularly interested in youth work that focuses on young people’s peer groups and their diverse and interconnected ‘communities’, as well as the relationship of youth work with wider social and ecological change. It is anticipated that this Special Issue can promote a shift in the focus of youth work beyond the prosaic, in order to uncover the change processes which challenge the status quo and open alternative discourses and conversations about the purpose of youth work, therefore, highlighting the changes that take place beyond individual development on a peer group, community and society level.

In considering how alternative practices have already begun to create transformative youth work in parallel to, or even despite current policy contexts, we seek contributions from authors who are interested in the narratives of young people, youth workers and projects that are located outside of dominant neoliberal discourses of individuality, individual development and mainstream policy agendas of employability and skills acquisition. Typically, these will be located in creative, cutting-edge and novel youth work practices that challenge inequalities through the authentic engagement of young people in processes that contribute to social change at micro and macro levels. This Special Issue will resonate with findings from Kauppinen, Kiilakoski and Palojoki (2021), who portray youth centers as informal learning environments where young people engage in activities to foster learning—the starting point for which is purposeful peer interactions.

This Special Issue will supplement the existing literature on youth participation in youth work settings and youth participation across wider society, as well as generate new narrative perspectives on youth work. Examples of the existing literature in this area include:

Bowler, R., & Razak, A. (2019). Continuities and Change: Some reflections on 21 years of anti-racist youth work. Youth and Policy.

Bright, G., & Pugh, C. (Eds.). (2019). Youth Work: Global Futures. Leiden: Brill Sense.

de St Croix, T. (2016). Grassroots Youth Work: Policy, Passion and Resistance in Practice. Bristol: Policy Press.

European Commission. (2014). Working with Young people: The Value of Youth Work in the European Union. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/youth/library/study/youth-work-report_en.pdf (accessed on 21 April 2019).

European Commission (2017). The Contribution of Youth Work to Preventing Marginalisation and Violent Radicalisation: A practical toolbox for youth workers & recommendations for policy makers. Available online: http://www.injuve.es/sites/default/files/informe_coe.pdf (accessed on 15 April 2019).

Gormally, S., Coburn, A., & Beggan, E. (2021). Idealistic Assertions or Realistic Possibilities in Community and Youth Work Education. Education Sciences, 11(9), 561.

Kauppinen, E., Kiilakoski, T., & Palojoki, P. (2021). Youth Centres as Foodscapes and Informal Learning Environments in Finland. YOUNG, 29(5), 490–507.

Ord, J., Carletti, M., Morciano, D., Siurala, L., Dansac, C., Taru, M., Fyfe, I., Cooper, S., Kötsi, K., Sinisalo-Juha, E., & Zentner, M. (2021). European Youth Work Policy and Young People’s Experience of Open Access Youth Work. Journal of Social Policy, 51(2), 303–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0047279421000143.

Ord, J., & Monks A. (2021). Food Poverty & Youth Work: A Community Response. Critical Social Policy, 42(1), 64–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018321996534.

Sallah, M., Ogunnusi, M., & Kennedy, R. (2018). Intersectionality and Resistance in Youth Work: Young People, Peace and Global ‘Development’ in a Racialized World. In P. Alldred, F. Cullen, K. Edwards & D. Fusco. (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Youth Work Practice. London: Sage Reference.

Prof. Dr. Jon Ord
Dr. Annette Coburn
Dr. Tomi Kiilakoski
Dr. Ilona-Evelyn Rannala
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • youth work
  • process of change
  • communities
  • development
  • peers
  • outcomes
  • narratives
  • alternative policy discourse

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 277 KiB  
Article
Food for Thought: Young People and Youth Workers’ Perceptions of Food Insecurity and the Youth Work Response
by Sarah O’Mahony, Hayley Douglas and Jess Achilleos
Youth 2024, 4(4), 1453-1468; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4040092 - 8 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1759
Abstract
While there is significant research on the impact of food insecurity, there is less so through the lens of young people and the youth work response. Therefore, this research presents findings from a small-scale United Kingdom-based study asking what are young people’s and [...] Read more.
While there is significant research on the impact of food insecurity, there is less so through the lens of young people and the youth work response. Therefore, this research presents findings from a small-scale United Kingdom-based study asking what are young people’s and youth workers perceptions of food insecurity and the youth work response. Focus group research methodology was adopted. The research recognised that food insecurity is part of a wider issue of poverty and inequality, and we explored how this is perceived by young people and youth workers at the Personal, Cultural, and Structural levels whilst also situating issues of food insecurity in the global context. Themes of togetherness, relationship, otherness, disempowerment, and learning were identified as key components in the youth work response to food insecurity. A number of recommendations are made, including the importance of highlighting the power of youth work in responding to young people experiencing food insecurity. The youth work approach has application to all professions working to challenge issues of food insecurity and social injustice. Full article
17 pages, 294 KiB  
Article
European Youth Work Developments and Challenges—A Meta-Synthesis
by Frederike Hofmann-van de Poll
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1194-1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030075 - 9 Aug 2024
Viewed by 717
Abstract
Youth work has become a well-developed European field of activity in terms of structure and content, not at least since the adoption of the European Youth Work Agenda (2020). Through a meta-synthesis of three structural studies on youth work in Europe, this article [...] Read more.
Youth work has become a well-developed European field of activity in terms of structure and content, not at least since the adoption of the European Youth Work Agenda (2020). Through a meta-synthesis of three structural studies on youth work in Europe, this article provides three main considerations. Firstly, the article makes an analytical distinction between European youth work and youth work in Europe, thus clarifying the general concept of “youth work”. Secondly, this analytical distinction helps to systematise and classify the topics being dealt with by actors in the field of youth work: youth work as a European framework (role of European documents; transfer between levels; youth work in times of crises), youth work development at the national, regional and local level (youth work legal framework; funding; recognition, quality and professionalisation; innovations), and the multi-dimensional challenges of shrinking spaces for both young people and youth work (youth work as an independent field of action; shortage of skilled labour; austerity measures; young people moving away; rise of extremism). Thirdly, the discursive openings the different concepts and narratives of youth work can offer are outlined. In this way, the article hopes to contribute to the (further) development of youth work theory in Europe. Full article
10 pages, 212 KiB  
Article
Youth Work for People and Planet: Integrating Insights from Ecopedagogy into Youth Work
by Trudi Cooper, Tim Corney and Jamie Gorman
Youth 2024, 4(2), 735-744; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4020049 - 24 May 2024
Viewed by 1140
Abstract
Youth work is not unitary, has a diverse history, and draws upon differing traditions; however, the focus of all major youth work traditions has been anthropocentric. This approach is now challenged by young people themselves through the climate justice movement, and institutionally through [...] Read more.
Youth work is not unitary, has a diverse history, and draws upon differing traditions; however, the focus of all major youth work traditions has been anthropocentric. This approach is now challenged by young people themselves through the climate justice movement, and institutionally through the United Nations Agenda 2030 resolution, which has developed integrated Sustainable Development Goals, which aim to “balance” social, environmental, and economic imperatives. This article examines what insights can be gained from ecopedagogy that would enable youth work to fully integrate an ecological perspective alongside traditional anthropological concerns. The discussion focuses on the nexus and tensions between ecopedagogy and youth work from a theoretical perspective to draw out insights into how changes need to be made to the aims and purposes of youth work, how this might be achieved, and barriers in the current environment. Full article
17 pages, 338 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Fourteen Years of UK Conservative Government Policy on Open Access Youth Work
by Bernard Davies
Youth 2024, 4(2), 492-508; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4020034 - 7 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1900
Abstract
This article reviews the impacts of the UK Conservative Party’s government policies on ‘open access youth work’ since 2010, giving particular attention to the period since 2018 and to impacts in England. After clarifying the practice’s distinctive features, it outlines the ‘austerity’ demolition [...] Read more.
This article reviews the impacts of the UK Conservative Party’s government policies on ‘open access youth work’ since 2010, giving particular attention to the period since 2018 and to impacts in England. After clarifying the practice’s distinctive features, it outlines the ‘austerity’ demolition of its local provision and—amid continuing wider financial pressures—changes in the role and contributions of the voluntary youth sector. It lists a range of ‘gesture’ funds for financing responses to young people’s needs and interests as the government has defined them and uses the Youth Investment Fund (YIF) as a case study of how this money has been made available and allocated. Initiatives taken by the Department of Digital, Media, Culture and Sport (DCMS) are then examined: its Youth Review, National Youth Guarantee, review of the statutory guidance to local authorities, and support for ‘youth volunteering’. Two key developments are then considered that, by early 2024, were diverting and inhibiting an even partial sustained reinstatement of the lost open access youth work facilities. One, at the policy level, is the redefinition of ‘youth work’ by governments and by some within the youth work sector itself as a wide range of out-of-school practices with young people; the other, at the point of delivery, is the on-going difficulties in recruiting youth workers, especially those with direct practice experience. Finally, two possible tentative suggestions for some reinstatement of open access youth work provisions are then discussed. Full article
15 pages, 263 KiB  
Article
Supporters with Vantage Position: The Role of Youth Work in the Online Lifeworld from the Perspective of Adolescents and Youth Work’s Partners
by Dejan Todorović, Josje van der Linden, Stijn Sieckelinck and Margaretha Christina Timmerman
Youth 2024, 4(2), 427-441; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4020030 - 27 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1526
Abstract
The online environment, where the boundaries between the domains of home, school, work, and leisure are blurred, poses new challenges for youth work practice. Due to limited research on this subject matter, the theoretical underpinnings of the online youth work practice are constrained. [...] Read more.
The online environment, where the boundaries between the domains of home, school, work, and leisure are blurred, poses new challenges for youth work practice. Due to limited research on this subject matter, the theoretical underpinnings of the online youth work practice are constrained. The fulfilment of youth work’s aims online, the position it can take in the online context, and its relation to its partners in the online lifeworld need a theoretical base. This paper seeks to analyse the role of youth work in the online lifeworld according to adolescents and youth work’s partners. The research was conducted in the Netherlands in collaboration with 14 youth work organisations. A qualitative research design was used: group conversations with young people and semi-structured interviews with youth work’s partners (i.e., parents, schools, informal networks, neighbourhood support teams, police, and municipal officials). The findings indicate that youth work in the online lifeworld, according to the respondents, is part of the general youth work practice, with a primary role of addressing the developmental needs of young people and creating new developmental opportunities. This role is expected to be fulfilled by engaging and connecting with young people in the online lifeworld and providing them instrumental, informational, socioemotional, and cognitive support. To do so, according to the partners, youth workers can make use of their vantage position in the online relationship with adolescents in order to access online information relevant for support and prudent prevention aimed at adolescents’ development. This vantage position may potentially encourage a collaboration between young people and partners, and between the online and offline youth work practice. Full article
16 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Friendship: The ‘Achilles Heel’ of European Youth Work Policy
by Jon Ord and Tony Jeffs
Youth 2023, 3(4), 1268-1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth3040080 - 13 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1282
Abstract
This paper analyses the historical development of friendship in youth work in the UK and more recent studies of the impact of youth work in both the UK and in the wider European context to argue that European youth work has failed to [...] Read more.
This paper analyses the historical development of friendship in youth work in the UK and more recent studies of the impact of youth work in both the UK and in the wider European context to argue that European youth work has failed to acknowledge this important aspect of practice. During youth work’s initial 150 years in the UK three concepts resided at the heart of the enterprise: (a) the ‘club’; (b) ‘membership’ and (c) ‘friendship’. Friendship eclipsed the others for they grew out of the friendships formed between workers and young people, and the young people themselves. Practitioners during this era expected to offer unconditional friendship to members, and to teach them the arts of acquiring and sustaining friendships via the modelling of virtuous behaviour. An exemplar founded upon Aristotle’s concept of friendship. Two recent research programmes highlight the degree to which friendship remains a core element within youth work. These are a comparative study of European youth work provision and a longitudinal study of youth work’s impact Each found the acquisition of and ability to make and retain friends were viewed as key benefits accruing from involvement in youth groups. Both, however, stand in stark contrast to current formulations regarding youth work’s future role in Europe which pay scant attention to the centrality of friendship This article discusses these developments and the important role friendship has and can play within youth work. Full article
10 pages, 241 KiB  
Article
Youth Work, Music Making and Activism
by Frances Howard
Youth 2023, 3(3), 1053-1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth3030067 - 11 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2896
Abstract
Music making holds great potential for youth activism. When combined with youth work, that potential is significantly heightened. This article applies Kuttner’s framework for justice-oriented cultural citizens to data gleaned from five youth workers across three different cities in the East Midlands of [...] Read more.
Music making holds great potential for youth activism. When combined with youth work, that potential is significantly heightened. This article applies Kuttner’s framework for justice-oriented cultural citizens to data gleaned from five youth workers across three different cities in the East Midlands of England. Each of these youth workers was interviewed about their involvement in music-making activities, from providing instrumental tuition to facilitating lyric-writing workshops, and their perspectives on youth activism. Data from this study highlights the affordances of youth music making in relation to three layers of activism: self-activism, community-level activism and wider social activism. This article concludes by arguing for the importance of music-making spaces for young people and music making practices within youth work. Full article
9 pages, 412 KiB  
Article
Youth-Centred Research-Based Model—An Innovative Tool in Youth Work
by Andu Rämmer, Anne Kivimäe, Kaur Kötsi and Maria Žuravljova
Youth 2023, 3(3), 1004-1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth3030064 - 21 Aug 2023
Viewed by 2523
Abstract
Terms like youth-friendly, youth-focused, youth-centred, youth-responsive, etc., have been used to describe the opportunities and services offered to young people. Such concepts often refer to essential and suitable forms of activity and their quality for young people. However, the term “youth-centred” or “youth-centred [...] Read more.
Terms like youth-friendly, youth-focused, youth-centred, youth-responsive, etc., have been used to describe the opportunities and services offered to young people. Such concepts often refer to essential and suitable forms of activity and their quality for young people. However, the term “youth-centred” or “youth-centred approach” is not unambiguously understandable in youth work or in other services or activities for young people. Furthermore, more instruments are needed to help a youth worker or a specialist working with young people in every field to work in a more youth-centred way. The team of the Youth Work programme of Narva College of the University of Tartu launched a project to conceptualise the meaning and content of the youth-centred approach and to develop an instrument—a model—that could help implement a more youth-centred practice in youth work. In-depth interviews with Estonian youth field experts and focus group interviews in open youth work confirmed the relevance of the theoretical concept. The empirically tested model is valuable for planning and developing youth-centred activities in youth work. Full article
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17 pages, 1888 KiB  
Article
Could the Comfort Zone Model Enhance Job Role Clarity in Youth Work? Insights from an Ethnographic Case Study of the United Kingdom-Based National Citizen Service
by Nigel Mark Godfrey
Youth 2023, 3(3), 954-970; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth3030061 - 2 Aug 2023
Viewed by 2512
Abstract
A convention in outdoor adventure education leadership is to stretch participants beyond their comfort zone to optimize engagement and learning. This article explores how an interpretation of the comfort zone model (CZM) might potentially enhance job role clarity within the youth work (YW) [...] Read more.
A convention in outdoor adventure education leadership is to stretch participants beyond their comfort zone to optimize engagement and learning. This article explores how an interpretation of the comfort zone model (CZM) might potentially enhance job role clarity within the youth work (YW) field. The CZM emerged as a strong theme from an ethnographic case study of the United Kingdom government’s flagship youth policy, the National Citizen Service (NCS). The findings indicate that the CZM has the potential to reinforce Dewey-derived YW principles and enhance young people’s social skills, self-esteem, confidence, and resilience. However, applying the CZM to YW practice presents risks such as misunderstandings, coercion, and overstretching. Further research should consider factors such as staff training, mental health, and welfare concerns, as well as the implications and limitations of integrating the CZM within the YW field. Full article
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13 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
A Tale of Two Sophias: A Proposal for Critical Posthuman Youth Work, and Why We Need It
by Maria Pisani
Youth 2023, 3(2), 702-714; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth3020046 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2942
Abstract
This paper begins by recounting a tale of two Sophias: a humanoid robot and an ‘illegal’ baby immigrant. The tale of two Sophias locates my initial ideas for reflecting on how critical posthumanism might contribute to youth work theory and practice. In this [...] Read more.
This paper begins by recounting a tale of two Sophias: a humanoid robot and an ‘illegal’ baby immigrant. The tale of two Sophias locates my initial ideas for reflecting on how critical posthumanism might contribute to youth work theory and practice. In this paper I position youth work as a philosophical encounter, whilst also questioning the humanist legacy that lies at the heart of youth work theory. Drawing on the work of Rosi Braidotti and other critical posthuman feminists, I consider how youth work might respond to the posthuman predicament marked by the intersecting forces of advanced capitalism and growing inequalities, the fourth industrial revolution, the digital divide, and advances in Artificial Intelligence, climate change, and environmental destruction. I conclude by providing some reflections on how critical posthuman theory may provide a lens through which young people might consider what it means to be human in the technologically mediated Anthropocene, and also as a paradigm for embracing new possibilities and a praxis of hope. Full article
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