Modulating Natural Methane Release from Rumen Fermentation through the Use of Ficus glomerata Leaf Tannins in Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Experimental Design and Substrate
3.2. Collection of Rumen Inoculum
3.3. In Vitro Incubation
3.4. Estimation of Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation
3.5. Estimation of Gas and Methane Production
3.6. Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) Estimation
3.7. In Vitro Dry Matter Degradability and Ammonia Production
3.8. Chemical and Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attributes | Oat Hay | Concentrate Mixture 1 | Ficus glomerata Leaf Meal |
---|---|---|---|
Chemical composition | |||
Organic matter | 93.30 ± 1.12 | 91.07 ± 1.01 | 88.50 ± 1.23 |
Crude protein | 7.80 ± 0.56 | 19.50 ± 0.67 | 14.85 ± 0.35 |
Ether extract | 3.07 ± 0.60 | 4.12 ± 0.45 | 4.54 ± 0.24 |
Total ash | 6.70 ± 0.72 | 8.93 ± 0.63 | 11.50 ± 0.82 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 58.40 ± 1.35 | 44.60 ± 1.23 | 38.70 ± 1.67 |
Acid detergent fiber | 43.70 ± 1.73 | 21.06 ± 0.96 | 31.52 ± 1.11 |
Phenolic fractions | |||
Total phenolics 2 | - | - | 16.92 ± 0.52 |
Total tannin phenolics 2 | 15.71 ± 0.41 | ||
Non-tannin phenolics 2 | 1.22 ± 0.06 | ||
Condensed tannins 3 | 10.64 ± 0.33 |
Attributes | Control | FG-0.25 | FG-0.50 | FG-1.0 | SEM | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total gas production (mL) | 76.55 c ± 0.47 | 69.32 bc ± 1.32 | 63.48 b ± 3.06 | 26.16 a ± 5.27 | 6.85 | <0.001 |
Total gas production (mL/g DM) | 169.52 c ± 1.14 | 157.07 bc ± 5.57 | 142.36 b ± 6.85 | 57.95 a ± 11.83 | 15.35 | <0.001 |
Methane concentration (%) | 4.88 c ± 0.12 | 3.60 b ± 0.23 | 2.53 a ± 0.06 | 2.0 a ± 0.21 | 0.41 | <0.001 |
Total methane production (mL) | 3.73 d ± 0.07 | 2.50 c ± 0.20 | 1.60 b ± 0.04 | 0.54 a ± 0.16 | 0.43 | <0.001 |
Total methane production (mL/g DM) | 8.27 d ± 0.18 | 5.67 c ± 0.56 | 3.61 b ± 0.09 | 1.19 a ± 0.36 | 0.96 | <0.001 |
Total methane production (mL/g DMD) | 13.36 c ± 0.46 | 9.22 b ± 0.91 | 5.89 ab ± 0.13 | 4.03 a ± 1.80 | 1.37 | 0.003 |
TDDM (%) | 61.96 c ± 1.46 | 60.45 c ± 0.03 | 56.28 b ± 0.21 | 31.82 a ± 5.32 | 4.49 | 0.001 |
Ammonia N (mg/dL) | 16.33 c ± 0.47 | 16.10 b ± 0.70 | 15.40 b ± 0.0 | 10.50 a ± 0.70 | 0.84 | 0.002 |
Acetate (mM/dL) | 3.46 c ± 0.08 | 3.40 c ± 0.07 | 2.96 b ± 0.02 | 2.19 a ± 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.002 |
Propionate (mM/dL) | 0.88 b ± 0.02 | 1.02 c ± 0.04 | 0.84 b ± 0.06 | 0.57 a ± 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.002 |
Butyrate (mM/dL) | 0.25 b ± 0.01 | 0.23 b ± 0.02 | 0.24 b ± 0.01 | 0.15 a ± 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.001 |
A:P ratio | 3.93 c ± 0.02 | 3.33 a ± 0.01 | 3.52 b ± 0.05 | 3.84 c ± 0.04 | 1.02 | 0.001 |
Fatty Acids | Control | FG-0.25 | FG-0.50 | FG-1.0 | SEM | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saturated fatty acids (SFA) | ||||||
C4:0 | 36.75 bc ± 0.22 | 37.11 c ± 0.05 | 36.29 b ± 0.19 | 0.0 a ± 0.0 | 4.79 | <0.001 |
C6:0 | 3.92 c ± 0.09 | 3.34 b ± 0.06 | 3.42 b ± 0.04 | 0.0 a ± 0.0 | 0.47 | <0.001 |
C8:0 | 0.0 a ± 0.0 | 3.55 b ± 1.78 | 9.30 c ± 0.46 | 2.72 ab ± 0.18 | 1.09 | 0.001 |
C10:0 | 3.82 b ± 0.09 | 4.04 c ± 0.08 | 4.20 c ± 0.07 | 0.0 a ± 0.0 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
C11:0 | 4.48 c ± 0.09 | 4.71 c ± 0.12 | 4.00 b ± 0.07 | 0.0 a ± 0.0 | 0.58 | <0.001 |
C12:0 | 5.74 a ± 0.09 | 5.64 a ± 0.07 | 5.22 a ± 0.01 | 10.95 b ± 0.49 | 0.72 | <0.001 |
C13:0 | 2.13 a ± 0.09 | 2.31 a ± 0.23 | 2.78 a ± 0.09 | 13.17 b ± 0.88 | 1.42 | <0.001 |
C14:0 | 6.74 a ± 0.04 | 5.15 a ± 0.11 | 5.27 a ± 0.05 | 43.76 b ± 4.8 | 5.07 | <0.001 |
C15:0 | 2.71 a ± 0.10 | 2.13 a ± 1.4 | 0.37 a ± 0.37 | 10.48 b ± 0.80 | 1.27 | <0.001 |
C16:0 | 16.47 d ± 0.39 | 13.52 c ± 0.09 | 10.29 b ± 0.13 | 0.0 a ± 0.0 | 1.87 | <0.001 |
C18:0 | 15.27 b ± 0.14 | 5.40 b ± 0.15 | 0.6.32 c ± 0.22 | 2.86 a ± 0.08 | 0.39 | <0.001 |
Total SFA | 88.05 ± 0.29 | 87.93 ± 0.52 | 87.49 ± 0.19 | 84.32 ± 3.64 | 0.89 | 0.53 |
C14:1 | 11.94 d ± 0.29 | 10.89 c ± 0.19 | 9.05 b ± 0.12 | 7.69 a ± 0.44 | 0.50 | <0.001 |
Trans-vaccenic acid (C18:1) | 0.0 a ± 0.0 | 2.89 ab ± 0.39 | 3.46 ab ± 0.29 | 7.99 b ± 3.49 | 1.16 | 0.063 |
Total unsaturated fatty acids | 11.94 ± 0.29 | 13.07 ± 0.52 | 12.51 ± 0.19 | 15.68 ± 3.67 | 0.89 | 0.53 |
Dose Incubated (mL/60 mL BRF) | SFA Inhibited | t-Vaccenic Acid (C18:1) Enhanced | Gas Production Inhibited | Methane Production Inhibited | TDDM Inhibited |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.25 | 0.14 | 100 | 9.44 | 32.98 | 2.01 |
0.50 | 0.64 | 100 | 17.07 | 57.10 | 8.73 |
1.0 | 4.24 | 100 | 65.83 | 85.52 | 48.64 |
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Singh, R.K.; Dey, A.; Singh, M. Modulating Natural Methane Release from Rumen Fermentation through the Use of Ficus glomerata Leaf Tannins in Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Methane 2023, 2, 319-328. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane2030021
Singh RK, Dey A, Singh M. Modulating Natural Methane Release from Rumen Fermentation through the Use of Ficus glomerata Leaf Tannins in Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Methane. 2023; 2(3):319-328. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane2030021
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Ram Kumar, Avijit Dey, and Mala Singh. 2023. "Modulating Natural Methane Release from Rumen Fermentation through the Use of Ficus glomerata Leaf Tannins in Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)" Methane 2, no. 3: 319-328. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane2030021