Past, Present and Future of Protein Kinase CK2 Research—2nd Edition

A special issue of Kinases and Phosphatases (ISSN 2813-3757).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 433

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Interests: signal transduction; cell signaling; signaling pathways; protein phosphorylation; protein kinases; protein phosphatases; protein kinase inhibitors; cancer biology; proteins; apoptosis; cell death; cancer research; cancer cell line
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

CK2 (formerly known as casein kinase 2) was the first protein kinase to be discovered in 1954. Since then, a huge number of studies have been published that tried to disclose its biochemical properties and its physiological and pathological roles. It is now established that CK2 is constitutively active, ubiquitously expressed, and involved in many biological processes as well as in the pathogenesis of important human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration and inflammation. However, despite much time and scientific effort, CK2 remains an enigmatic enzyme, as we are still far from fully understanding its actual pathophysiological roles, and the mechanisms that might modulate its functions.  Moreover, although it has long been considered a promising pharmacological target for diverse pathologies, and several inhibitors with increasing efficacy and specificity have been developed over the years, the actual value of its targeting in cancer has been recently questioned and deserves further debate. Furthermore, while its therapeutic targeting has been so far considered in terms of inhibition, the recent discovery of genetic diseases related to mutations of CK2 genes prompts the investigation of strategies to stimulate its activity, which has not been available so far.

It is, therefore, time for a Special Issue that on one hand retraces the main discoveries of CK2, and on the other, summarizes recent research and presents updates and new advances in the field.

In this Special Issue, we will, therefore, welcome original, commentary and review contributions in all areas of CK2 research and biological systems, with emphasis on works attempting to answer outstanding questions: how can a constitutive kinase be regulated? How many substrates and molecular partners does it currently count? For which human diseases does it really represent a therapeutic target, and which are the best pharmacological strategies? We look forward to contributions on these crucial issues as well as the many others that will be identified by the numerous scientists who work on CK2 or come across this fundamental enzyme.

Dr. Mauro Salvi
Prof. Dr. Maria Ruzzene
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • CK2 (casein kinase 2)
  • CSNK2A1
  • CSNK2A2
  • CSNK2B
  • protein phosphorylation
  • human diseases
  • signal transduction

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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30 pages, 7311 KB  
Article
Bioinformatic Investigation of Regulatory Elements in the Core Promoters of CK2 Genes and Pseudogene
by Nicholas G. Wilson, Jesse S. Basra and Isabel Dominguez
Kinases Phosphatases 2025, 3(4), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/kinasesphosphatases3040022 - 4 Nov 2025
Viewed by 120
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is an important regulator of cell, embryo, and organism function whose transcript levels are often dysregulated in disease. Previous studies have primarily focused on the regulation of CK2 gene expression via the proximal promoter. Here, we analyzed the core promoter [...] Read more.
Protein kinase CK2 is an important regulator of cell, embryo, and organism function whose transcript levels are often dysregulated in disease. Previous studies have primarily focused on the regulation of CK2 gene expression via the proximal promoter. Here, we analyzed the core promoter of the CK2 genes and pseudogene to assess the structure and potential regulatory elements. Our analysis showed that CSNK2A1 contained 14 exons, rather than 13 exons as previously reported. Using FANTOM5 and DBTTS data, we found that transcription start sites were broadly distributed across a 100-nucleotide region in the CK2 gene core promoters, consistent with “broad” class promoter architecture. Using these databases, we found a dissimilar transcription start site usage between adult and cancer tissues compared to fetal tissues for each of the CK2 gene promoters. A further analysis of the CK2 gene core promoter subregions showed instances of core promoter subregion switching. All CK2 gene core promoters contained canonical and non-canonical initiator motifs, suggesting their potential as dual-initiator core promoters, while CSNK2A3 only had canonical initiator motifs. Additionally, all CK2 gene core promoters contain DCE motifs and pause buttons. In contrast, Wnt/β-catenin target genes c-MYC and CCND1 had DPEs, which can be regulated by protein kinase CK2. Collectively, our data provides new insights into the transcriptional regulation of CK2 genes and opens new avenues for research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Past, Present and Future of Protein Kinase CK2 Research—2nd Edition)
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