Mental Health and Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Spanish Residents: Do Age and Gender Matter? An Exploratory Study †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Dependent Variables: Life Satisfaction, Trait Anxiety, State Anxiety, Death Anxiety, and Resilience
2.2.2. Independent Variables: Age and Gender
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Kruskal–Wallis H Test
3.3. Mann–Whitney U Test
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Women | 147 | 75.4 |
Men | 48 | 24.6 | |
Age Group | Emerging adults | 142 | 72.8 |
Early adults | 15 | 7.7 | |
Middle adults | 38 | 18.5 |
Emerging Adults (1) | Early Adults (2) | Middle Adults (3) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | Χ2 | p | Post Hoc 1 | |
Life Satisfaction | 142 | 3.48 (0.79) | 15 | 3.69 (0.75) | 38 | 3.90 (0.83) | 9.29 | 0.010 | 1 < 3 |
Trait Anxiety | 142 | 1.13 (0.63) | 15 | 0.87 (0.61) | 38 | 0.77 (0.51) | 10.45 | 0.005 | 1 > 3 |
State Anxiety | 142 | 1.11 (0.58) | 15 | 1.23 (0.68) | 38 | 0.88 (0.58) | 6.96 | 0.031 | 1 > 3 |
Death Anxiety | 142 | 2.20 (1.01) | 15 | 1.98 (0.76) | 38 | 1.65 (0.74) | 12.14 | 0.002 | 1 > 3 |
Resilience | 142 | 2.80 (0.76) | 15 | 2.90 (0.66) | 38 | 3.05 (0.63) | 3.08 | 0.214 | - |
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | U 1 | p | |
Life Satisfaction | 48 | 3.72 (0.88) | 147 | 3.53 (0.77) | 2926.00 | 0.075 |
Trait Anxiety | 48 | 0.93 (0.64) | 147 | 1.08 (0.62) | 4034.50 | 0.132 |
State Anxiety | 48 | 0.95 (0.58) | 147 | 1.12 (0.68) | 4082.00 | 0.100 |
Death Anxiety | 48 | 1.77 (0.81) | 147 | 2.17 (0.99) | 4469.50 | 0.005 |
Resilience | 48 | 3.09 (0.84) | 147 | 2.78 (0.69) | 2926.00 | 0.001 |
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Martín-Hernández, P. Mental Health and Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Spanish Residents: Do Age and Gender Matter? An Exploratory Study. Med. Sci. Forum 2021, 4, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECERPH-3-09045
Martín-Hernández P. Mental Health and Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Spanish Residents: Do Age and Gender Matter? An Exploratory Study. Medical Sciences Forum. 2021; 4(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECERPH-3-09045
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín-Hernández, Pilar. 2021. "Mental Health and Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Spanish Residents: Do Age and Gender Matter? An Exploratory Study" Medical Sciences Forum 4, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECERPH-3-09045
APA StyleMartín-Hernández, P. (2021). Mental Health and Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Spanish Residents: Do Age and Gender Matter? An Exploratory Study. Medical Sciences Forum, 4(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECERPH-3-09045