How Microanalysis Can Be Discriminant on Black Pompeian Wares
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological and Archaeological Context
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Ceramic Body
4.1.1. OM Analysis
4.1.2. XRPD Analysis
4.1.3. SEM-EDS Analysis
4.2. Slip
4.2.1. OM Analysis
4.2.2. SEM-EDS and EMP Analyses
5. Discussion
5.1. Production Technology
5.2. Provenance
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples. | Shape | Production | Macroscopic Analysis of Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
4026-102 | Kylix | Central Italy | Very thin layer of black paint with iridescent reflections and shades of green |
4032-101 | plate | Southern Etruria, Pyrgi | Very thin layer of black paint that, in direct light, shows a strong iridescence with green tones |
4032-158 | plate | Southern Latium | Very thin layer of black paint, with a slight blue-green iridescence |
4226-106 | plate | Cales | Black gloss with reflections in shades of green |
4032-103 | Kylix | Apulia | Altered black gloss |
4032-105 | Skyphos | Pompeii | Cup with black paint with a weak iridescence of the blue-green paint. The foot shows traces of a reddish coating |
4032-104 | plate | Pompeii | Very fine black paint, well preserved, with iridescent reflections tending to blue |
4226-108 | Stemmed bowl | Pompeii | Bucchero |
4226-109 | Rasmussen 1979—3a | Pompeii | Bucchero |
4226-110 | cup | Pompeii | Bucchero |
4020-107 | Rasmussen 1979—2 | Pompeii | Bucchero |
Samples | Porosity | Matrix | Inclusions |
---|---|---|---|
FABRIC A 4026-102 | 10% micro-vesicles micro-/meso-vughs | 70% optically inactive | 20% Dominant: quartz (0.02–0.2 mm), plagioclase (0.02–0.1 mm) Common: mica (0.02–0.2 mm), nodules of iron oxides (0.02–0.15 mm) Rare: calcareous inclusions (0.02–0.8 mm) |
4226-106 | 5% micro-vesicles micro-/meso-vughs | 80% optically inactive | 15% Dominant: quartz (0.01–0.15 mm), plagioclase (0.01–0.1 mm) Rare: nodules of iron oxides (0.02–0.15 mm) Very rare: destabilized calcite (1 mm) |
4032-101 | 10% micro-/meso-vesicles meso-/macro-vughs | 70% optically inactive | 20% Dominant: quartz (0.02–0.2 mm), plagioclase (0.02–0.1 mm) Common: mica (0.02–0.2 mm), nodules of iron oxides (0.02–0.15 mm) Rare: calcareous inclusions (0.02–0.8 mm) |
4032-158 | 20% micro-/meso-vesicles micro-/macro-vughs | 60% optically inactive | 20% Dominant: quartz (0.1–0.15 mm), plagioclase (0.15–0.01 mm) Common: mica (0.01–0.08 mm), nodules of iron oxides (0.01–0.04 mm) |
4032-105 | 10% micro-/meso-vesicles micro-/macro-vughs | 70% optically inactive | 20% Dominant: quartz (0.02–0.1 mm), plagioclase (0.02–0.05 mm) Common: pyroxene (0.5–0.12 mm), mica (0.02–0.1 mm) Rare: nodules of iron oxides (0.02–0.2 mm) |
4032-104 | 10% micro-vesicles micro-/macro-vughs | 70% optically inactive | 20% Dominant: quartz (0.02–0.2 mm), plagioclase (0.05–0.15 mm) Common: mica (0.02–0.5 mm) Rare: fragments of rocks (0.01 mm) |
4226-108 | 10% micro-/meso-vesicles micro-/macro-vughs | 60% optically inactive | 20% Dominant: quartz (0.01–0.25 mm), plagioclase (0.05–0.1 mm) Common: mica (0.03–0.1 mm) |
4020-107 | 10% micro-vesicles micro-/mega-vughs | 60% optically active | 30% Dominant: quartz (0.01–0.08 mm), plagioclase (0.05–0.2 mm) Common: mica (0.01–0.2 mm), Rare: nodules of iron oxides (0.02–0.1 mm) |
FABRIC B 4226-109 | 20% micro-/meso-vesicles micro-/meso-vughs | 50% optically active | 30% Dominant: quartz (0.02–0.15 mm) Common: plagioclase (0.05–0.1 mm), K-feldspar (0.02–0.4 mm), mica (0.01–0.2 mm) Rare: fragments of calcareous rocks (0.07–0.2 mm) |
4226-110 | 30% micro-/macro-vesicles micro-/meso-vughs | 30% optically active | 40% Dominant: quartz (0.01–0.2 mm), plagioclase (0.05–0.2 mm) Common: mica (0.03–0.1 mm) Rare: fragments of rocks (0.1–0.2 mm), fragments of calcareous rocks (0.07–0.2 mm) |
loner 4032-103 | 20% micro-/meso-vesicles micro-/macro-vughs | 60% optically inactive | 20% Dominant: quartz (0.02–0.1 mm), plagioclase (0.05–0.2 mm) Microfossils Common: pyroxene (0.15–0.6 mm), fragments of basic rocks (0.05–0.4 mm) Rare: fragments of basic rocks (0.1–0.6 mm), fragments of calcareous rocks (0.02–0.15 mm) |
Sample | Fabric | Qtz | Pl | Px | Cal | Mca | Hem | Kfs | Gh | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4026-102 | BGW | A | ++++ | +++ | + | + | tr | + | + | tr |
4032-158 | BGW | ++++ | ++ | ++ | tr | + | tr | |||
4032-105 | BGW | ++++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | tr | tr | + | ||
4032-104 | BGW | +++ | +++ | ++ | tr | + | ++ | |||
4226-108 | Bucchero | ++++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | |||||
4226-109 | Bucchero | B | ++++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | |||
4226-110 | Bucchero | ++++ | + | tr | ++ | + | ||||
4032-103 | BGW | ++++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Sample. | 4026-102 | 4032-158 | 4226-106 | 4032-103 | 4032-104 | 4032-105 | 4032-101 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slip | Body | Slip | Body | Slip | Body | Slip | Body | Slip | Body | Slip | Body | Slip | Body | |
SiO2 | 48.50 | 53.50 | 46.23 | 55.56 | 46.56 | 57.18 | 46.09 | 56.47 | 46.70 | 59.98 | 44.97 | 58.43 | 47.23 | 48.33 |
TiO2 | 0.452 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.39 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.74 |
Al2O3 | 28.63 | 19.72 | 27.81 | 20.05 | 28.32 | 17.12 | 30.72 | 16.98 | 27.83 | 18.92 | 27.57 | 19.17 | 27.84 | 17.58 |
MgO | 2.75 | 4.21 | 2.28 | 2.59 | 2.17 | 2.73 | 1.56 | 3.58 | 2.41 | 1.57 | 2.02 | 2.35 | 2.44 | 5.75 |
CaO | 0.69 | 7.79 | 0.56 | 7.90 | 0.83 | 12.98 | 1.70 | 10.22 | 0.98 | 5.75 | 0.97 | 4.74 | 0.94 | 6.53 |
MnO | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 1.48 |
FeO | 13.15 | 8.55 | 13.11 | 3.53 | 12.32 | 5.73 | 12.58 | 7.44 | 14.54 | 5.31 | 13.87 | 6.94 | 11.91 | 16.48 |
CuO | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
ZnO | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
Na2O | 0.50 | 1.45 | 1.73 | 0.99 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.43 | 0.66 | 1.71 | 2.42 | 0.80 | 1.68 | 0.65 | 0.18 |
K2O | 5.07 | 3.98 | 7.52 | 8.42 | 8.30 | 2.58 | 6.17 | 3.56 | 4.83 | 5.05 | 8.15 | 5.28 | 8.37 | 2.87 |
Total: | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Al/Si | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
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Medeghini, L.; Mignardi, S.; Di Fusco, G.; Botticelli, M.; Coletti, F.; De Vito, C. How Microanalysis Can Be Discriminant on Black Pompeian Wares. Crystals 2020, 10, 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100879
Medeghini L, Mignardi S, Di Fusco G, Botticelli M, Coletti F, De Vito C. How Microanalysis Can Be Discriminant on Black Pompeian Wares. Crystals. 2020; 10(10):879. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100879
Chicago/Turabian StyleMedeghini, Laura, Silvano Mignardi, Giorgia Di Fusco, Michela Botticelli, Fulvio Coletti, and Caterina De Vito. 2020. "How Microanalysis Can Be Discriminant on Black Pompeian Wares" Crystals 10, no. 10: 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100879