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Modern Mathematical Physics

Modern Mathematical Physics is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on physics and mathematics published quarterly online by MDPI.
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All Articles (22)

  • Article
  • Open Access

Error Correction vs. Mitigation in Noisy Quantum Systems

  • Ningping Cao,
  • Junan Lin and
  • Raymond Laflamme
  • + 3 authors

Error-correcting codes were originally developed to protect both classical computation and communication from noise. Quantum error correction (QEC) adapts these ideas to the quantum setting, where the no-cloning theorem and continuous-variable error models raise qualitatively new difficulties and underlie schemes for fault-tolerant quantum computation. In contrast, quantum error mitigation (QEM) offers practical techniques to reduce noise effects in quantum devices without the significant hardware overhead required by QEC. This work examines the task of QEM from several perspectives. Using some intuitions built upon classical and quantum communication scenarios, we clarify some fundamental distinctions between QEC and QEM. We then discuss the implications of noise invertibility for QEM and give an explicit construction called Drazin inverse for non-invertible noise, which is trace preserving while the commonly used Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse may not be. Finally, we study the consequences of having an imperfect knowledge about the noise and derive conditions when noise can be reduced using QEM.

Mod. Math. Phys.

23 October 2026

An illustrative diagram for noisy classical communication.
  • Article
  • Open Access

We introduce a toroidal representation of Bekenstein capacity for finite near-horizon quantum information. The energy E of a bounded region defines an associated Schwarzschild length , an energy-associated length that need not equal a horizon radius. Together with the operational radius R, it yields the two-cycle capacity area . As a modeling choice, we promote these two physical scales into the noncontractible cycles of a minimal genus-one code support. The result is a finite-capacity toric-code model in which the intersection form fixes the logical algebra, the capacity conditionally bounds admissible microscopic support and code distance, and an explicit two-logical-qubit Clifford model illustrates sequential purifier transfer without double-counting the interior purifier. The same structure gives a laboratory-testable quantum information analogue: anisotropic logical protection and code-deformation transfer in finite surface-code memories.

Mod. Math. Phys.

20 October 2026

  • Article
  • Open Access

We investigate the non-linear dynamics of de Broglie gravitational waves within a post-Minkowskian framework. Starting from the perturbative solution proposed by Feoli and Scarpetta, we derive the second-order gravitational field generated by the wave’s self-interaction. Owing to the extremely high oscillation frequency of de Broglie gravitational waves, we employ the Isaacson/Misner–Thorne–Wheeler averaging procedure to obtain an effective coarse-grained geometry. The resulting averaged theory takes the form of an effective linear perturbation theory at second order in the wave amplitude. Near the symmetry axis, the resulting spacetime exhibits a non-vanishing static curvature generated entirely by non-linear effects. We show that geodesics in this effective geometry undergo bounded transverse oscillations governed by a harmonic equation. Possible implications for de Broglie’s wave–particle framework are also discussed.

Mod. Math. Phys.

10 September 2026

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Mod. Math. Phys. - ISSN 3042-5034