Non-Conventional, Non-Permanent Magnet Wind Generator Candidates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Firstly, a robust hub structure that would overcome gusty wind conditions;
- Secondly, an economical size that favours larger offshore wind turbines capacities within the range of 5–10 MW;
- Thirdly, the use of a variable speed design that improves operation efficiency compared to that of fixed speed wind turbines which only operate efficiently at a particular peak speed;
- Fourthly, the elimination of gearboxes in the design of wind turbines to alleviate maintenance costs;
- Fifthly, the use of permanent magnets (PMs), which are constituted of the rare-earth materials—Neodymium-based powerful magnets used for manufacturing of the more efficient and high-torque density wind generators;
- Lastly, the use of superconductors or advance materials/design technologies to reduce the size and mass of wind generators, hence improving the levelized cost of energy (LCOE).
2. Conventional Non-PM Wind Generators
2.1. Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (SCIG)
2.2. Wound Rotor Induction Generators (WRIGs)
2.3. Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG)
2.4. Electrically Excited Synchronous Generators (EESG)
3. Non-Conventional Non-PM Electrical Machines
3.1. Reluctance Synchronous Machine (RSM)
3.1.1. Torque Ripple
3.1.2. Power Factor
3.1.3. Control
3.2. DC-Excited Vernier Reluctance Machine (DC-VRM)
3.3. Wound-Field Flux Switching Machine (WF-FSM)
3.4. Double-Salient DC Machine (DSDCM)
3.5. DC-Field Excited Flux Reversal Machine (DC-FRM)
3.6. Brushless Doubly-Fed Machines
4. Comparative Analysis of Non-Conventional Non-PM Electrical Machines
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AFDSM | Axial Flux Doubly Salient Machine |
ARSM | Assisted Reluctance Synchronous Machine |
ASP | Asymmetric Stator Pole |
BDFIM | Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Machines |
BDFRM | Brushless Doubly-Fed Reluctance Machines |
BLAC | Brushless Alternating Current |
BLDC | Brushless Direct Current |
BSMM | Brushless Stator Mounted Machine |
CPSR | Constant Power Speed Range |
CRSM | Compensated Reluctance Synchronous Machine |
DC | Direct Current |
DFIG | Doubly Fed Induction Generator |
DSDCM | Double-Salient Direct Current Machine |
DSM | Double-Salient Machine |
DSPM | Double-Salient Permanent Magnet Machine |
EESG | Electrically Excited Synchronous Generator |
EMF | Electromotive Force |
FEM | Finite Element Method |
FMM | Flux Modulation Machine |
FRM | Flux Reversal Machine |
FRT | Fault Ride Through |
FSG | Flux Switching Generator |
FSM | Flux Switching Machine |
HS | High Speed |
HTS | High Temperature Superconducting |
HVDC | High Voltage Direct Current |
kW | Kilowatt |
LCOE | Levelized Cost of Energy |
MFB | Multiple Flux Barriers |
MW | Megawatt |
OBD | Optimized Benchmark Design |
PM | Permanent Magnet |
PMSG | Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator |
RSG | Reluctance Synchronous Generator |
RSM | Reluctance Synchronous Machine |
SCIG | Squirrel Cage Induction Generator |
SRM | Switched Reluctance Machine |
UMF | Unbalanced Magnetic Force |
USD | US Dollar |
VRM | Vernier Reluctance Machine |
WECS | Wind Energy Conversion System |
WF | Wound Field |
WRIG | Wound Rotor Induction Generator |
WRSM | Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine |
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Items | PM-FRM | DC-FRM | |
---|---|---|---|
No. of armature phases | 3 | 4 | 4 |
Power (kW) | 58 | 64 | 22 |
Power Density (MW/m3) | 1.98 | 2.10 | 0.71 |
Flux Controllability | Low | Low | High |
Material Cost (USD) | 1245 | 1398 | 308 |
Cost-effectiveness | 46.6 | 45.8 | 71.4 |
Type | Torque Density (kNm/m3) | Average Torque (Nm) | Torque Ripple (%) | Power Factor | Cost | Efficiency (%) | Speed (r/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RSG [64] | 18.5 | 97.7 × 103 | 4.92 | 0.54 | Low | 97.94 | 500 |
DC-VRM [85] | 17.39 | 732.0 | 8.5 | 0.8 | Low | 87.4 | 200 |
WF-FSM [110] | 31.6 | 77.8 × 103 | 3.74 | 0.8 | Low | 97.0 | 360 |
DSDCM [113] | 3.92 | 38.22 | 7.46 | - | Low | 89.3 | 500 |
DC-FRM [24] | 6.68 | 179.9 | 6.28 | - | Low | 72.5 | 900 |
PMSG (kW) [90] | 24.01 | 1011.1 | 3.42 | 0.97 | High | 94.4 | 150 |
PMSG (MW) [121] | 109.25 | 2789 × 103 | 2.06 | 0.94 | High | 95.0 | 15 |
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Udosen, D.; Kalengo, K.; Akuru, U.B.; Popoola, O.; Munda, J.L. Non-Conventional, Non-Permanent Magnet Wind Generator Candidates. Wind 2022, 2, 429-450. https://doi.org/10.3390/wind2030023
Udosen D, Kalengo K, Akuru UB, Popoola O, Munda JL. Non-Conventional, Non-Permanent Magnet Wind Generator Candidates. Wind. 2022; 2(3):429-450. https://doi.org/10.3390/wind2030023
Chicago/Turabian StyleUdosen, David, Kundanji Kalengo, Udochukwu B. Akuru, Olawale Popoola, and Josiah L. Munda. 2022. "Non-Conventional, Non-Permanent Magnet Wind Generator Candidates" Wind 2, no. 3: 429-450. https://doi.org/10.3390/wind2030023