Extrahepatic Replication Sites of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Extrahepatic Replication of HEV
2.1. Insights of Extrahepatic Replication
2.2. Pathogenesis of Extrahepatic Replication
3. List of Body Systems Affected by HEV in Humans
3.1. Nervous and Musculoskeletal System
3.2. Cardiovascular System
3.3. Digestive System
3.4. Other Body Systems
4. List of the Animal Models Studied with Involved Body Systems and Extrahepatic Replication Sites for HEV
5. Notable Abilities of HEV
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SN | Clinical Disease | Number of Patients | References |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Neuralgic amyotrophy | 102 | [44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56] |
2 | Guillain–Barre syndrome | 36 | [39,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65] |
3 | Myasthenia gravis | 1 | [66] |
4 | Polyneuromyopathy | 2 | [57,67] |
5 | Mononeuritis multiplex | 6 | [39] |
6 | Meningo-radiculitis | 5 | [39,68] |
7 | Cerebral ischemia | 5 | [46,65] |
8 | Epilepsy | 2 | [46] |
9 | Encephalitis | 5 | [46,48,65,69] |
10 | Facial Nerve Palsy | 3 | [46,70,71] |
11 | Encephalopathy | 1 | [72] |
12 | Encephalitic Parkinsonism | 1 | [73] |
13 | Transverse myelitis | 1 | [74] |
14 | Peripheral neuropathy | 3 | [57,65,75] |
15 | Vestibular neuritis | 1 | [57] |
16 | Myositis | 1 | [76] |
SN | Clinical Disease | Number of Patients | References |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Cardiac arrhythmia | 1 | [57] |
2 | Myocarditis | 2 | [77,78] |
3 | Anemia | 1 | [79] |
4 | Thrombocytopenia | 13 | [57,79] |
5 | Lymphocytosis | 14 | [57] |
6 | Lymphopenia | 8 | [57] |
7 | Leukocytosis | 1 | [30] |
8 | Massive hemolysis | 1 | [80] |
9 | Monoclonal gammopathy | 17 | [57] |
10 | Cryoglobulinemia | 51 | [81] |
11 | Long QT syndrome and Torsades de pointes | 1 | [82] |
12 | Metabolic acidosis | 1 | [30] |
13 | Acute myeloid leukemia | 2 | [57] |
SN | Clinical Disease | Number of Patients | References |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Pancreatitis | 22 | [30,83,84,85,86] |
2 | Pancreatic Pseudocyst | 1 | [87] |
3 | Acalculous cholecystitis | 1 | [33] |
SN | Clinical Disease | Body System | Number of Patients | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Autoimmune Thyroiditis | Endocrine | 1 | [88] |
2 | Cutaneous T-Cell lymphoproliferative disorder | Integumentary | 1 | [89] |
3 | Acute Kidney Injury | Renal | 2 | [30,80] |
4 | Cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis | Renal | 2 | [90,91] |
5 | Pleural Effusion | Respiratory | 1 | [92] |
6 | Acute Graft Dysfunction | Immune | 1 | [93] |
7 | Infertility | Reproductive | 52 | [27] |
SN | Animal Model | HEV Genotype/Strain | Body System Involved | Extrahepatic Sites | Demonstration of Viral Replication Via | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mongolian Gerbil | Human Gt4 | Digestive, Renal, Lymphatic | Kidneys, Spleen, Small Intestine | IHC and positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [95] |
Gt1 (clinical human sample) | Digestive, Renal, Lymphatic | Spleen, Kidney | Positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [96] | ||
Human Gt3 | Digestive, Lymphatic | Spleen | IHC and positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [97] | ||
Swine HEV Gt4 (CHN-HB-HD-L2) | Digestive, Renal, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Reproductive | Brain, Spinal cord, Spleen, Peripheral blood monocytes, Pancreas, Lung, Lymph node, Kidney, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon, Placenta, Urine | IHC and negative strand RT-qPCR | [98] | ||
2 | Pregnant Rhesus Macaques | Gt4 (KM01) | Digestive, Fetal (Digestive, Renal) | Spleen, Kidneys, Intestine | IHC and positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [99] |
Cynomolgus Macaques | Human derived HEV | Digestive | Not listed | Positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [100] | |
Human Gt3 | Digestive, Nervous, Lymphatics | Bone marrow | IHC and negative strand RT-qPCR | [101] | ||
Immunocompromised Cynomolgus Monkey | Gt3 | Digestive, Lymphatic | Spleen, Duodenum, Colon, Lymph node, Pancreas | IHC and negative strand RT-qPCR | [102] | |
3 | Pig | unknown | Digestive | Not listed | Visualization of virus-like particles | [103] |
Swine HEV | Digestive, Respiratory | Not listed | Positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [104] | ||
US2 | Digestive | Not listed | Positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [105] | ||
Immunosuppressed pigs | Human HEV (US2 strain), Gt3 | Digestive, Immune | Not listed | Positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [106] | |
4 | Miniature pigs | Gt3 | Digestive, Endocrine, Respiratory, Renal, Nervous | Pancreas, Kidney, Brain, Peyer’s patches, Lungs (bronchioles) | IHC and positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [31,107] |
5 | Rabbit | Swine derived HEV Gt4 | Digestive, Lymphatic, | Spleen | Negative strand RT-qPCR | [108] |
Rabbit derived HEV Gt3 | Digestive, lymphatic | Spleen | Negative strand RT-qPCR | [108] | ||
SPF rabbits | Rabbit HEV | Digestive, Renal, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Nervous | Stomach, Duodenum, Kidney, Bile, Lung, Bladder, Brain | IHC and negative strand RT-qPCR | [109] | |
Swine Gt4 | Mild digestive | Not listed | IHC and negative strand RT-qPCR | [109] | ||
Pregnant rabbits | Rabbit HEV (CHN-BJ-R14) | Digestive, Reproductive | Placenta | IHC and negative strand RT-qPCR | [110] | |
Rabbit gt3 (KOR-Rb-1) | Digestive, Reproductive | Uterus | Positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [28] | ||
Immunosuppressed Rabbit | Rabbit derived HEV-3ra | Digestive, Renal, Nervous | Kidney, Duodenum, Jejunum, Cecum, Colon, Urine, Cerebrospinal fluid | Positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [111] | |
6 | BALB/c nude mice | Swine HEV Gt4 | Digestive, Lymphatic, Renal | Spleen, Kidney, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon | IHC and positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [112] |
Pregnant BALB/c mice | Swine derived Gt4 (KM01) | Digestive, Reproductive, Renal, Placenta and neonatal liver | Spleen, Kidney, Colon, Uterus, Placenta | IHC and negative strand RT-qPCR | [113] | |
7 | Rat | Human feces derived (TK-037/92) | Digestive, Lymphatic | Spleen, Mesenteric lymph nodes, Small intestine | IHC and positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [114] |
Immunocompromised rats | Human derived rat strain (CCY) | Digestive | Not listed | IHC and positive strand RT-qPCR (not confirmatory) | [115] |
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Yadav, K.K.; Kenney, S.P. Extrahepatic Replication Sites of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV). Zoonotic Dis. 2023, 3, 68-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis3010007
Yadav KK, Kenney SP. Extrahepatic Replication Sites of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV). Zoonotic Diseases. 2023; 3(1):68-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis3010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleYadav, Kush Kumar, and Scott P. Kenney. 2023. "Extrahepatic Replication Sites of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)" Zoonotic Diseases 3, no. 1: 68-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis3010007