Fire, Polymers, and Retardants: Innovations in Fire Safety

A special issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255). This special issue belongs to the section "Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Combustion and Fire".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 26 February 2026 | Viewed by 846

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, The University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK
Interests: high performance materials; flammability and fire retardancy of textiles and structural/semi-structural composites; fire gas analysis; fire retardant mechanisms; fire retardant surface coatings; effects of fire retardants on mechanical properties of heat/fire; exposed composites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The widespread use of polymeric materials in modern applications from consumer products, such as textiles and electronics, to structural components, such as polymers and polymeric composites for construction and transportation, raises significant concerns regarding fire safety due to their inherent flammability. While traditional fire retardants have played a vital role in mitigating these risks, some of these are either environmentally questionable or inadequate in high-performance contexts. With growing regulatory pressures and safety demands, the focus is now on the development of novel polymers and environmentally benign fire retardant systems. Recent advancements in fire safety have moved beyond conventional additive-based approaches toward multifunctional strategies. These include nanostructured fire retardants, intumescent and bio-based systems, surface-engineered polymers, and responsive materials that activate under thermal stimuli. Such advancements are reshaping the design paradigm for fire-retardant polymers by enhancing fire resistance while preserving mechanical properties and environmental compliance.

This Special Issue of Fire aims to collect papers and reviews on polymer-based fire safety systems, with a particular emphasis on sustainable and high-performance fire retardant technologies. Its scope encompasses a broad range of polymers, including thermoplastics, thermoset, biomaterials, etc., and covers all aspects of the material development, such as synthesis, processing, characterisation, thermal stability evaluation, fire testing, and mathematical modelling.

Prof. Dr. Baljinder Kandola
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • polymeric materials and polymeric composites
  • inherent flammability
  • fire retardant
  • nanostructured fire retardants
  • intumescent and bio-based systems
  • surface-engineered polymers
  • responsive materials that activate under thermal stimuli

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

22 pages, 10063 KB  
Review
Flame-Retardant Polyurea Coatings: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Multifunctional Enhancements
by Danni Pan, Dehui Jia, Yao Yuan, Ying Pan, Wei Wang and Lulu Xu
Fire 2025, 8(8), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8080334 - 21 Aug 2025
Viewed by 718
Abstract
The imperative for high-performance protective materials has catalyzed the rapid evolution of polyurea (PUA) coatings, widely recognized for their mechanical robustness, chemical resistance, and rapid-curing properties. However, their inherent flammability and harmful combustion byproducts pose significant challenges for safe use in applications where [...] Read more.
The imperative for high-performance protective materials has catalyzed the rapid evolution of polyurea (PUA) coatings, widely recognized for their mechanical robustness, chemical resistance, and rapid-curing properties. However, their inherent flammability and harmful combustion byproducts pose significant challenges for safe use in applications where fire safety is a critical concern. In response, significant efforts focus on improving the fire resistance of PUA materials through chemical modifications and the use of functional additives. The review highlights progress in developing flame-retardant approaches for PUA coatings, placing particular emphasis on the underlying combustion mechanisms and the combined action of condensed-phase, gas-phase, and interrupted heat feedback pathways. Particular emphasis is placed on phosphorus-based, intumescent, and nano-enabled flame retardants, as well as hybrid systems incorporating two-dimensional nanomaterials and metal–organic frameworks, with a focus on exploring their synergistic effects in enhancing thermal stability, reducing smoke production, and maintaining mechanical integrity. By evaluating current strategies and recent progress, this work identifies key challenges and outlines future directions for the development of high-performance and fire-safe PUA coatings. These insights aim to guide the design of next-generation protective materials that meet the growing demand for safety and sustainability in advanced engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire, Polymers, and Retardants: Innovations in Fire Safety)
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