Identifying Pig- and Pork-Associated Zoonotic and Foodborne Hazards in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Systematised Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Review Protocol and Search Strategy
2.2. Screening and Data Extraction
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Data Analysis and Quality Assessment
2.5. Ethical Approval Statement
3. Results
3.1. Database Search Output and Screening
3.2. Characteristics of Identified Publications
3.3. Zoonotic and Foodborne Hazards Identified in Pigs and Pork
3.4. Estimates of Pooled Prevalence
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Virus | Bacterium | Parasite | Other ** | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Botswana | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 |
Ethiopia | 1 | 6 | 10 | 0 | 17 |
Kenya | 3 | 6 | 20 | 2 | 29 |
Lesotho | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
Madagascar | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 9 |
Mauritius | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Mozambique | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Réunion | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Rwanda | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
South Africa | 3 | 26 | 8 | 4 | 41 |
Tanzania | 0 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 14 |
Uganda | 4 | 12 | 8 | 0 | 24 |
Zambia | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 |
Zimbabwe | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Total | 13 | 71 | 77 | 7 | 168 * |
Type * | Hazard | Number of Publications | Individual Hazard | Focus ** | Included in FERG Burden Estimate *** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Virus (13) | Influenza A | 4 | Influenza A, Influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 | Pigs | - |
Hepatitis E | 3 | Hepatitis E | Pigs and pork | - | |
Rotavirus | 3 | Rotavirus A | Pigs | - | |
Henipavirus | 1 | Henipavirus | Pigs | - | |
Norovirus | 1 | Norovirus | Pigs | ✓ | |
RVF | 1 | Rift Valley Fever | Pigs | - | |
Bacteria (71) | Salmonella | 21 | Salmonella spp., S. Choleraesuis, S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S. Typhimurium, S. Derby, S. Weltevreden, S. Livingstone | Pigs and pork | ✓ |
Escherichia | 17 | Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic E. coli, E. coli: multi-drug resistance, Coliforms, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) | Pigs and pork | ✓ | |
Staphylococcus | 9 | Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. epidermidis | Pigs and pork | ✓ | |
Mycobacterium | 6 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Non-tuberculous M. M. avium subsp. Hominissus, M. avium subsp. avium | Pigs | ✓ | |
Campylobacter | 4 | Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni, C. coli | Pork | ✓ | |
Leptospira | 3 | Leptospira santarosai, L. interrogans, L. kirschneri, L. borgpetersenii | Pigs | - | |
Brucella | 2 | Brucella spp., B. suis | Pigs | ✓ | |
Enterococcus | 2 | Enterococci spp. | Pork | - | |
ESBL | 2 | Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) | Pigs and pork | - | |
Listeria | 1 | Listeria monocytogenes | Pork | ✓ | |
Vibrio | 1 | Vibrio cholerae | Pigs | ✓ | |
Pasteurella | 1 | Pasteurella multocida | Pigs | - | |
Streptococcus | 1 | Streptococcus suis | Pigs | - | |
Mesophilic | 1 | Mesophilic bacteria | Pork | - | |
Parasite (77) | Taenia | 40 | Taenia solium, T. hydatigena | Pigs and pork | ✓ |
Trypanosome | 7 | Trypanosome brucei, T. brucei rhodesiense, (T. vivax, T. congolense, T. godfreyi) | Pigs | - | |
Ascaris | 4 | Ascaris suum, A. spp. | Pigs | ✓ | |
Trichuris | 4 | Trichuris suis, T. spp. | Pigs | - | |
Cryptosporidium | 3 | Cryptosporidium spp. | Pigs | ✓ | |
Toxoplasma | 3 | Toxoplasma gondii | Pigs | ✓ | |
Coccidia | 3 | Coccidia spp., Eimeria spp. | Pigs | - | |
Echinococcus | 2 | Echinococcus granulosis, E. granulosus G1, E. ortleppi | Pork | ✓ | |
Giardia | 2 | Giardia duodenalis | Pigs | ✓ | |
Strongyle | 2 | Strongyle spp. | Pigs | - | |
Trichinella | 2 | Trichinella spp. | Pigs and pork | ✓ | |
Trichostrongylus | 1 | Trichostrongylus spp. | Pigs | - | |
Babesia | 1 | Babesia spp. | Pigs | - | |
Fasciola | 1 | Fasciola hepatica | Pigs | ✓ | |
Strongyloides | 1 | Strongyloides spp., S. ransomi | Pigs | - | |
Fungi (1) | Fungi | 1 | Fungi (not specified in the genus/species) | Pork | ✓ |
Arthropod (4) | Tunga | 3 | Tunga penetrans | Pigs | - |
Sarcoptes | 1 | Sarcoptes scabiei | Pigs | - | |
Chemicals (6) | Streptomycin | 2 | Streptomycin-resistance genes | Pork | - |
Ciprofloxacin | 1 | Ciprofloxacin | Pork | - | |
Sulphanilamide | 1 | Sulphanilamide | Pork | - | |
Tetracycline | 1 | Tetracycline | Pork | - | |
Metallic compounds | 1 | Metallic compounds (Lead, Cadmium, Silver, Molybdenum, Arsenic, Zinc, Copper, Nikel) | Pigs | - |
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Kayano, T.; Pulford, J.; Thomas, L.F. Identifying Pig- and Pork-Associated Zoonotic and Foodborne Hazards in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Systematised Review. Zoonotic Dis. 2023, 3, 120-133. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis3020011
Kayano T, Pulford J, Thomas LF. Identifying Pig- and Pork-Associated Zoonotic and Foodborne Hazards in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Systematised Review. Zoonotic Diseases. 2023; 3(2):120-133. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis3020011
Chicago/Turabian StyleKayano, Taishi, Justin Pulford, and Lian F. Thomas. 2023. "Identifying Pig- and Pork-Associated Zoonotic and Foodborne Hazards in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Systematised Review" Zoonotic Diseases 3, no. 2: 120-133. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis3020011