Urban Governance of Household Waste and Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Study from Yaoundé (Cameroon)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection Process
2.2. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Stakeholders and Household Waste Management in Yaoundé
3.2. Inadequacy of Standards and the Gap in Compliance
3.3. The Challenges of Household Waste Management for Sustainable Development
3.4. Direct Consequences of the Waste Crisis: Economy, Ecology, and Public Health
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Convention | Signature Date | Objectives |
---|---|---|
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer | 22 March 1985 | Promote appropriate measures to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities that modify or are likely to modify the ozone layer. |
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Wastes and their Disposal | 22 March 1989 | Ban on the import and export of hazardous waste |
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer | 30 August 1989 | Phase out the production of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in order to reduce and protect their abundance in the atmosphere and the environment |
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | 19 October 1994 | Stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. |
Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Importation of Hazardous Wastes and the Control of their Transboundary Movements in Africa | 20 March 1996 | To improve and ensure the environmentally sound management of hazardous waste, as well as cooperation between the African States involved |
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants | 23 May 2001 | Protection of human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. |
Appendix B
Texts and Dates of Signature/Adoption | Area of Application | Objectives |
---|---|---|
| Control of industries generating hazardous waste | To set the costs of inspection and control of dangerous, unhealthy or inconvenient establishments. |
Law No. 89/027 of 29 December 1989 on toxic and hazardous waste | Hazardous and toxic waste management | Regulate the collection, transport, and treatment of hazardous and toxic waste. |
Law No. 96/117 of 5 August 1996 on standardisation | Standardisation | Standardise waste management, similar to other areas of daily life. |
Law No. 96/12 of 5 August 1996 on the framework law on environmental management (See Chapter IV: Articles 42, 43, 44, 45 and 46) | Environment | Regulate to ensure environmental protection. |
| Urban planning and management of municipalities |
|
Law No. 74/23 of 5 December 1974 on the organisation of municipalities (see Article 71) | Waste management | To confer the municipality’s new attributions in the field of collection, transport, and treatment of household waste. |
| Tax for the removal ofhousehold waste |
|
Decree No. 2005/0577/PM of 23 February 2005 establishing the modalities for carrying out environmental impact studies | Environment and well-being | Impose and set the modalities for carrying out environmental impact assessments in all projects. |
Order No. 01 of the Ministry of the Environment, Nature Protection and Sustainable Development of 15 October 2012 laying down the conditions for obtaining an environmental permit for waste management | Environment | Set conditions for obtaining environmental permits for waste management. |
Joint Order No. 005 of the Ministry of the Environment, Nature Protection and Sustainable Development and the Ministry of Trade of 24 October 2012 laying down specific conditions for the management of electrical and electronic equipment and the disposal of waste from such equipment | Environment | Regulate the introduction of electrical and electronic equipment and the management of waste resulting from their use. |
Joint Order No. 004 of the Ministry of the Environment, Nature Protection and Sustainable Development and the Ministry of Trade of 24 October 2012 regulating the manufacture, import, and marketing of non-biodegradable packaging | Environment, industry, and trade of biodegradable packaging | Prohibit the manufacture and marketing of non-biodegradable packaging in Cameroon, (those with a thickness of less than 60 μm). |
Circular Note No. 8419/e/MINAT/DCPL/ SAA of 25 June 1979 on the national hygiene and sanitation campaign | Hygiene and sanitation | Regulate awareness via the National Hygiene and Sanitation Campaign. |
Circular Note No. 069/NC/MSP/DMPHP/ SHPA of 20 August 1980 of the Ministry of Public Health on the collection, transport, and treatment of industrial waste, household waste, and sanitary sewage | Waste management and epidemic prevention | Regulate the collection, transport, and treatment of industrial waste, household waste, and sanitary waste and specify the technical conditions for waste disposal. |
Circular note No. 0040/LC/MINAT/DCTD of 04 April 2000, of the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralisation relating to the restoration of public hygiene and sanitation | Environment and sanitation | To fight against the deterioration of the general appearance of urban and rural areas. |
Appendix C
Categories of Actors | Actors | Specific Responsibilities |
---|---|---|
Institutional or public actors | State of Cameroon |
|
Ministry of Housing and Urban development |
| |
Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Sustainable Development |
| |
Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralisation |
| |
Ministry of Health Public | Prescription of the conditions for the removal and treatment of municipal waste. | |
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development | Raising awareness of the population on the transformation of putrescible waste into fertilizer. | |
Urban municipalities |
| |
District municipalities | To ensure sanitary, local, and environmental policing by means of technical sanitary officers | |
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) | Civil society organisations (NGOs, neighbourhood associations, etc.) | Supporting the development of popular ecology movements and projects |
Private companies and service concessionaires | Health and Safety of Cameroon (HYSACAM) |
|
Common Initiative Groups (CIGs), Small and Medium Companies (SMEs), etc. |
| |
International donors | International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, etc. | Provide financial means to support and sustain local waste management initiatives. |
Users | Households |
|
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SN | Data Type | Categories |
---|---|---|
1 | Yaoundé district municipalities (YDMs) | Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé 2, Yaoundé 3, Yaoundé 4, Yaoundé 5, Yaoundé 6, and Yaoundé 7 |
2 | Formality of the household waste locations | Formal or Informal |
3 | Waste bin presence | Yes or No |
4 | Bin size | Large (16–30 m3), Medium (7–16 m3), and Small (0–6 m3) |
5 | Waste area size | Between 10 and 50 m2, below 10 m2, above 50 m2 |
6 | Frequency of waste bin being emptied | Weekly, Daily, Monthly, Never |
7 | Condition of the waste bins | Halfway Full, Full to Capacity, Empty, Overflowing |
8 | Quality of routes reaching the bin areas | Asphalt route of good quality, Non-asphalt route of good quality, Asphalt route of bad quality, Non-asphalt route of bad quality |
9 | Accessibility of the bin areas | Bicycles, Motorcycles, Tricycles, Trucks, Cars, Walking |
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Ndam, S.; Touikoue, A.F.; Chenal, J.; Baraka Munyaka, J.-C.; Kemajou, A.; Kouomoun, A. Urban Governance of Household Waste and Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Study from Yaoundé (Cameroon). Waste 2023, 1, 612-630. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1030036
Ndam S, Touikoue AF, Chenal J, Baraka Munyaka J-C, Kemajou A, Kouomoun A. Urban Governance of Household Waste and Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Study from Yaoundé (Cameroon). Waste. 2023; 1(3):612-630. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1030036
Chicago/Turabian StyleNdam, Salifou, Alirou Fit Touikoue, Jérôme Chenal, Jean-Claude Baraka Munyaka, Armel Kemajou, and Abdou Kouomoun. 2023. "Urban Governance of Household Waste and Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Study from Yaoundé (Cameroon)" Waste 1, no. 3: 612-630. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1030036