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New Insights into Aortic Valve Surgery

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A special issue of Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (ISSN 2308-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Cardiac Surgery".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2024) | Viewed by 10666

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Doreen Richardt

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Guest Editor

Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, 2353 Luebeck, Germany
Interests: cardiac surgery; vascular surgery; aortic valve surgery; aortic surgery; transcatheter valve endovascular therapy; intensive care/ECMO/ECLS

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aortic valve surgery has undergone a major change over the last two decades. On the one hand, more patients are deciding against a mechanical approach and are more in favor of a biological aortic valve prosthesis. On the other hand, proven and new reconstructive procedures are being performed. Procedures such as the David (reimplantation technique) and Yacoub (remodeling technique) operations are primarily used in connection with aortic root and ascending aortic aneurysms. The Ross procedure, which is successfully performed in children and adults—especially in women of childbearing potential—allows for a high quality of life with a low re-operation rate. However, the newly introduced Ozaki procedure and aortic valve reconstructions with and without annuloplasty are examples that show great potential. In addition, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI/TAVR) has changed the world of cardiology and cardiac surgery. Treatment options have expanded dramatically, especially for frail patients with high surgical risk. Over time, however, it has become clear that valve-in-valve procedures, for example, are also possible and useful.

This Special Issue aims to provide new insights into developments in aortic valve surgery, highlighting both experimental and clinical aspects.

Dr. Doreen Richardt
Guest Editor

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Keywords

heart valve surgery
mechanical and biological heart valves
reimplantation technique
remodeling technique
Ross-procedure
Ozaki-procedure
aortic valve reconstruction
transcatheter aortic valve implantation

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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13 pages, 919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluoroscopy Time as a New Predictor of Short-Term Outcomes after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

by Alessandro Cafaro, Francesco Spione, Osvaldo Burattini, Daniele De Feo, Alessandro Xhelo, Chiara Palmitessa, Maurizio D’Alessandro, Vincenzo Pio Amendola, Flavio Rimmaudo, Andrea Igoren Guaricci, Alessandro Santo Bortone, Vincenzo Pestrichella, Gaetano Contegiacomo, Tullio Tesorio, Giuseppe Colonna and Fortunato Iacovelli

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10(11), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10110459 - 13 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1707

Abstract

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an almost totally cine-fluoroscopic guided procedure. The amount of radiation used during the procedure is strictly related to the fluoroscopy time (FT), that has already been demonstrated to be associated with outcomes and complexity of coronary procedures. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the relationship between FT and the short-term outcomes after TAVR defined by to the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC)-2 and -3 consensus documents. Methods: After splitting 1797 consecutive patients into tertiles of FT, the composite endpoint early safety (ES) was adjudicated according to VARC-2 and VARC-3 definitions, whereas the composite endpoints device success (DS) and technical success (TS) according to VARC-3 criteria. Results: The absence of all these outcomes (VARC-2 ES amd VARC-3 TS, DS, and ES) was significantly associated with longer FT: this association was independent from both intraprocedural complications and other intraprocedural factors linked to longer FT, and still persisted after propensity score matching analysis. Notwithstanding, after receiver operating characteristic analysis, FT had adequate diagnostic accuracy in identifying the absence of only VARC-3 TS and VARC-2 ES. Conclusion: Longer FT is related with periprocedural and short-term outcomes after the procedure, especially in those that are more challenging. A FT duration of more than 30 min has an adequate accuracy in identifying VARC-3 technical failure (TS and DS) and absence of VARC-2 ES, selecting patients who are likely to take advantage from more careful in-hospital follow-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Aortic Valve Surgery)

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9 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conventional vs. Sutureless Aortic Valve Bioprosthesis: Is Faster Better?

by Ali Aljalloud, Ajay Moza, Jessica Paola Arias, Matthias Menne, Michael Becker and Konstantina Spetsotaki

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10(7), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10070311 - 20 Jul 2023

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Abstract

Purpose: The benefits of sutureless compared to conventional aortic valve prosthesis replacement remain controversial. Supposed advantages of sutureless aortic valve replacement include shortened cross-clamp and implantation time, as well as improved overall safety and good post-operative performance. We aimed to compare the early outcomes and performance of sutureless aortic valve replacement (su-AVR) with the sutureless Perceval (Corcym, Milan, Italy) vs. the conventional AVR with a conventional counterpart, in this case, the Labcor Dokimos Plus (LDP) aortic bioprosthesis. Methods: We compared two types of aortic valve prostheses, the sutureless (Corcym, Milan, Italy) and the conventional valve Labcor Dokimos Plus (LDP), implanted between August 2014 and May 2019 in our Department of Cardiac Surgery at RWTH Aachen University Hospital. Data were collected from 141 patients who received the Perceval (Corcym, Milan, Italy) and 138 who received the Labcor Dokimos Plus (LDP) aortic bioprosthesis. After matching the two groups considering STS mortality risk and pre-operative LDH levels, 201 patients were included in our final study cohort. Seventy-one patients (17 from the Perceval group and 54 from the Dokimos group) were excluded due to the lack of complete data, particularly standardized echocardiographic data (n = 71). Primary endpoints were 30-day mortality, length of hospital stay, and pacemaker implantation. Secondary endpoints were echocardiographic parameters, major adverse cardiovascular events, and prosthesis failure (grade II aortic regurgitation, paravalvular leak with reintervention). Results: Bypass and cross-clamp time proved to be shorter in the Perceval group, while hospital stays were longer. The faster implantation had no effect on the 30-day mortality primary endpoint. Transvalvular gradients were significantly higher in the Perceval group, in addition to a smaller effective orifice area. The LDH values were remarkably higher post-operatively in the Perceval group. Conclusions: Regarding the clinical outcomes, Perceval was equivalent and not superior to the Dokimus bioprosthesis. The suitability of a Perceval prosthesis implantation must be determined on a case-by-case basis and reserved for elderly patients with increased comorbidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Aortic Valve Surgery)

20 pages, 1976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surgical Strategy for the Repair of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection: A Multicenter Study

by Francesco Nappi, Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh, Ivancarmine Gambardella, Almothana Alzamil, Antonio Salsano, Francesco Santini, Fausto Biancari, Thibaut Schoell, Nicolas Bonnet, Thierry Folliguet and Antonio Fiore

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10(6), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10060253 - 9 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1482

Abstract

Type A acute aortic dissection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with prompt referral imaging and management to tertiary referral centers needed urgently. Surgery is usually needed emergently, but the choice of surgery often varies depending on the patient and the presentation. Staff and center expertise also play a major role in determining the surgical strategy employed. The aim of this study was to compare the early- and medium-term outcomes of patients undergoing a conservative approach extended only to the ascending aorta and the hemiarch to those of patients subjected to extensive surgery (total arch reconstruction and root replacement) across three European referral centers. A retrospective study was conducted across three sites between January 2008 and December 2021. In total, 601 patients were included within the study, of which 30% were female, and the median age was 64.4 years. The most common operation was ascending aorta replacement (n = 246, 40.9%). The aortic repair was extended proximally (i.e., root n = 105; 17.5%) and distally (i.e., arch n = 250; 41.6%). A more extensive approach, extending from the root to the arch, was employed in 24 patients (4.0%). Operative mortality occurred in 146 patients (24.3%), and the most common morbidity was stroke (75, 12.6%). An increased length of ICU admission was noted in the extensive surgery group, which comprised younger and more frequently male patients. No significant differences were noted in surgical mortality between patients managed with extensive surgery and those managed conservatively. However, age, arterial lactate levels, “intubated/sedated” status on arrival, and “emergency or salvage” status at presentation were independent predictors of mortality both within the index hospitalization and during the follow-up. The overall survival was similar between the groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Aortic Valve Surgery)

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18 pages, 5837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of the Cryopreserved Aortic Homograft for Aortic Valve Replacement: Is It Still an Option?

by Francesco Nappi, Antonio Nenna, Cristiano Spadaccio, Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh, Almothana Almazil and Christophe Acar

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10(6), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10060248 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1512

Abstract

The indications for cryopreserved allografts in aortic valve replacement are still debatable. We aim to identify factors influencing early and long-term durability of the aortic homograft and to define subgroups of patients with an improved long-term quality of life, survival, and freedom from structural valve degeneration (SVD). We evaluated our series of 210 patients who underwent allograft implantation with a retrospective cohort study design over a period of 20 years. Endpoints were overall mortality, cardiac mortality related to SVD, the incidence of SVD, reoperation, and a composite endpoint comprising major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), which includes cardiac death both related and not related to SVD, subsequent aortic valve surgery, new or recurrent infection of implanted allograft, recurrent aortic regurgitation, rehospitalization for heart failure, an increase in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class of ≥1, or cerebrovascular events. The primary indication for surgery was endocarditis (48%), which was also a predisposing factor for increased cardiac mortality. Overall mortality was 32.4% with a 27% incidence of SVD and mortality associated with SVD of 13.8%. Reoperation occurred in 33.8% and MACCEs in 54.8%. Long-term NYHA functional class and echocardiographic parameters improved over time. Statistical analysis demonstrated that root replacement technique and adult age were protective factors for SVD. We found no statistically significant difference in the clinical outcomes analyzed between women of childbearing age who had children after surgery and the rest of the women. The cryopreserved allograft is still a valid option in aortic valve replacement, providing acceptable durability and clinical outcomes with optimal hemodynamic performance. SVD is influenced by the implantation technique. Women of childbearing age might have additional benefits from this procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Aortic Valve Surgery)

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15 pages, 3906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical and Mental Recovery after Aortic Valve Surgery in Non-Elderly Patients: Native Valve-Preserving Surgery vs. Prosthetic Valve Replacement

by Theresa Holst, Johannes Petersen, Sarah Friedrich, Benjamin Waschki, Christoph Sinning, Meike Rybczynski, Hermann Reichenspurner and Evaldas Girdauskas

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10(4), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10040138 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1317

Abstract

Background: Exercise capacity and patient-reported outcomes are increasingly considered crucial following aortic valve (AV) surgery in non-elderly adults. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the effect of native valve preservation compared with prosthetic valve replacement. Methods: From October 2017 to August 2020, 100 consecutive non-elderly patients undergoing surgery for severe AV disease were included. Exercise capacity and patient-reported outcomes were evaluated upon admission, and 3 months and 1 year postoperatively. Results: In total, 72 patients underwent native valve-preserving procedures (AV repair or Ross procedure, NV group), and 28 patients, prosthetic valve replacement (PV group). Native valve preservation was associated with an increased risk of reoperation (weighted hazard ratio: 10.57 (95% CI: 1.24–90.01), p = 0.031). The estimated average treatment effect on six-minute walking distance in NV patients at 1 year was positive, but not significant (35.64 m; 95% CI: −17.03–88.30, adj. p = 0.554). The postoperative physical and mental quality of life was comparable in both groups. Peak oxygen consumption and work rate were better at all assessment time points in NV patients. Marked longitudinal improvements in walking distance (NV, +47 m (adj. p < 0.001); PV, +25 m (adj. p = 0.004)) and physical (NV, +7 points (adj. p = 0.023); PV, +10 points (adj. p = 0.005)) and mental quality of life (NV, +7 points (adj. p < 0.001); PV, +5 points (adj. p = 0.058)) from the preoperative period to the 1-year follow-up were observed. At 1 year, there was a tendency of more NV patients reaching reference values of walking distance. Conclusions: Despite the increased risk of reoperation, physical and mental performance markedly improved after native valve-preserving surgery and was comparable to that after prosthetic aortic valve replacement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Aortic Valve Surgery)

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0 pages, 1450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Outcomes after Aortic Valve and Root Replacement in a Very High-Risk Population

by Jan Hlavicka, Kiril Antonov, Razan Salem, Florian Hecker, Spiros Marinos, Medhat Radwan, Fabian Emrich, Arnaud Van Linden, Anton Moritz, Thomas Walther and Tomas Holubec

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2022, 9(6), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9060197 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1994 | Correction

Abstract

Background: Aortic valve and root replacement (AVRR) is a standardised procedure to treat patients with aortic valve and root disease. In centres with a well-established aortic valve and root repair program (valve repairs and Ross operations), only patients with very complex conditions receive AVRR; this procedure uses a mechanical or biological composite valve graft (modified Bentall–de Bono procedure). The aim of the study was to evaluate the short- and long-term results after AVRR in a high-risk population with complex pathologies. Methods: Between 2005 and 2018, a total of 273 consecutive patients (mean age 64 ± 12.8 years; 23% female) received AVRR. The indication for surgery was an acute type A aortic dissection in 18%, infective endocarditis in 36% and other pathologies in 46% patients; 39% were redo procedures. The median EuroSCORE II was 11.65% (range 1.48–95.63%). Concomitant surgery was required in 157 patients (58%). Results: The follow-up extended to 5.2 years (range 0.1–15 years) and it was complete in 96% of the patients. The 30-day mortality was 17%. The overall estimated survival at 5 and 10 years was 65% ± 3% and 49% ± 4%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed the following risk factors for survival: perioperative neurological dysfunction (OR 5.45), peripheral artery disease (OR 4.4) and re-exploration for bleeding (OR 3.37). Conclusions: AVRR can be performed with acceptable short- and long-term results in a sick patient population. The Bentall–De Bono procedure may be determined to be suitable for only elderly or high-risk patients. Any other patients should receive an AV repair or the Ross procedure in well-established centres. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Aortic Valve Surgery)

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Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Hlavicka et al. Long-Term Outcomes after Aortic Valve and Root Replacement in a Very High-Risk Population. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2022, 9, 197

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10(12), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10120500 - 18 Dec 2023

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The authors would like to make the following corrections to the published paper [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Aortic Valve Surgery)

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