Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046012

Authors: Jacob Yoojin Ok Abdelwahab Elshourbagy Timothy Patrick Harrigan Manuel Enrique Hernandez James Robert Brašić

Emergency department providers may be challenged by the presentation of patients who exhibit movement abnormalities that could indicate conditions requiring interventions to reduce the risk of potential morbidity and mortality. Crucially, interventions for potential neurological diseases that require immediate intervention (e.g., stroke) are contraindicated in patients exhibiting movements that may be voluntary (e.g., emotional expressions and fabricated symptoms) or functional (e.g., functional movement disorders such as functional tremors or psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES)). Current motor assessment relies on subjective visual observation by human examiners, which limits the speed and accuracy of this differentiation. We hypothesize that technology measuring the temporal and spatial characteristics of movement can provide quantifiable signatures to differentiate movement subtypes and reflect the distinct neural pathways underlying voluntary and involuntary movement. To assess clinical and commercial interest in such technology, we conducted exploratory interviews with 17 of 56 invited potential customers (neurologists, biomedical engineers, and other clinicians) through a National Science Foundation I-Corps program where interviewees confirmed motor assessments are often performed without instrumentation and expressed willingness to adopt inexpensive, validated technology. The findings support interest in our proposed approach; however, this evidence is still preliminary as the interview sample was a non-random convenience sample and no comparison of respondents and non-respondents was performed. The sensor-based technology also remains conceptual with no current prototype, indicating the need for further studies utilizing more rigorous sampling and prototype development before clinical application.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046011

Authors: Nikos Koutsoupias Marios Nosios

The application of machine learning in neuroscience has expanded substantially in recent decades, driven by advances in data acquisition technologies and computational methodologies. However, the relationship between predictive performance and mechanistic explanation remains insufficiently characterized within this literature. This study presents a systematic bibliometric review of machine learning applications in neuroscience research. A structured search was conducted in the Scopus database using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and bibliometric analyses were performed using the bibliometrix package in R to examine publication trends, authorship patterns, and keyword distributions. The resulting dataset comprises 4473 documents published between 1975 and 2026, indicating sustained growth, particularly following 2015. Keyword analysis reveals a pronounced emphasis on data-driven approaches, with terms such as electroencephalography, deep learning, and brain–computer interface dominating the literature, while mechanistic and biologically grounded modeling remains comparatively underrepresented. These findings indicate that predictive and data-driven approaches are more prominently represented in the literature than mechanistic and biologically grounded approaches. This study identifies a corresponding disparity in the relative emphasis placed on predictive performance and mechanistic explanation, suggesting that further consideration of modeling frameworks integrating both objectives may contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of neural phenomena.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026050001

Authors: Rodolfo Chicas-Sett Luis de la Cruz Delvys Rodríguez-Abreu Luis Álvarez-Vallina Manel Juan Elisabeth Pérez-Ruiz Xabier Mielgo Francisco Aya Ana Arance

The XII Forum on Translational Immunology and Cancer Immunotherapy (FIT Cancer 12), organized by the Spanish Group for Cancer Immuno-Biotherapies (GÉTICA), took place on 5–6 March 2026 in Málaga, Spain. This edition gathered clinicians, basic scientists, and translational researchers from Spain and international institutions to discuss the latest advances in cancer immunotherapy. Scientific contributions spanned a wide range of topics, including engineered T-cell therapies targeting solid tumors and hematological malignancies, neoantigen-based cancer vaccines in preventive and therapeutic settings, oncolytic virotherapy combined with immune cell recruitment strategies, metabolic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment, epigenetic liquid biopsy biomarkers, and the management of immune-related adverse events in clinical practice. The abstracts presented here reflect the breadth and translational depth of immuno-oncology research currently underway within the GÉTICA network and its international collaborators.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026048003

Authors: Imene Derardja Redouane Rebai Luc Jasmin Abdennacer Boudah

Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains one of the most aggressive malignancies, largely due to late diagnosis, rapid metastatic progression, and the limited efficacy of current therapeutics. Piperlongumine, a bioactive alkaloid isolated from Piper longum, has attracted attention for its selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and its ability to modulate multiple oncogenic pathways. However, its molecular mechanisms in PC remain insufficiently understood. In this computational systems pharmacology study, a network pharmacology strategy combined with molecular docking was used to investigate the molecular targets and pathways associated with piperlongumine anticancer activity. Targets of piperlongumine and PC-related genes were retrieved from public databases and intersected to identify shared targets. Overlapping targets were used to construct a protein–protein interaction network using the STRING (v.12.0) platform. Hub genes were identified using the CytoHubba plugin using six topological algorithms. Functional enrichment analyses (Gene ontology and KEGG pathway) were performed using the ShinyGO 0.85.1 platform. Prognostic relevance of the hub targets was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier Plotter platform, while immune cell infiltration patterns were explored using the TIMER-2 database. Molecular docking was conducted using AutoDock Vina (1.5.7) to validate ligand-target interactions. A total of 237 intersecting genes were identified. Network analysis revealed several central hub genes, including TP53, Akt-1, STAT-3, CTNNB-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and Bcl-2. KEGG pathway analysis highlighted PC as the most enriched pathway, together with chronic myeloid leukemia, the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, prostate cancer, and C-type lectin receptor signaling. Survival analysis revealed significant prognostic associations for several hub genes, while TIMER analysis suggested correlations with tumor-associated immune cell infiltration. Molecular docking confirmed favorable binding affinities of piperlongumine toward key oncogenic targets, particularly Bcl-2 (−7.2 kcal/mol), TP53 (−6.2 kcal/mol), CTNNB-1 (−6.2 kcal/mol), and Akt-1 (−5.8 kcal/mol). Collectively, this study uncovers piperlongumine anticancer potential in PC, mediated through coordinated regulation of apoptosis, inflammatory, and immune pathways, highlighting its promise for future experimental and translational investigations.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046010

Authors: Carlos Domínguez-Vargas Jesús Eduardo García-Hernández Emiliano Peña-Durán Paloma Marylí Prado-López Samantha Jonnue Ramírez-Flores Miranda Citlali Pérez-Castellón Dante Joel Márquez-González Diana Margarita Robles-Loera Diego Humberto Aceves-Castillo Ramsés Emiliano Martínez-Hernández Litzy Meza-Noyola Ulises Moisés González-Reyes

Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) represents the first demyelinating event suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS), with variable risk of progression. This study aimed to identify clinical and paraclinical predictors of conversion to clinically definite MS in a cohort of 273 patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that periventricular and infratentorial MRI lesions, as well as oligoclonal bands, were the strongest independent predictors of conversion. Additional factors included abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials and polysymptomatic presentation. These findings highlight the importance of integrating radiological, immunological, and clinical markers to improve early risk stratification and guide therapeutic decision-making in patients with CIS.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026047009

Authors: Lorraine S. Evangelista

In submitting conference proceedings to Medical Sciences Forum, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026047008

Authors: Lorraine S. Evangelista

The 1st International Online Conference on Healthcare (IOCH 2026) was hosted online from 25 to 26 March 2026 [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026047007

Authors: Lorraine S. Evangelista

The 1st International Online Conference on Healthcare (IOCH 2026) was held online from 25–26 March 2026. IOCH 2026 aimed to explore the current landscape, address existing challenges and opportunities, and discuss future directions that will shape the evolution of healthcare delivery and systems.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026048002

Authors: Muhammad Zurgham Akram Mehwish Majeed

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive liver cancer requiring reliable biomarkers, while current approaches are limited by high-dimensional data and complex nonlinear gene interactions. In this study, differentially expressed genes were identified and fed to a deep autoencoder to reduce dimensionality, capture nonlinear interactions, and extract informative latent features. Predictive gene features were selected through mutual information (MI) ranking and LASSO regression and subsequently evaluated using logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers with 5-fold cross-validation (CV). The top 50 genes underwent enrichment analyses. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify hub genes, followed by gene–drug interaction, transcription factor analysis, and survival validation. Enrichment analysis highlighted critical pathways involved in metabolic, signaling, and cell-cycle, and viral carcinogenesis. CV showed stable and high performance across classifiers (accuracy = 0.969, F1 ≈ 0.97), with RF and SVM achieving the highest AUC values (~0.983 and ~0.982). Independent tests showed excellent performance, with RF achieving perfect performance (1.0) across all evaluation metrics, confirming high feature discriminative power. Survival analysis showed that hub genes, including HSP90AB1, TUBA1B, PKM, H2AZ1, YWHAZ, ACLY, RAN, ILF2, KPNA2, and TXNRD1, were significantly associated with poor prognosis (HR > 1.5, p < 0.05), correlating with reduced overall, relapse-free, and disease-specific survival in HCC. The integrative novel framework effectively identifies biologically relevant biomarkers, providing insights into HCC mechanisms and potential targets for precision therapy.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026048001

Authors: Mehwish Majeed Muhammad Zurgham Akram

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are highly lethal cancers that share molecular mechanisms underlying tumor progression, yet common biomarkers across these cancers remain largely unexplored. Microarray datasets for the four cancers were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using adjusted p<0.05 and log2FC>1 as significance thresholds. Disease-associated gene targets were collected from CTD, DISEASES, and GeneCards databases. Shared genes were identified across cancers, and functional enrichment analysis revealed their involvement in key cancer-related pathways, particularly the cell cycle. Protein–protein interaction networks identified ten candidate hub biomarkers (HGF, CDK1, CCNB1, RRM2, KIF14, DCN, SERPINE1, CCNA2, DLGAP5, and MAD2L1) consistently dysregulated across all four cancers. Survival analysis supported their potential as therapeutic targets, correlating with poor prognosis. These findings highlight candidate pan-cancer biomarkers for improved diagnosis and therapy.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046009

Authors: Valiant Orodeh Adeoye Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi Moses Aziakpono Omoirri Peter Oghenebrorhie Orodeh Emmanuel Oleba Ofutet Felix Nnaemeka Ugwu Magreth Michael Kileo Andrew Mbowe

Hypoxic stress disrupts homeostasis, provoking neuroendocrine and oxidative responses that manifest as behavioral impairments and biochemical alterations, with elevated corticosterone and oxidative damage as hallmark features. Solanum campylacanthum, traditionally used as a pest deterrent, lacks empirical validation, though its synonym S. incanum exhibits antioxidant activity. This study evaluated ethanol extract of S. campylacanthum leaves (EESC) in male Wistar rats subjected to repeated hypoxic stress by daily 20 min exposures in sealed transparent chambers over 14 days, creating a hypoxic–hypercapnic environment that induced neurobehavioral and biochemical alterations. EESC significantly alleviated anxiety, depressive-like behaviors, locomotor deficits, and memory decline, while reducing corticosterone and malondialdehyde, enhancing antioxidant defenses, and preventing adrenal hypertrophy. These findings highlight EESC’s adaptogenic and neuroprotective potential under hypoxic stress.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046008

Authors: Nikol Petrović

University students are frequently exposed to high cognitive demands, which can lead to sustained cognitive load and mental fatigue and may negatively affect learning outcomes and well-being. Electroencephalography (EEG) provides a non-invasive, real-time window into neural activity associated with cognitive effort. This systematic review aims to synthesize current evidence on EEG markers of cognitive load and mental fatigue in university students. The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement, and electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were systematically searched for peer-reviewed studies on EEG-based assessment of cognitive load and mental fatigue in healthy university students. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 179 participants. Cognitive load was most often reflected in changes in theta, alpha, and beta power, as well as band ratios such as theta/alpha. Studies manipulating multimedia design principles generally reported lower cognitive load indicators and better learning performance when these principles were applied. EEG-based markers, particularly theta and posterior alpha activity, show promising potential for monitoring cognitive strain in educational settings; however, methodological variability and small sample sizes limit generalizability.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046007

Authors: Victoria Kuvaeva Anna Beknazarova Grigorii Iskarevskii Nikita Nagnibedov Dmitry Onishchenko

Unilateral transtibial amputation (TTA) is associated with knee strength deficits and inter-limb asymmetry (ILA), but multi-velocity isokinetic profiling in competitive para-athletes remains limited. Eight competitive male para-athletes with unilateral TTA (C2–C4; body mass 68.9 ± 7.9 kg; 31.1 ± 10.4 months post-amputation) were assessed on an IsoMed 2000 dynamometer at 60, 180, 240, and 300°·s−1. Peak torque (PT) was normalised to body mass. The intact limb served as an internal cohort reference (n = 8), while paired bilateral comparisons were available in four athletes (n = 4). Amputated-side PT was lower across all velocities, with flexion deficits of 31–42% and extension deficits of 33–39%. ILA was velocity-dependent, with minima at 240°·s−1 for flexion and 300°·s−1 for extension. H/Q showed a modest amputated-side upward shift at 60–240°·s−1 (+2.5 to +8.0 pp), consistent with relative flexor preservation and a predominant extensor deficit. This pilot descriptive dataset supports future multi-velocity screening and controlled trials of velocity-matched resistance training while highlighting substantial between-athlete variability.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026047006

Authors: Handan Aydin Kahraman

Medical device-related pressure injuries (MDRPIs) represent a significant subset of hospital-acquired pressure injuries, yet nurses’ knowledge regarding their prevention remains inadequately characterized. MDRPIs are a critical yet often overlooked patient safety issue in acute-care settings. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge levels of nurses regarding MDRPI risk factors in a hospital located in Eastern Türkiye. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 284 nurses working in intensive care, palliative care, surgical, and internal medicine units between October and December 2024. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire assessing knowledge of risk factors, evidence-based prevention strategies, and device-specific clinical competencies. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and multiple regression modeling. Results revealed moderate overall MDRPI knowledge levels with significant variation by clinical unit, years of experience, prior training exposure, and frequency of medical device use. Regression analysis identified prior education on pressure injury prevention as the strongest predictor of knowledge scores. Nurses in intensive care units demonstrated higher knowledge and prevention competency compared to those in palliative care and general medical-surgical units (p < 0.001). These findings underscore the need for targeted, device-specific educational interventions and standardized training protocols to enhance nurses’ competency in MDRPI prevention across diverse clinical settings. Strengthening in-service training protocols is essential to reduce preventable patient harm and improve clinical outcomes in regional healthcare facilities.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046006

Authors: Olena G. Aliyeva Igor F. Belenichev Olena O. Popazova Olexiy Goncharov

Introduction: Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a key pathogenetic mechanism underlying cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and is increasingly recognized as a common link between ischemic heart pathology and cerebral vascular impairment. In addition to postnatal risk factors, adverse intrauterine conditions, particularly prenatal hypoxia (PH), may program long-term endothelial alterations. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural and molecular features of ED in the myocardial and cerebral vessels in experimental chronic heart failure (CHF) and PH, as well as to evaluate the endothelioprotective potential of pharmacological agents targeting the nitric oxide system. Methods: This study was conducted on Wistar rats using experimental models of CHF (doxorubicin administration, cumulative dose 15 mg/kg) and PH (sodium nitrite 50 mg/kg administered to pregnant females on gestational days 16–21). The endothelial status of cerebral and myocardial vessels was assessed using immunohistochemistry, ELISA, morphometric analysis, and real-time PCR. Key markers of endothelial function, inflammation, nitric oxide metabolism, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis were evaluated. The endothelioprotective potential of nitric oxide-modulating pharmacological agents was also evaluated. Results: CHF and PH induced pronounced structural and functional endothelial alterations in the microcirculatory and muscular-type vessels of the heart and brain. These changes were characterized by reduced endothelial cell density, suppressed eNOS expression, increased iNOS expression, nitric oxide deficiency, elevated nitrotyrosine levels, and activation of proinflammatory cytokines. VEGF levels were significantly decreased, while apoptotic features of endothelial cells were intensified. Angiolin and Hypertril demonstrated the most pronounced endothelioprotective effects among the tested agents. Conclusions: CHF and PH induce persistent ED in cerebral and myocardial vessels through disruption of the nitric oxide system, oxidative stress, and inflammatory activation. PH may act as an early trigger increasing susceptibility to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases later in life. These findings support the rationale for targeted endothelioprotective therapy in ischemic cardiovascular pathology.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026047005

Authors: Foteini Pavlidou Nadia El-Fellah Anna Patrikakou Dimitrios Tsiftsis

Psychoactive substance use is a frequent cause of Emergency Department (ED) presentations among young adults and often involves polysubstance use. We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis of 76 presentations involving acute recreational drug toxicity in 2024 at a Greek tertiary hospital participating in the Euro-DEN network. The mean age was 30 years, and 61% were male. Cannabis was the most frequently reported substance, followed by cocaine, benzodiazepines and antidepressants. Common clinical features included anxiety, agitation, psychosis, vomiting and tachycardia. Hospital admission was required in 24% of cases and 4% required ICU care, with no fatalities recorded. Substance identification was based on clinical documentation and patient self-report without toxicological confirmation.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046005

Authors: Souhaila Khalfallah Alaeddine Hmidi Kais Bouallegue

Understanding how brain activity varies across neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders requires tools capable of revealing patterns hidden in complex electroencephalographic (EEG) data. Conditions such as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and autism exhibit distinct alterations in neural oscillations and connectivity, which remain difficult to interpret in real time; therefore, this study proposes an interactive interface for intuitive exploration and analysis of disease-specific EEG dynamics. The system integrates classical signal processing techniques and computational modeling to extract spectral features, inter-electrode coherence, and spatial activation patterns, which are visualized through spectrograms, topographic maps, and connectivity graphs that update continuously. In addition, a web-based platform is incorporated to enable clinicians and technicians to store and manage patient information, including diagnosis, severity level, number of recordings, sampling frequency, recording duration, and acquisition dates, supporting structured data organization and longitudinal monitoring. The results demonstrate that the interface captures meaningful differences between disorders, with epileptic patterns showing strong synchronization and burst activity, while neurodegenerative conditions exhibit spectral slowing and reduced connectivity. Overall, the proposed framework provides an effective and accessible tool for EEG visualization, combining interactive analysis with clinical data management to support research, education, and potential clinical applications.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046004

Authors: Antonio Ávila-Guerrero Ángel Miliar-García Jorge Cornejo-Garrido Alexis Alejandro García Rivero Mercedes Uriyah Velázquez Romero Aarón Domínguez López

Background: The NLRP3 inflammasome is a key driver of obesity-associated chronic low-grade inflammation, contributing to hypothalamic neuroinflammation and disruption of energy homeostasis. Quercetin, a bioactive flavonoid, has been proposed as a modulator of inflammatory and metabolic pathways, including the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO). Objective: This study evaluated the effects of quercetin on hypothalamic mRNA expression of Fto and components of the TNF-α/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. Methodology: In a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity model, male Wistar rats (n = 18) were divided into three groups: standard diet (SD), HFD, and HFD + Q (supplemented with quercetin 50 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks). Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR using the 2−ΔΔCt method. Results: HFD significantly increased the expression of Fto and pro-inflammatory genes, including Tnf, Nlrp3, Casp1, Il1b, and Il18. Quercetin supplementation attenuated this upregulation, restoring expression levels toward baseline. Conclusions: These findings indicate that quercetin reduces hypothalamic neuroinflammation and modulates Fto expression, likely through inhibition of NF-κB signaling and suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Quercetin may represent a potential molecular modulator of obesity-associated neuroinflammatory processes.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026047004

Authors: Maksim Rakovich

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have become increasingly important in patient-centred healthcare and health-system performance assessment. However, their implementation at system level remains fragmented and methodologically challenging. This paper examines the role of PROMs in contemporary health systems, with particular attention to issues of standardisation, integration into clinical workflows, data interpretation, and patient engagement. Drawing on the recent literature, it proposes a conceptual multi-level integration model linking national governance, provider-level implementation, and structured feedback mechanisms. The paper highlights the potential of PROMs to support quality improvement, outcome-based evaluation, and more responsive health policy development.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046003

Authors: Paula Barciela Ana Perez-Vazquez Maria Carpena Miguel A. Prieto

Background: Synaptic plasticity in neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), cognitive impairment, and mental health conditions is regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Even healthy individuals have different levels, which are affected by complex epigenetic, inflammatory, and metabolic regulation. BDNF expression changes are associated with both typical and abnormal aging, as well as mental health conditions. These changes affect brain areas that are crucial for memory, such as the hippocampus and the parahippocampal cortex. Neurotrophins (NTs), including nerve growth factor (NGF) and BDNF, are essential for neuronal differentiation via tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Dysregulated NTs signaling contributes to synaptic dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Objective: This systematic review synthesizes preclinical evidence of the potential of naturally derived compounds to modulate NTs for neuroprotection and their incorporation into novel foods. Methodology: A review of major databases found studies that examined the impact of dietary polyphenols and other bioactive substances on NT signaling oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal plasticity. Results: Compounds such as epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, and flavanols, can positively impact NTs, reducing reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species, enhancing cell survival, and increasing the expression of trophic factors such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NGF, and vascular endothelial growth factor in neural stem cells. However, their bioavailability, optimal dosage, and dietary interactions require further research. Conclusions: The consumption of BDNF-promoting foods can potentially stimulate BDNF synthesis, support optimal neurotransmission, and fortify neural plasticity. Evidence supports a polyphenol-rich diet for preventing NDs and promoting brain health. Observational studies consistently support the protective effects of polyphenols on brain health through their impact on the gut–brain axis.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026047003

Authors: Aikaterini Papachristou Michael Rovithis Areti Stavropoulou

While artificial intelligence is rapidly reshaping the healthcare sector, it is important to assess readiness for AI integration to properly prepare healthcare professionals, particularly in countries where clinical AI systems have not yet been implemented in primary healthcare. This qualitative study explores healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the future use of Artificial Intelligence in Greek Primary Healthcare settings. Two focus groups were conducted with 18 Primary Health Care professionals working in a health center and a local primary healthcare unit (TOMY) in Greece. Thematic analysis identified six major themes: potential uses, challenges and risks, ethical concerns, readiness and training needs, trust factors, and AI impact on professional roles and skills. Future research should focus on developing training programs, establishing ethical and regulatory frameworks, and examining the long-term impact of Artificial Intelligence on professional roles, skills, and interprofessional collaboration in Primary Healthcare.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026047002

Authors: Alejandra Chulian Carlos García-Prado Sara Escriche-Martinez Sonsoles Valdivia-Salas

Purpose in life is a central component of healthy ageing and psychological well-being, yet its meaning in later life has often been operationalised through standardized measures rather than being grounded in older adults’ lived experience. This qualitative study explores how older adults living in the community in Spain interpret their life purpose during the transitions of old age. Ten adults aged 65 years and older from Aragón and Andalucía participated in semi-structured interviews lasting 60–90 min. Data were analyzed using reflective thematic analysis on ageing supported by MAXQDA, supplemented with questions related to internalized ageism, psychological inflexibility, and quality of life to enrich the interpretive depth. Four themes were identified: (1) purpose as biographical continuity; (2) purpose as a dynamic and adaptive process; (3) legacy as a central axis towards meaning; and (4) the interplay between internal strengths and external conditions. Participants constructed purpose as rooted in identity, values, and life narratives rather than in distal goal attainment. Purpose was maintained through adaptive processes—including resilience, psychological flexibility, and meaning-centered coping—while internalized ageism and personal barriers emerged as life limitations. These findings suggest that purpose in later life is not diminished, but rather is reconfigured through processes of adaptation, value alignment, and social contribution. The study highlights the need for person-centred and process-based approaches that promote psychological flexibility and challenge deficit-based and ageist views of ageing.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046002

Authors: Carlos Domínguez-Vargas Jesús Eduardo García-Hernández Emiliano Peña-Durán Miranda Citlali Pérez-Castellón Dante Joel Márquez-González Diana Margarita Robles-Loera Paloma Marylí Prado-López Paola Fernanda Olmos-Suazo Ramsés Emiliano Martínez-Hernández Topacio Olivier Andrade-Romo Gerardo Amaya-Tapia

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a chronic neuropathic pain condition that arises following varicella-zoster virus reactivation and represents a significant clinical burden. Despite known risk factors, the genetic basis of PHN remains poorly understood. This study aimed to identify genetic variants associated with PHN through the secondary analysis of GWAS summary data (GCST012124). One genome-wide significant locus (KIF1B) and several suggestive variants (PTPRZ1, PRKCE, CXCR4) were identified. These genes converge on pathways related to axonal transport, neuroinflammation, and nociceptive sensitization. Findings support a multifactorial genetic contribution to PHN and highlight potential targets for future research and therapeutic development.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026047001

Authors: Styliani Agioti Georgios Koulierakis

Electronic health literacy (eHL) is important for accessing, understanding, and using online health information, particularly as healthcare services increasingly include digital resources. This study aimed to examine the association between eHL and functional ability among adults receiving mental health services, and to explore whether this association remained significant after accounting for selected sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 adults receiving mental health services in community and outpatient settings in Attica, Greece. eHL was assessed using the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS), and functional ability was assessed using the 12-item WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). The mean eHEALS score was 25.34 (SD = 7.93), and the mean WHODAS 2.0 score was 22.57 (SD = 8.18). Higher WHODAS 2.0 scores, indicating lower functional ability, were associated with lower eHL (rs = −0.21, p = 0.003). In multiple linear regression, WHODAS 2.0 score remained a significant predictor of eHL after controlling for age, sex, and years of education (b = −0.202, p = 0.002). Education and sex were also significant predictors, whereas age was not significant in the adjusted model. These findings suggest that functional ability is modestly but independently associated with eHL among mental health service recipients. Future patient engagement strategies and occupational therapy-informed digital health interventions should consider functional ability alongside sociodemographic factors.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026046001

Authors: Carlos Domínguez-Vargas Jesús Eduardo García-Hernández Emiliano Peña-Durán Paloma Marylí Prado-López Barbarita Sánchez-Peña Miranda Citlali Pérez-Castellón Dante Joel Márquez-González Diana Margarita Robles-Loera Samantha Jonnue Ramírez-Flores Samuel Neri-Mendoza

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with neuroinflammation, autonomic dysfunction, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationship between salivary cortisol, xerostomia, nitric oxide (NO), and anxiety in 39 patients with MS. Cortisol levels were higher in patients with xerostomia and showed a weak-to-moderate positive correlation with xerostomia (ρ = 0.32; p = 0.047) and a moderate negative correlation with NO (ρ = −0.46; p = 0.0035). No association was found with anxiety or disease duration. These findings suggest a potential neuroendocrine–salivary pathway linking stress biomarkers with glandular dysfunction in MS.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026045006

Authors: Mariam Tarek Shawkat

This research presents an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven 3D scanning and printing system for the fabrication of personalized dental prosthetics, implants, and orthodontic appliances. The proposed system integrates high-resolution intraoral scanning, AI-based data analysis, and additive manufacturing to enhance precision, customization, and treatment efficiency. Patient-specific anatomical data and medical history are incorporated to optimize implant design, material selection, and functional performance. Nano-enhanced biocompatible materials are utilized to improve mechanical strength, durability, and antibacterial properties. Specifically, these materials demonstrate a 30% increase in overall precision and a 50% improvement in durability compared to traditional dental materials. In addition, the system adopts a zero-waste manufacturing strategy by recycling excess materials, supporting sustainable dental practices. The results demonstrate significant improvements in accuracy, patient comfort, and environmental responsibility in modern digital dentistry.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025039007

Authors: Axel Bex Ignacio Durán Salvatore La Rosa Lisa Pickering

The 2025 International Kidney Cancer Symposium—Europe (IKCSEU25) was held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, from 1 to 3 May 2025, organized by the Kidney Cancer Association (KCA) [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025039006

Authors: Dominique Parslow Ikenna Ibeanusi Jessica Hill

Cabozantinib is a commonly prescribed tyrosine kinase inhibitor for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Dose reductions may be required to manage side effects. Data was collected at University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust between 2020 and 2024 to investigate the dosing of Cabozantinib and its impact on cancer control. Starting at a reduced dose was common, with only 17% starting at full dose (60 mg). Only 9% completed their Cabozantinib course at 60 mg, with the majority (61%) ending up taking 20 mg. Dose reductions occurred early, with the vast majority ending up on their final dose at cycle two or three. Median progression-free survival was 7–10 months regardless of dose, and there was no statistically significant difference in PFS or OS according to dose.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025039005

Authors: Kyaw Kyaw Tun Loaie Elhelw Salil Vengalil

This single-centre retrospective study evaluated outcomes in 112 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with first-line VEGF-TKIs or immune checkpoint inhibitor (IO)-based combinations. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate survival outcomes of mRCC patients according to IMDC risk stratification in the modern systemic treatment era. A secondary aim was to assess whether prior nephrectomy provides an independent prognostic advantage when adjusted for an IMDC risk category. This study highlights that the IMDC risk classification remains a strong and reliable prognostic tool for predicting survival outcomes in mRCC patients treated with modern VEGF TKI and IO-based therapies, with median overall survival (OS) of 87, 36, and 9 months in favourable-, intermediate-, and poor-risk patients, respectively. Prior nephrectomy appeared to improve OS (55 vs. 21 months) and progression-free survival (29 vs. 10.9 months) on unadjusted analysis; however, this association was attenuated and no longer statistically significant after adjusting for IMDC risk groups, reflecting strong baseline imbalances and indicating that any true independent benefit is uncertain and requires confirmation in larger cohorts.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025040004

Authors: Abdul Qadeer Mariya Azam Basit Abdul

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is recognized as one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) in developing countries, where it is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food and water. Although often self-limiting, HEV infection poses a significant public health concern, particularly among pregnant women, due to its potential complications. The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HEV infection in asymptomatic antenatal women attending a tertiary care center in South Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 100 asymptomatic pregnant women were screened for anti-HEV antibodies (IgM and IgG) using an ELISA kit (DIA PRO, Italy). The overall seropositivity rate was found to be 12%, indicating prior exposure to HEV infection in this cohort. Specifically, IgG antibodies were detected in 6% of women and IgM antibodies in 5%, while two women showed evidence of both IgG and IgM positivity, suggestive of recent or ongoing infection. Notably, the majority of participants reported reliance on untreated water sources irrespective of educational background, highlighting environmental risk factors. Although HEV is generally self-limiting, these findings underscore the importance of routine serological screening in antenatal populations to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition, increased community awareness regarding transmission routes and preventive measures is essential. Given the scarcity of regional data, this study emphasizes the need for larger-scale epidemiological investigations to better understand the burden of HEV in South Punjab, Pakistan.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026044002

Authors: María Soledad García Manuel Parajón Víscido Francisco Esteban Escobar Gonzalo Daniel Gerez Fernando Daniel Farfán Leonardo Ariel Cano

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is presented as a safe, effective, and time-efficient strategy for individuals with type 1 diabetes, offering benefits for glycemic control, cardiovascular function, and physical fitness, with a lower risk of hypoglycemia than other exercise modalities. However, substantial variability exists among protocols, and there is no consensus on optimal dosage. This study reviewed 18 investigations to identify key parameters for safe and effective implementation. Results emphasize the importance of individualized programming, adherence to protocols, frequent glucose monitoring, and professional supervision. A preliminary framework is proposed to guide personalized HIIT programs for people with type 1 diabetes.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026043004

Authors: Ioannis Adamopoulos Aida Vafae Eslahi Niki Syrou Maad M. Mijwil Panagiotis Tsirkas

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted both health and occupational functioning in participants with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). This review synthesizes evidence from 55 studies (30,830 PwMS) on psychological, social, and work-related outcomes during the pandemic. The findings indicate elevated depression and stress, variable anxiety, and substantial employment disruption, including job loss, reduced hours, and shifts to remote work. Socioeconomic stressors compound these effects, while workplace accommodations are rarely assessed. There are gaps in evidence regarding occupation-specific hazards, lived experiences, and long-term outcomes. These results underscore the need for disability-inclusive employment policies, mental health support, and longitudinal research to guide interventions for PwMS in crisis contexts.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026045005

Authors: Neada Hysenaj Vergjini Mulo

Introduction: Disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) and myalgia are among the most common temporomandibular disorders, frequently affecting young adults. While conservative therapy is considered the first-line approach, the evidence on long-term outcomes is still limited. Case Presentation: A 22-year-old female had a 7-month history of left-sided TMJ clicking, deviation to the left during opening, and 2 months of bilateral masticatory pain, which was worsened by mastication. During clinical examination, reproducible left TMJ clicking and tenderness of the masseter and temporal muscles were observed. Based on DC/TMD Axis 1, DDwR with myalgia diagnosis was made. Intervention and Results: A full maxillary stabilization splint was constructed and delivered together with patient education, dietary adjustments, and guided mandibular exercises. At baseline, pain intensity was VAS 6/10 with a maximum unassisted mouth opening of 41 mm and reproducible joint clicking. After 2 weeks, the patient reported a decrease in pain, VAS 2/10, mouth opening was 44 mm, and joint sounds were absent. After 1 year, the patient was asymptomatic (VAS 0/10) with stable function, preserved mouth opening, and completion of daily activities without limitations. Clinical Relevance and Conclusions: This case shows that multi-directional non-invasive therapy can result in complete and long-term remission of DDwR with myalgia. It emphasizes the need for careful diagnosis, through standardized instruments such as DC/TMD, and the need for personalized treatment to ensure durable clinical success.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026045004

Authors: Marco Cicciu

Maria Gabriela Packaeser de Souza 1, Amanda Maria de Oliveira Dal Piva 2, Cornelis Johanness Kleverlaan 2 and João Paulo Mendes Tribst 1 [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026045003

Authors: Neada Hysenaj Edlira Mulo Vergjini Mulo Edit Xhajanka

Introduction. Occlusal splints are oral appliances that have been designed to relieve the temporomandibular symptoms. However, the thickness of occlusal splints in order to have optimal efficacy is still controversial. Methods. An electronic search in Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted, using the following keywords up to 2025: (“occlusal splint” OR “stabilization splint” OR “bite splint”) AND (“vertical dimension” OR “thickness” OR “occlusal height”) AND (“temporomandibular disorder” OR “TMD” OR “disc displacement” OR “myofascial pain”). All titles and abstracts were screened. Studies comparing different thicknesses of occlusal splints were included. Results. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, of which five were randomized controlled trials, one a retrospective study, and two finite element analyses. Mixed quality of the studies was found. Based on current evidence, although limited, the following results could be deduced: Occlusal splints with moderate thickness, 3 mm, are recommended for cases that involve both muscular and joint components, particularly when masticatory muscle pain is the primary complaint. Occlusal splints with minimal thickness, 2 mm, may be appropriate in internal derangements in the early stage, though evidence is low. Thicker splints, ≥4 mm, are for DDwoR and cases with crepitus. Occlusal splints of ≤2 mm and >6 mm were associated with symptoms such as reduced functional outcomes or comfort. Conclusion. In most cases, occlusal splints with thicknesses of 3–5 mm seem to be optimal for most TMD cases; however, personalized treatment based on the respective diagnosis is recommended. The decision on splint thickness should be based on evidence according to the severity of the diagnosis, but also patient-centered, to achieve comfort, compliance of the patient, and oral structure preservation. Further high-quality RCTs are needed to gain evidence-based guidelines and to achieve consistent results.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026043003

Authors: Michele Antonelli Elena Mazzoleni Davide Donelli

Background. Cannabis and cannabinoids have been investigated for their potential therapeutic effects in Parkinson’s disease, but clinical research findings remain scant and inconsistent. This study provides a systematic overview of peer-reviewed meta-analyses assessing their impact on health outcomes in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Methods. A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (from database inception to April 2025) identified meta-analyses evaluating cannabis-based interventions in Parkinson’s disease. Eligible studies reported pooled estimates of effects on neurological symptoms. The most significant findings from the included studies were summarized and qualitatively analyzed. Results. After screening 975 research items, six meta-analyses of clinical and preclinical studies, primarily randomized controlled trials (RCTs), were included. One meta-analysis of five RCTs demonstrated that pure cannabidiol (CBD) or synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) significantly improved PD symptoms (SMD = −0.41, p = 0.004). Another meta-analysis combining two RCTs and two non-RCTs reported a significant improvement in the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) total score (MD = −4.19, p = 0.03). With regard to pain management, cannabinoids were found effective in one study. Preclinical meta-analyses in animal models showed notable motor improvements, including enhanced rotarod performance (MD = 31.63 s, p = 0.003) and reduced pole test completion times (MD = −1.51 s, p = 0.028). Conclusions. While meta-analyses of clinical studies suggest some benefits of specific cannabinoid formulations, findings are still uncertain. Preclinical data, however, demonstrate interesting motor improvements. Further well-designed RCTs are warranted to clarify the therapeutic role of cannabis in Parkinson’s disease management.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026045002

Authors: Barbarita Sánchez-Peña Carlos Domínguez-Vargas Paloma Marylí Prado-López Daniela Alejandra Torres-Rodríguez

Bruxism is increasingly recognized as a psychosomatic behavior influenced by stress, anxiety, and sleep disturbances, which generates occlusal forces of non-physiological magnitude, potentially compromising the stability of dental implants. This narrative review examines the causal pathway linking psychological factors, bruxism, and implant complications. The literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane (2000–2025) was analyzed. Evidence consistently associates psychosocial stressors with increased mechanical complications, while biological outcomes remain heterogeneous. Digital occlusal analysis, finite element modeling, and AI-based monitoring show promise for early overload detection. An interdisciplinary model integrating dentistry, psychology, and sleep medicine is proposed to optimize implant outcomes and guide future research.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026043002

Authors: Donna de Levante Raphael

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are traditionally defined by progressive cognitive decline, yet neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), including depression, apathy, anxiety, irritability, and sleep disturbances, commonly emerge in the earliest stages. These symptoms often precede measurable memory loss and complicate diagnosis, accelerate disease progression, and substantially increase caregiver burden. Differentiating NPS related to neurodegeneration from primary psychiatric disorders remains a major clinical challenge. Methods: A structured narrative review of peer-reviewed studies (2012–2025) was conducted across PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Evidence was synthesized across epidemiological, clinical, neurobiological, and psychosocial domains to examine NPS prevalence, diagnostic complexity, and treatment approaches in early AD/MCI. Findings Up to 80% of individuals with early AD or MCI exhibit at least one NPS, often before cognitive decline is clinically evident. Non-pharmacologic strategies-caregiver education, behavioral activation, structured routines-remain first-line treatments, while pharmacologic options show modest benefit and safety concerns. Advances in biomarkers, digital health tools, and neurobiological research highlight NPS as potential early indicators of disease onset. Conclusions: Failure to recognize NPS in early AD/MCI contributes to delayed diagnosis, suboptimal care, caregiver stress, and missed opportunities for early intervention. Integrating systematic NPS assessment into diagnostic and care pathways is essential to improving outcomes and advancing therapeutic innovation.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026045001

Authors: Carlos Domínguez-Vargas Barbarita Sánchez-Peña Emiliano Peña-Durán Samantha Jonnue Ramírez-Flores

Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by severe hyposalivation and mucosal fragility, conditions that significantly complicate prosthetic rehabilitation. Reduced salivary flow compromises denture retention, increases mucosal trauma, and predisposes patients to infections such as oral candidiasis, limiting the success of conventional tissue-supported prostheses. This work summarizes current evidence on prosthetic management strategies in SS, highlighting the role of optimized biomaterials, digital manufacturing technologies, and implant-supported solutions. Emphasis is placed on multidisciplinary care, adjunctive pharmacological management of xerostomia, and long-term maintenance protocols to improve function, comfort, and quality of life in this complex patient population.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026044001

Authors: Emmanuel Andrès Kent Doi Francisco Guillén Grima

Kishore Muthukumar [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026041002

Authors: Ana Carolina Maldonado da Costa e Silva Samara Maria Piccirillo de Brito Jhuan Luiz Silva Alex Luiz Pereira Giulia Maria Camara Leme Luiz Henrique Cruz Isabela Cristina Gomes Honório Juliana da Silva Coppede Silvio de Almeida-Junior

This study investigated the cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and molecular interaction profiles of the phenylpropanoids verbascoside and isoverbascoside from Pyrostegia venusta using in silico approaches. Computational predictions suggested differential cytotoxicity trends between tumor and non-tumor breast cell models compared with tamoxifen. QSAR analyses indicated antiproliferative potential, while docking studies revealed stable ligand–protein interactions with estrogen-related targets and PTEN. ADMET predictions suggested favorable metabolic characteristics, including limited CYP3A4 interaction. Overall, these results provide predictive insights that support further experimental investigation of these phenylpropanoids in ER+ breast cancer models.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026043001

Authors: Anxo Carreira-Casais Antia G. Pereira

Sweetener consumption has increased considerably in recent decades, driven by the growing demand from consumers of low-calorie products for weight control and, especially, from diabetic patients who require safe sweetener alternatives without affecting their glucose levels. However, the latest scientific evidence seems to indicate that the continued consumption of various sweeteners could significantly alter the gut microbiota, triggering consequences that go beyond metabolic health and could affect sleep quality. Among the most used non-caloric sweeteners in the food industry are sucralose and saccharin. Several studies have shown that prolonged consumption of these sweeteners can significantly alter the composition of the gut microbiota. In particular, its consumption might lead to a decrease in beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, along with an increase in potentially pathogenic microorganisms such as Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli. This dysbiosis creates a chronic low-grade inflammatory environment and contributes to the deterioration of glucose metabolism, factors that negatively impact the regulation of the gut–brain axis. Consequently, these alterations could interfere with the neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in sleep, promoting the development of disorders such as insomnia, sleep fragmentation, and decreased subjective sleep quality. The aim of this narrative review is to synthesize the current scientific evidence on the impact of artificial sweeteners on the gut microbiota and their potential involvement in sleep disorders. The underlying biological mechanisms will be analyzed and the clinical relevance of these interactions discussed, laying the groundwork for future research that will contribute to the development of dietary recommendations and therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the microbiota to improve sleep health.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026042001

Authors: Sara Louise Cosby

Min Xuan Keh 1, Nur Ain Mohd Asri 2, Rapeah Suppian 1, Mohd Nor Norazmi 2,3 and Frank Camacho 4,5 [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2026041001

Authors: Kenneth P. H. Pritzker

The 1st International Online Conference on Personalized Medicine (IOCPM 2025), organized by Journal of Personalized Medicine MDPI and chaired by Prof. Dr. Kenneth P. H. Pritzker, University of Toronto, was hosted online from 29 to 31 October 2025. While personalizing care to the individual has always been integral to clinical medicine, the possibilities for a truly personalized approach have long been limited; however, interest in Personalized Medicine has exploded in the last decade. IOCPM 2025 aimed to provide a platform to explore more individualized diagnosis, therapy, and continuing care.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025033007

Authors: Domenico Vito Margherita Ferrante Gea Oliveri Conti Gabriela Fernandez Carol Maione Paolo Lauriola Prisco Piscitelli Melissa Jiménez Gómez Tagle Carlos Dora Jordi Serrano Pons Carole Conforti Joima Panisello Paula Sol Ventura Ilaria Bernotti Carmen Ruiz Martin Edgar Buloz-Osorio Marcella Trombetta Giuseppe Banfi Valentina Tageo

The International One Health Conference 2024 took place against the backdrop of the Mediterranean, a region emblematic of humanity’s most pressing interconnected challenges, including climate change, environmental degradation, and persistent maternal and child health disparities [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025038003

Authors: Alessandro Lanzoni Angelica Sangiorgi Andrea Fabbo

This qualitative study explored the experiences of caregivers of people with dementia who received home-based occupational therapy from the Modena Memory Clinic. Five participants were interviewed through semi-structured conversations analyzed using thematic analysis. Results identified three main mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of the intervention: education, empowerment, and collaboration. Therapist-tailored interventions helped caregivers recognize remaining abilities, improve problem-solving, and enhance daily care strategies. The home environment supported comfort and engagement, while collaboration with professionals strengthened continuity of care. These findings highlight occupational therapy as a key component of community-based and person-centered dementia care.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025033006

Authors: Stephanie Meza Gabriela Fernandez Domenico Vito

The CHIARA Project investigates women’s mental health and vulnerability to sex trafficking in the U.S.–Mexico border states (California, Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico). A mixed-methods design was employed, combining qualitative content analysis of media, legal, and policy documents with quantitative analyses of secondary datasets from health institutions, the National Human Trafficking Hotline, the Polaris Project, and the U.S. Census Bureau. Data were cleaned, integrated, and examined through descriptive statistics, regression models, and correlation matrices using R Studio, complemented by visualizations to identify patterns and hotspots. Results show a strong association between higher crime rates, reported trafficking cases, and the prevalence of mental health disorders such as PTSD, depression, and anxiety among women. California and Texas consistently reported higher trafficking cases and mental health burdens, while regression analyses highlighted poverty, limited education, and gender inequality as significant predictors of vulnerability. These findings underscore the interplay between socioeconomic conditions and gender-specific exploitation at the border. By linking mental health and trafficking indicators, the study provides actionable insights for community leaders, policymakers, and healthcare providers, emphasizing the need for trauma-informed care, targeted prevention strategies, and policies that address both structural inequities and survivor rehabilitation.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025040003

Authors: Arne Skerra

Mattias Collin 1, Berit Olofsson 1, Andreas Naegeli 2 and Pontus Nordenfelt 1 [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025038002

Authors: Kazuki Santa

This research compares the Mediterranean and Japanese diets and considers diet as associated with anti-ageing as well as leading a long and healthy life. Since Mediterranean countries, including Italy and Greece, have one-third the mortality ratio with respect to cardiovascular diseases compared to America and northern Europe, the Mediterranean diet is regarded as healthy. Here, the research shows the reasons why Mediterranean and Japanese diets have these properties. Both the Mediterranean and Japanese diets are typically low in fat, sugar, and calories, and are characterised by a high intake of vegetables, legumes, fish, and cereals. Differences include a greater consumption of polyphenol-rich extra virgin olive oil, dairy products, and a lower amount of meat consumption in the Mediterranean diet, as well as less use of fat; there is an abundant consumption of fermented foods and seaweed in the Japanese diet. Japan’s globally leading long life expectancy is partly attributed to the cultural concept of “ME-BYO,” which emphasises recognising and managing non-disease conditions before they develop into clinical illness. This tendency may be one of the reasons for the long lifespan of Japanese people.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025040002

Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a novel and rapidly evolving class of targeted therapeutics that combine the high specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the potent cytotoxic effects of small-molecule drugs. These engineered molecules are designed to selectively deliver cytotoxic agents to specific cells, thereby reducing off-target toxicity and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In oncology, ADCs have already demonstrated significant clinical success, particularly in the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Agents such as trastuzumab emtansine and brentuximab vedotin exemplify how ADCs can effectively target cancer cells while limiting damage to healthy tissues. This review comprehensively explores the key aspects of the use of ADCs in autoimmune disorders, which is an evolving field in immunotherapy.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025039004

Authors: Axel Bex Ignacio Durán Salvatore La Rosa Lisa Pickering

The 2025 International Kidney Cancer Symposium—Europe (IKCSEU25) was held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, from 1 to 3 May 2025, organized by the Kidney Cancer Association (KCA). This annual event serves as the premier European meeting dedicated to kidney cancer research and clinical innovation, fostering collaboration across academia, industry, and advocacy.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025040001

Authors: Krishnaveni Manubolu Raveesha Peeriga

Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies represent a promising approach to integrate molecular imaging with immunotherapy for cancer diagnosis and treatment. These antibodies target immune checkpoints and tumor-associated antigens, enabling non-invasive visualization of tumor dynamics through PET and SPECT imaging. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that such imaging can provide insights into antibody distribution, immune cell infiltration, and potential treatment responses within the tumor microenvironment. By combining diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, antibody-based theranostics offer opportunities for personalized treatment planning and understanding mechanisms of resistance. This review highlights current advances in antibody-based molecular imaging, discusses challenges in translation, and explores future directions for integrating imaging with immuno-oncology strategies to improve patient outcomes. Radiolabeled antibodies allow non-invasive assessment of tumor–immune interactions, supporting adaptive treatment planning and bridging immunotherapy with molecular imaging.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025039003

Authors: Lars Lund Else Helene Ibfelt Heidi Larsson Niels Fristrup Anne Kirstine Møller Darras Mette Nørgaard

Since 2010, all Danish departments treating renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have reported to the national quality database, enabling systematic auditing of outcomes. Using the unique Civil Registration Number, data are linked to national registries, ensuring comprehensive capture of diagnostics and treatments. The RCC database, established in August 2010, now includes over 13,000 cases, with 1035 new cases registered between August 2023 and July 2024. In this period, 939 patients underwent surgery or ablation, 54% with kidney-preserving procedures. Among nephrectomies, 85% were minimally invasive. Data-driven quality monitoring and multidisciplinary collaboration have contributed to standardized care and internationally comparable survival outcomes.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025039002

Authors: Simon Nannini Fabien Moinard-Butot Sylvain Ladoire Dorian Bochaton Pierre Bigot Félix Lefort Hakim Mahammedi Fabien Calcagno Jean-Baptiste Barbe Richaud Luca Campedel Sabrina Falkowski Karim Amrane Haris Charalambous Pierre Cornillon Philippe Barthélémy

The CABONEXT study is the first multicenter retrospective analysis evaluating subsequent systemic therapies after cabozantinib-based treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). This interim analysis includes 77 patients receiving subsequent treatments across two cohorts: after cabozantinib–nivolumab first-line treatment (Group A) and after ICI-based first-line treatment followed by cabozantinib (Group B). Time to subsequent treatment failure (TTF) and disease control rate (DCR) remain higher in Group A with a median TTF of 5 months (vs. 3.4 months in Group B) and a DCR of 86% (vs. 48%). Second-generation TKIs, mostly axitinib or lenvatinib, seemed to be the best option in Group B compared to other treatments including everolimus or first-generation TKIs (HR = 3.82, 95%CI [1.64; 8.93], p = 0.1). These findings already emphasize the need for innovative therapies targeting resistance mechanisms and optimal treatment sequences. Along with ongoing accrual, further analyses are expected.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025039001

Authors: Ignacio Duran Jesus Garcia-Donas

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly enhance clinical decision-making in oncology. However, its application in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains limited. The ART (Artificial Intelligence in Renal Tumors) project is a Spanish, multi-institutional initiative aimed at developing a dynamic, transcriptomics-based AI model to guide systemic treatment decisions for patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC). Objective: The aim of this paper is to present the rationale, methodology, and early implementation challenges of the ART project, as discussed during a dedicated Think Tank session at the 2025 International Kidney Cancer Symposium Europe (IKCSEU25), and to gather expert insights on its clinical and regulatory viability. Design, Setting, and Participants: The ART project includes three phases: (1) retrospective algorithm training using clinical and transcriptomic data from completed trials; (2) a prospective, non-interventional study collecting multi-omic and clinical data from 500 patients across 30 centers; and (3) a future comparative analysis of ART-guided versus standard clinical decisions. The AI model is designed to evolve continuously through ongoing data integration. Results and Limitations: Experts underscored the importance of integrating multimodal data—including circulating biomarkers and immune profiling—while expressing concerns about the reliance on short-term endpoints. Key barriers identified included data harmonization, external validation, and regulatory uncertainty regarding adaptive algorithms. The absence of a clear approval pathway for non-static clinical decision support systems also poses a challenge. Despite limited initial funding, the ART platform has generated strong institutional engagement and may serve as a scalable model for clinician-oriented AI tools. Conclusions: The ART project represents an innovative approach to AI-driven personalization of kidney cancer treatment. Expert feedback from IKCSEU25 highlighted the scientific robustness of the initiative, while also emphasizing the need for broader validation, regulatory clarity, and the use of clinically meaningful endpoints to support real-world implementation. Patient Summary: Experts reviewed a new AI-based tool being developed in Spain to help doctors choose the best treatments for kidney cancer. The tool shows promise but needs further testing and must meet regulatory standards before it can be used in routine clinical care.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025038001

Authors: Omar Cauli

Shahd Hamran 1,2, Amani A [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035011

Authors: Manuel Simões Marc Maresca

In submitting conference proceedings to Medical Sciences Forum, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037026

Authors: Ana Paula Sequeira Ângela Pereira Helena Santa-Clara

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are chronic respiratory disorders often leading to dyspnoea, reduced exercise tolerance, and poor quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) improves symptoms and function but remains underused in Portugal, with only ~1% of eligible patients enrolled. This study retrospectively analysed 61 ILD patients at Hospital Garcia de Orta (July–December 2024) to identify PR candidates. Most had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (44%), exertional dyspnoea (67.2%), and moderate lung impairment (49%). Comorbidities and risk factors were common. Findings highlight a significant gap between clinical need and access, reinforcing the urgency of structured referral strategies to expand PR availability.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035010

Authors: Hadiya Malik Waqar Ahmed Mishaal Khawar Rabia Slamat Nabeera Malik Manala Khalid Komal Tariq

Vascular grafts have a significant role in the artery replacement, aneurysm repair, and hemodialysis treatments. Synthetic grafts that have been mostly used in the clinic include ePTFE and Dacron; however, their use has been associated with a range of complications that include clot formation, intimal hyperplasia, and infections. Corrugated Biopolymeric grafts are one of the promising options that were introduced in the market due to their relatively higher biocompatibility and mechanical advantages. There is still a need to find the right choice regarding mechanical strength, fluid flow, and effective antimicrobial activity. The given research explores the mechanical response of the physiological pressure in corrugated biopolymeric grafts in order to improve antimicrobial activity. These grafts were manufactured and stimulated with the help of COMSOL Multiphysics ® 6.2 with an aim to determine the pattern of stress distribution, resistance to pulsatile pressure, and fatigue behavior during dynamic flow. The result was that the corrugated structure showed superior mechanical strength and had better compliance with natural blood vessels, which consequently might improve antimicrobial activity.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035009

Authors: Zoobaria Zahid Aref Kyyaly Jamil Jubrail

Antibiotic resistance is a major health priority, with the concern over antibiotic resistance growing. The rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria coupled with the limited new therapeutics puts pressure on community and hospital healthcare systems and leads to excessive morbidity and mortality. Given this, there has been significant interest into potential new and/or combination antibacterial treatments including certain plant extracts. When combined with resistance medicines, these extracts can re-sensitize their potency. One such plant is Cirsium arvense which has been traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Preliminary findings suggest that its extracts may enhance the activity of conventional antibiotics against resistant strains like MRSA. The current study assessed cefixime’s and Cirsium arvense extracts’ synergistic antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The antibacterial activity of extracts and the susceptibility profile of antibiotics were assessed using the disc diffusion and microbroth dilution assays. Chequerboard, time-kill kinetics, and protein content tests were performed to verify synergistic antibacterial effect. Our results demonstrated that when these extracts were applied to clinical strains of bacteria along with the cefixime, there was complete or partial synergy was displayed. Time-kill kinetics demonstrated that synergism was dependent on both concentration and time, and bacterial isolates treated with these exhibited significantly reduced bacterial growth and protein content. Taken together, these results show that Cirsium arvense extracts enhance the efficacy of conventional antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and MRSA and clearly suggest that these plant extracts could be used as additives to current resistant antibiotics for the future management or treatment of resistant bacterial infections.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037025

Authors: Catarina Santos Vlad Tatarescu Mariana Louro Sarah Souza Carina A. Fernandes Carlos Família Catarina Godinho Alexandre Quintas Alexandra Bernardo

Legal documents signed by individuals with Parkinson’s disease are often disputed due to inconsistencies in their signatures when compared to those executed prior to the disease. This exploratory study aims to develop a handwriting rehabilitation kit designed to improve fine motor skills in the elderly diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. This study involved ten subjects with a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease, four of whom participated in the rehabilitation program and used the kit, while the remaining six were assigned to the control group. All participants underwent traditional rehabilitation and clinical evaluation before and after the twelve-week intervention, as well as satisfaction questionnaires following the intervention. The main changes observed in the intervention group indicated progress, including a reduction in tremor and bradykinesia. The potential clinical and handwriting benefits, as well as the positive feedback and program adherence from participants, support the development of a user-friendly kit for this subset of the elderly population.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037024

Authors: Mariana Louro Vlad Tatarescu Catarina Santos Sarah Souza Carina A. Fernandes Carlos Família Catarina Godinho Alexandre Quintas Alexandra Bernardo

Individuals with Parkinson’s disease often face legal disputes over documents signed before the ongoing disease, since fine motor skill changes can lead to alterations in handwriting. Generally, rehabilitation programs focus on mobility in the lower limbs; however, these individuals also face challenges involving the control of fine motor skills, such as handwriting and maintaining their graphic identity. The aim of this exploratory study is to evaluate the effect of a fine motor skill rehabilitation program on the handwriting of these individuals. This study involved 10 subjects with a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease, four of whom participated in the rehabilitation program, while the remaining six were allocated to the control group. All participants were instructed to write specific sentences before and after the twelve-week intervention. The main qualitative changes observed between groups after the graphoscopic analysis were in features such as tremors, retouching/overwriting, size, legibility, and line quality.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025036002

Authors: Francisco Aya Luis de la Cruz Delvys Rodríguez-Abreu Luis Álvarez-Vallina Manel Juan Elisabeth Pérez-Ruiz Xabier Mielgo Rodolfo Chicas-Sett Ana Arance

The Spanish Group for Cancer Immuno-Biotherapies (GÉTICA) held the XI Forum on Translational Immunology and Cancer Immunotherapy (FIT Cancer 11) from 13 to 15 March 2025, in Madrid (Spain). FITCancer is the largest meeting uniquely focused on cancer immunotherapy in Spain and brings together clinicians and researchers with expertise in the field of cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Here, we present abstracts submitted by GÉTICA’s members to the XI Forum on Translational Immunology and Cancer Immunotherapy, which were divided into the following three topics: novel therapeutic targets and strategies, cell-based immunotherapies, and clinical scenarios and potential biomarkers.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037023

Authors: Iris Almeida Ana Nascimento David Ana Rita Lourenço Guilherme Sena Maria Alexandra Garrafão Ricardo Ventura Baúto

This study explores the implementation of competency-based professional development for correctional staff through the DACUM (Developing A Curriculum) methodology. A National Adaptation Workshop in Portugal engaged professionals from multiple sectors—psychologists, social workers, educators, prison officers, re-education and reintegration technicians—to validate occupational profiles and training needs. Thematic analysis revealed gaps between required and available training, especially in conflict management, mental health, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Key findings show strong support for participatory, practice-informed training, provided it is contextually adapted and accessible. The results underscore the practical need for flexible, modular training frameworks in correctional settings, offering implications for policy and staff retention strategies.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037020

Authors: Iris Almeida Ana Francisca Matos Diana Pais Carolina Nobre

This study highlights the role of forensic psychology in supporting juvenile offenders within the Portuguese Justice System. Forensic psychologists ensure that legal proceedings are developmentally appropriate and psychologically informed, helping minors to understand and participate in the process. Data from the Victims Information and Assistance Office (GIAV) show that, between 2020 and 2025, 87 juvenile offenders (54 boys and 33 girls) were supported, with theft and drug trafficking being the most common crimes. Girls were more often involved in theft, and boys were more often involved in drug trafficking. Forensic psychology adds critical value by promoting rehabilitation, safeguarding rights, and contributing to fair, proportionate, and context-sensitive decisions.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037022

Authors: Iris Almeida Guilherme Sena Maria Beatriz Ribeiro Ricardo Ventura Baúto

This study explores legitimising beliefs about intimate partner violence (IPV) among Portuguese forensic cases. Using the ECVC scale, data from 45 assessed individuals revealed that IPV offenders—particularly men, those with lower education levels, and certain occupational groups—endorse beliefs that justify, minimise, or excuse violence. The most prevalent were trivialising minor violence and protecting family privacy. These findings align with the literature on the influence of patriarchal norms and social inequalities in sustaining IPV. These results highlight the importance of addressing underlying gender ideologies in prevention and intervention efforts, especially in forensic and justice-related psychological practice.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037021

Authors: Vanessa Antunes Paula Pereira Tatiana Cardoso Célia Pereira Miguel Ladeira Ricardo Antunes Fernanda Loureiro

This study evaluated parental satisfaction with nursing care in a pediatric emergency department short-stay unit. Using the Citizen Satisfaction with Nursing Care Scale, 205 parents of hospitalized children participated in a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Results showed consistently high satisfaction, regardless of parental sociodemographic characteristics. While parents of newborns and employed parents showed slightly higher satisfaction, differences were not statistically significant. These trends suggest areas for further qualitative research to better understand parental expectations. The findings highlight the importance of ongoing evaluation and structured feedback to maintain high-quality, responsive nursing care in pediatric emergency settings.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037018

Authors: Ricardo Jorge Pais Tiago Alexandre Pais Uraquitan Lima Filho

Accurate cancer prognosis remains a major challenge, as single gene expression biomarkers often lack clinical reliability, and most ML approaches fail even when considering large gene panels. In this study, we used a novel AutoML framework (O2Pmgen) benchmarked with a well-established framework (TPOT) on TCGA transcriptomic data for breast, lung, and renal cancers to identify small gene panels predictive of patient survival. From 58 EMT-related genes, we found models based on panels of 6–10 genes that outperformed single-marker models and ML models that considered the 58 EMT genes, with performance gains up to 21%. Further, the generated models achieved good predictive power with AUCs of 71–83%. Our results demonstrated that affordable and efficient prognostic tools using small, biologically relevant gene sets can provide better risk stratification in clinical oncology.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037019

Authors: Pedro Seixas Ana Laura-Ricci-Vitor Lara Costa e Silva

Big wave surfing, a high-risk sport involving rides on waves over 30 feet tall, exposes athletes to intense physical demands, particularly during wipeouts requiring extended breath-holding (apnea). Despite its growing popularity and professional status, the ventilatory profile of these elite athletes remains underexplored. This study is the first to examine the respiratory characteristics of Big Wave Surfers (BWS), focusing on lung function, respiratory muscle strength, and potential ventilatory adaptations or compromises. Findings suggest that BWS exhibit enhanced respiratory capacity, likely from apnea training and glossopharyngeal breathing, but also show signs of small airway obstruction, warranting further investigation and preventive health strategies.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037017

Authors: Marta Alves Duarte João Albernaz Neves Javier Flores-Fraile

Laser technology is becoming an essential part of endodontic practice due to its clear clinical advantages. A cross-sectional survey of 501 participants found that, although awareness remains limited, the results suggest that patients are willing to trust and accept laser-based treatments when recommended by dentists. In addition to the benefits of improved precision, reduced discomfort and superior disinfection, the use of lasers also promotes a sense of safety and confidence. These findings emphasise the importance of improving public understanding of, and support for, the integration of laser technology into modern dental care, since patient acceptance is essential for wider implementation.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037016

Authors: Ana I. Fernandes João R. Vaz Cristina Soeiro

Amidst the increasingly complex and interconnected challenges of our time, from climate change and emerging pandemics to deepening social inequalities, the One Health approach has gained renewed relevance as a guiding framework for research, policy, and practice [...]

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037015

Authors: Mariana Vallera Machete José Grillo Evangelista Luís Proença Pedro Ferreira Trancoso António Mano Azul Carlos Zagalo

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its unclear etiology and complex symptomatology. This study, part of a doctoral research project, explores diagnostic delay, triggering factors, and psychotropic medication use in BMS patients. By retrospectively analyzing 300 clinical records, the study offers insight into patterns of diagnosis and treatment, with a focus on differences related to age and sex. The findings contribute to a better understanding of BMS and emphasize the need for timely diagnosis, particularly in older adults, to improve patient outcomes.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037014

Authors: Maria Ana Neves André Lima Gonçalo Duarte Susana Wandschneider Tiago Teixeira Lia Jacobsohn Carlos Ernesto Júnior Isabel Batalha

Transverse myelitis is a rare spinal cord condition that can cause severe motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. This case report describes a 16-year-old male with incomplete paraplegia due to idiopathic transverse myelitis who underwent robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) using the EKSO exoskeleton, integrated into an intensive rehabilitation programme. After one month, he showed significant improvements in gait speed, dynamic balance, effort tolerance, and trunk mobility. RAGT promoted better weight distribution and reduced compensatory patterns during ambulation. The intervention proved safe and clinically beneficial, highlighting the potential of robotic technologies as effective adjuncts in paediatric spinal cord injury rehabilitation.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035008

Authors: Hernán D. Nievas Raúl E. Iza Camila Aurnague Elisa Helman Victorio F. Nievas Oliver Mounsey Lucia Galli Fabiana A. Moredo

High-risk clones represent a major concern, as they are very efficient vehicles for mobile genetic elements carrying antimicrobial resistance genes and therefore promote their spread, especially if they confer resistance to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and fosfomycin, included within the highest-priority, critically important antimicrobial agents (HPCIA). Between February 2022 and April 2024, 138 pork samples were obtained from 46 butcher shops in La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. A total of 102 HPCIA-resistant E. coli were isolated. Eighty-five HPCIA-resistant E. coli were selected for whole-genome sequencing. Of these, 27 belonged to 9 clones described as high risk: ST101 (n = 5), ST10 (n = 4), ST48 (n = 4), ST744 (n = 4), ST23 (n = 3), ST58 (n = 2), ST88 (n = 2), ST117 (n = 2), and ST410 (n = 1). Twelve of them were third-generation cephalosporin-resistant. Resistance was mediated by blaCTX-M-55 (n = 7), blaCTX-M-14 (n = 4), blaCTX-M-8 (n = 1), and blaCMY-2 (n = 1). This study highlights the importance of food products and the food production chain as reservoirs of high-risk clones and resistance genes of epidemiological relevance to public health.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037013

Authors: Sofia O. Vieira Ana Paula Martins Ângela Pereira Virgínia Marques Inês Gano Filipa Moita de Deus Margarida Sousa Sónia Vicente

This study assessed satisfaction with physiotherapy care for individuals with cystic fibrosis across face-to-face, online, and blended formats at the National Association for Cystic Fibrosis. Forty participants, including patients and legal representatives, reported high satisfaction overall. Key strengths included respectful communication, involvement in decision-making, scheduling flexibility, and therapist support. Face-to-face care received the highest ratings, though privacy, understanding, and engagement were consistently strong across all modalities. The results highlight the importance of patient-centred approaches and suggest that high-quality care can be delivered effectively across different treatment formats, reinforcing satisfaction as a key indicator of healthcare quality and effectiveness.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037012

Authors: Margarida M. C. Ramos Marta Reis Telma C. Almeida Jorge Cardoso

Sexual harassment, globally recognized as a complex phenomenon, presents gaps regarding its characteristics and diversity of impacts, particularly in the Portuguese context. This study aims to better understand sexual harassment in Portuguese universities, namely the prevalence of these experiences, their types, perpetrators, and settings, as well as the psychosocial factors associated with them, specifically distress, intrusive negative thoughts, academic engagement, and resilience. Positive correlations were found between unwanted sexual experiences, distress, intrusive negative thoughts, and academic engagement. These findings highlight the need for more effective policies to prevent sexual harassment and for psychological support programs for victims of sexual harassment.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037011

Authors: Flávia Oliveira Sónia Vicente

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months is the gold standard in infant nutrition, yet rates in Europe remain below recommendations. This descriptive cross-sectional study identified maternal, perinatal and social determinants associated with shorter exclusive breastfeeding duration in the Algarve region. Statistically significant factors included in-hospital formula use, caesarean section, lack of skin-to-skin contact, and negative or absent previous experience of breastfeeding. In-hospital formula use and previous breastfeeding duration emerged as key predictors. These findings emphasise the importance of integrated strategies across the healthcare, workplace, and policy sectors, aligned with the lived experiences of women, to effectively support breastfeeding.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037010

Authors: Margarida Pitschieller Dinis Pereira Ana Sintra Delgado Carla Ascenso

Clear orthodontic aligners, primarily composed of thermoplastic polymers, are increasingly popular but susceptible to degradation through thermal, chemical, and mechanical stress. This preliminary pilot study assessed the release of microplastics from two commercial aligner brands under simulated oral conditions. Aligners were exposed to daily cycles of Coca-Cola® or artificial saliva, with mechanical agitation replicating masticatory friction. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed microplastic release in both environments, with a notably higher particle count after Coca-Cola® exposure. These findings indicate the potential health and environmental risks linked to acidic beverage consumption during orthodontic treatment. Further comprehensive studies are required to validate and expand upon these results.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037009

Authors: Ana Cristina Sequeira Cláudia Maria Costa Wanda Neves Sofia Pinto Maria do Céu Nunes António Ramos Angela Maria Pereira Susana Almeida

Facial palsy (FP) is a nerve disorder causing unilateral facial muscle paralysis, impacting facial symmetry and non-verbal communication. This case study describes two idiopathic FP patients treated with physiotherapy and inhibitory kinesiotape (KT) applied to the unaffected side to reduce muscle hyperactivity. The intervention aimed to improve facial symmetry and psychological well-being. Both patients showed improvements in the Sunnybrook Facial Palsy Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Despite these promising outcomes, the small sample size limits our conclusions. Further controlled studies with larger samples are needed to confirm KT’s effectiveness and clarify its role in FP rehabilitation.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037008

Authors: Lucas Sousa Joana Antunes Bruna Dias Adriana Coelho Karolina Costa Andreia Conceição Marina Carvalho Carla Tomás Mária Viegas

The present study had the purpose of creating and studying the psychometric properties of the Compassion Fatigue Scale (CFS) in a sample of 286 firefighters, 69% of whom were males and 78% had previous exposure to a limit situation. All participants were assessed after their informed consent through a protocol composed of a sociodemographic data section, the CFS and the Professional Quality of Life scale (ProQOL). The CFS evidenced a two-dimensional structure, Compassion Fatigue and Compassion Satisfaction, with Cronbach’s alphas superior to 0.90 and correlations in the expected direction with ProQOL. Females showed higher levels of compassion fatigue than males, demonstrating that CFS can be a reliable and valid self-report measure of compassion fatigue in firefighters.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037007

Authors: Ana Isabel Fernandes Margarida Miranda

This work presents the Integrated Multi-Strategy Teaching (IMST) model, developed for science education to enhance autonomy, engagement, and professional competencies. Applied in a pharmacy course, IMST combines flipped classrooms, peer assessment, and scenario-based learning. A SWOT analysis based on student and faculty feedback highlights strengths in skill development and practical relevance, while noting challenges such as workload and classroom constraints. The results support the effectiveness of IMST and suggest improvements to promote broader acceptance and sustainability.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035007

Authors: Vinicius Pereira Anjos Maria Renata Valente Brandão Freire Raffaele Stasi Daniela Fátima Teixeira Silva Denise Maria Zezell

Introduction: Amoxicillin and Ampicillin are among the most widely used antibiotics for treating bacterial infections. While traditional drug monitoring methods often face challenges relative to accuracy and analysis speed, optical-based techniques offer a promising alternative. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), a well-established tool, is particularly suited for this purpose. As their molecular structures and characteristic infrared absorption features are very similar, they could be difficult to differentiate using FTIR spectroscopy. Hence, chemometric analysis is important to overcome this challenge. This study introduces a novel approach to the standard methods of antibiotic detection and monitoring, leveraging the capabilities of vibrational spectroscopy and helping in antimicrobial stewardship. Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)–FTIR is carried out with chemometric tools to investigate Amoxicillin and Ampicillin over different degradation processes. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used in the fingerprint region to detect differences between the studied antibiotics. Additionally, absorbance intensity in the fingerprint region was monitored to assess the degradation of each antibiotic over time. To achieve this, the area under the curve was calculated and subjected to inferential statistical tests for both intragroup (the degradation of the same antibiotic) and intergroup (degradation within the same time interval, comparing the two antibiotics) comparisons. All analyses were performed in OriginLab and using Python in the Google Colab and Orange environments. For the calculations of the limit of detection (LoD), the method based on the calibration curve was used. Through the experiments, it was possible to identify the fingerprints of each antibiotic and statistically separate them, despite both belonging to the same class of antibiotics, where the spectral peaks appear in the same region. For degradation, all tests were conducted with a significance level of α = 5%. In this investigation, our results show several quantification characteristics with a detection limit of 96.76 mM for Ampicillin and 66.01 mM for Amoxicillin using the peak intensity. This research demonstrates that FTIR spectroscopy is effective for antibiotic detection and has the potential to be further developed into a monitoring protocol.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037005

Authors: Bárbara Gonçalves Joana Moreira da Silva Maria Soares Rita Pequito Lara Alves Liliana Silva Alexandre Trindade Manuel Pequito

This study examined quality of life and deep learning among 109 veterinary medicine students across three cohorts (2021–2023) in an integrated modular curriculum in Portugal. Quality of life was measured three times per academic year using the WHOQOL-BREF, whereas deep learning was assessed twice yearly via assessment tests. The results revealed consistently low scores in the psychological domain of the quality-of-life assessment and a noticeable decline in both quality of life and assessment tests during the second year. These findings highlight the need to monitor student well-being and adapt teaching strategies to sustain motivation and academic success.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037006

Authors: Edna Verissimo Cecília Rozan Ana Cristina Manso

Institutionalized psychiatric patients on chronic psychotropic medication are prone to xerostomia due to reduced salivary flow. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a topical sialogogue gel (Xeros Dentaid®) in relieving drug-induced dry mouth in 81 residents at the Lisbon Psychiatric Hospital Centre (C.H.P.L.). Over 15 days, unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates, pH, and buffer capacity were measured before and after application. Results showed a significant increase in salivary flow (p < 0.001) and improved subjective symptoms. Topical sialogogues may represent an accessible and effective strategy for managing xerostomia in this vulnerable population.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037004

Authors: Maria Deolinda Auxtero Ana Isabel Fernandes

This study investigates the use of food supplements (FS) among polymedicated elderly individuals and assesses potential FS–drug interaction risks. A total of 98 community-dwelling older adults were surveyed and 18.4% reported FS use. FS were mostly used for musculoskeletal and cognitive support, with 71% having potential metabolic interactions via CYP enzymes or P-glycoprotein. Monthly costs reached €55. The findings reveal a complex interaction landscape and financial burden, underscoring the need for medication reviews and health literacy efforts to ensure safer FS use in older adults. This study aligns with One Health principles by linking clinical, social, and economic aspects of aging.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037003

Authors: Ana Isabel Fernandes

Fentanyl, a potent synthetic opioid used in pain management, has seen a marked rise in outpatient use in Portugal between 2015 and 2022. During this period, consumption nearly doubled, with transdermal patches and sublingual tablets dominating the market. Rapid-onset formulations lacking abuse-deterrent features pose have heightened the risks of misuse and diversion. Despite these concerns, no abuse-deterrent fentanyl products are currently available in Portugal. These findings expose critical regulatory and pharmaceutical gaps. To mitigate public health and environmental risks, a coordinated strategy—encompassing prescription monitoring, education, safer formulations, and a One Health approach—is urgently needed to ensure responsible opioid use and stewardship.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037002

Authors: Sónia Vicente Ângela Maria Pereira Ana Cristina Vidal Cláudia Maria Costa

University Social Responsibility (USR) integrates academic goals with ethics, civic engagement, and sustainability. This study assessed community service attitudes among 529 higher health sciences students using the Portuguese Community Service Attitudes Scale. Although 52.9% reported prior volunteer experience, 75.2% had not participated in community service during university. An association was found between academic programme and prior involvement, particularly among Dental Medicine and Physiotherapy students. While no sex differences were observed, programme-specific trends suggest that practical training fosters stronger civic responsibility. Integrating structured, discipline-specific community service into curricula may enhance civic identity and better align education with sustainable development goals.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025037001

Authors: Maria Deolinda Auxtero

This study explores the clinical, behavioural, and environmental risks of chronic proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use in older adults through a One Health perspective. Among 246 participants, 32.5% were receiving PPI therapy, with 91.3% on long-term treatment, frequently lacking clear clinical justification. Polypharmacy, drug interactions, and risky lifestyle behaviours were common. Environmental review highlighted the potential persistence of PPI transformation products in water systems, raising concerns about ecological impact and antimicrobial resistance. These findings underscore the urgency of implementing deprescribing strategies, enhancing patient education, and adopting sustainable prescribing practices that align human and environmental health.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035006

Authors: Eda Altınöz Ilgaz Akata Ergin Murat Altuner

Antibiotic resistance poses a critical threat to global health, largely driven by bacterial efflux pumps that expel antibiotics and reduce their efficacy. This study investigated the potential of Phellinus hartigii ethyl acetate extract (Ph-Ace) to inhibit efflux pumps and restore antibiotic activity against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains. In vitro assays demonstrated that Ph-Ace effectively inhibited efflux pumps, enhancing the efficacy of resistant antibiotics. GC/MS analysis identified key components such as nonadecane and octacosane. These findings suggest Ph-Ace as a promising natural efflux pump inhibitor. Further molecular and clinical studies are required to confirm its therapeutic potential.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035005

Authors: Bindu Sadanandan Kavyasree Marabanahalli Yogendraiah

This review explores the biofilm architecture and drug resistance of Enterococcus faecalis in clinical and environmental settings. The biofilm in E. faecalis is a heterogeneous, three-dimensional, mushroom-like or multilayered structure, characteristically forming diplococci or short chains interspersed with water channels for nutrient exchange and waste removal. Exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA create a protective matrix. Persister cells within the biofilm contribute to antibiotic resistance and survival. The heterogeneous architecture of the E. faecalis biofilm contains both dense clusters and loosely packed regions that vary in thickness, ranging from 10 to 100 µm, depending on the environmental conditions. The pathogenicity of the E. faecalis biofilm is mediated through complex interactions between genes and virulence factors such as DNA release, cytolysin, pili, secreted antigen A, and microbial surface components that recognize adhesive matrix molecules, often involving a key protein called enterococcal surface protein (Esp). Clinically, it is implicated in a range of nosocomial infections, including urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and surgical wound infections. The biofilm serves as a nidus for bacterial dissemination and as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance. The effectiveness of first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, vancomycin, and aminoglycosides) is diminished due to reduced penetration, altered metabolism, increased tolerance, and intrinsic and acquired resistance. Alternative strategies for biofilm disruption, such as combination therapy (ampicillin with aminoglycosides), as well as newer approaches, including antimicrobial peptides, quorum-sensing inhibitors, and biofilm-disrupting agents (DNase or dispersin B), are also being explored to improve treatment outcomes. Environmentally, E. faecalis biofilms contribute to contamination in water systems, food production facilities, and healthcare environments. They persist in harsh conditions, facilitating the spread of multidrug-resistant strains and increasing the risk of transmission to humans and animals. Therefore, understanding the biofilm architecture and drug resistance is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate their clinical and environmental impact.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035004

Authors: Aliyu Abdulkadir Marvelous Oluwashina Ajayi Halima Abubakar Kusfa

Measuring antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production can provide useful data for monitoring AMU over time, which will promote antimicrobial resistance (AMR) reduction. This study involved the daily collation and validation of active primary drug sales and prescription data from veterinary outlets and clinics of the Kaduna metropolis. In total, 83.7% of the identified antimicrobials were in the form of oral medication, and most were registered antibiotics (52.8%). Parenteral and topical forms were also identified, with 94% also being antibiotics. The estimated AMU was 282 mg/kg population correction unit (PCU). Poultry represented the most significant population, constituting 99% (31,502,004) of the study population. The class-specific AMU was antibiotics, with 274 mg/kg PCU. The antiprotozoal AMU was 418 mg/kg PCU. The anthelminthic AMU was the highest at 576 mg/kg PCU. This study has provided useful and practical information on the trends in antimicrobial use in animals, with poultry being the most important animal population involved in AMU and oxytetracycline being the most abused antibiotic in animal production. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) should be targeted at poultry populations, with an emphasis on reducing antibiotic use/consumption.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025033005

Authors: Carol Maione

Overfishing represents one of the most alarming threats to marine conservation in the Mediterranean Sea. In particular, deep-sea trawl fishing can severely damage marine habitats that may take decades to recover due to their slow growth rates. Hence, monitoring the health and subsistence of deep-sea ecosystems in fishing hotspots is vital to understand the impacts of deep-sea fishing. This paper presents a methodological study to prepare an expedition in Sardinian (Italy) deep waters. The methodology is composed of three sections: first, it offers a comparative analysis of the proper technological mix to identify fishing hotspots pre-expedition; second, it simulates an in situ expedition to monitor the state of deep-sea ecosystems in proximity of the fishing hotspots identified; and third, it offers recommendations for data analysis and management post-expedition. This study offers a replicable methodology for advancing knowledge on the state of deep-sea ecosystems affected by trawl fishing.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035003

Authors: Tamara Nami Haj Marza

Many bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have encoded many toxins like RhsP2 that target non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in a similar mechanism to ART components; bacterial RNA loses its function of amino acid translation. A virtual screening approach was used to investigate RhsP2, which targets 16s rRNAs and then disrupts the translation of bacterial amino acids to proteins. Rifamycin is the bioreference as it forms a stable complex with the bacterial RNA in its active sites. Using different docking software can determine the best predicted conformations between RhsP2/16S and rRNA, and analyzing the docking score for both Affinity Binding and the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of particle coordinates helps choose the most appropriate drugs by using tools such as bioinformatics platforms and databases.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025033004

Authors: Carolyne Shealy Gabriela Fernandez Domenico Vito Carol Maione

The rising concern over plastic pollution is not only related to pollution in marine and terrestrial habitats but also effects humans. This study analyzes the trophic transfer of microplastics throughout the food chain, with an emphasis on the effects on human health. It provides a review of 12 articles analyzing the microplastic intake by humans via ingestion of fish and environmental exposure. In particular, the reviewed studies focused on microplastic ingestion by fish and animals intended for human consumption, the distribution of microplastics in human tissues, and human blood. The results of this analysis can extend our understanding of microplastic transfer in the human body, with implications for future research.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025036001

Authors: Francisco Aya Luis de la Cruz Delvys Rodríguez-Abreu Luis Álvarez-Vallina Manel Juan Antonio José Conde-Moreno Elisabeth Pérez-Ruiz Xabier Mielgo Ana Arance

The Spanish Group for Cancer Immuno-Biotherapies (GÉTICA) held the X Forum on Translational Immunology and Cancer Immunotherapy (FIT Cancer 10) from 14 to 16 March 2024, in Seville (Spain). FIT Cancer is the largest meeting uniquely focused on cancer immunotherapy in Spain and brings together clinicians and researchers, with expertise in the field of cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Here, we present abstracts submitted by GÉTICA’s members to the X Forum on Translational Immunology and Cancer Immunotherapy, which were divided into three topics: cell-based immunotherapies, novel therapeutic targets and strategies and clinical scenarios and potential biomarkers.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025033003

Authors: Gabriela Fernandez Siddharth Suresh-Babu Domenico Vito

This study provides a detailed analysis of COVID-19-related social media discourse in Italy, using 535,886 tweets from 10 major cities between 30 August 2020 and 8 June 2021. The tweets were translated from Italian to English for analysis. A multifaceted methodology was employed: Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) identified 20 key themes; sentiment analysis, using TextBlob, Flair, and TweetNLP, and emotion recognition using TweetNLP, revealed the emotional tone of the discourse, with 453 tweets unanimously positive across all algorithms. TextBlob was used for lexical analysis to rank the most salient positive and negative terms. The results indicated that positive sentiments centered on hope, safety measures, and vaccination progress, while negative sentiments focused on fear, death, and quarantine frustrations. This research offers valuable insights for public health officials, enabling tailored messaging, real-time strategy monitoring, and agile policymaking during the pandemic, with implications for future health crises.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025034003

Authors: Sepideh Jafari Joanna Bojarska

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are vital transmembrane proteins that regulate a wide range of physiological processes by transmitting extracellular signals into intracellular responses. Among them, the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) plays a central role in bronchodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, and cardiovascular modulation, making it a key therapeutic target for diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and hypertension. This study explores the potential of natural bioactive compounds like ephedrine, quercetin, catechin, and resveratrol as alternative ligands for β2-AR through molecular docking analysis. Using AutoDock 4.6, these compounds were docked with the binding site of the β2-AR (PDB ID: 2RH1), and their binding affinities and interaction map were evaluated. Results showed that all compounds exhibited favorable binding energies and stable interactions with key receptor residues, with quercetin demonstrating the highest affinity. The findings suggest that these natural compounds may serve as promising leads for the development of safer, plant-derived modulators of β2-AR, supporting the role of computational approaches in natural product-based drug discovery. However, as docking cannot determine functional activity, these findings should be interpreted as preliminary and require experimental validation.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025032005

Authors: Maria Montserrat Pérez García Ainhoa Berasategi Artieda Amaia Mendizabal Olaizola Idoya Lizaso Vaquero Francisco Diaz Tore Macarena Sevilla Ainhoa Bastarrika Ainhoa Ariceta Darya Chyzhyk Maider Alberich Manuel Millet Sampedro

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the urgent need for scalable, reliable telemedicine tools to manage mild cases remotely and avoid overburdening healthcare systems. This study evaluates StepCare, a remote monitoring medical device, during the first pandemic wave at a single center in Spain. Among 35 patients monitored, StepCare showed high clinical reliability, aligning with physician assessments in 90.4% of cases. Patients and clinicians reported excellent usability and satisfaction. The system improved workflow efficiency, reducing triage time by 25% and associated costs by 84%. These results highlight StepCare’s value as a scalable, patient-centered solution for remote care during health crises.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035002

Authors: Jessica Ribeiro Vanessa Silva Gilberto Igrejas Sandrina A. Heleno Filipa S. Reis Patrícia Poeta

The overuse of antibiotics in livestock contributes to antimicrobial resistance and zoonotic risk. This study investigated 19 Escherichia coli isolates from broiler feces (Savinor, Portugal), characterizing resistance genes, virulence factors, integrases, and phylogenetic groups by PCR. Most isolates carried ampC, tetA, blaCTX-M, and qnrS; all harbored fimA, and six had int1. Phylogroup A predominated. Resistance was mainly found in commensal groups, highlighting adaptation to poultry environments. The findings underscore the need for regional antimicrobial resistance monitoring and One Health strategies. Stewardship, biosecurity, and alternative measures are vital to mitigate antimicrobial resistance spread and zoonotic potential.

Medical Sciences Forum doi: 10.3390/msf2025035001

Authors: Manuel Simões Marc Maresca

The 4th International Electronic Conference on Antibiotics (ECA2025) was an online conference held on 21–23 May 2025, organized by the MDPI journal Antibiotics. This event aims to bring together researchers and scholars to discuss a wide range of topics covering the aim and scope of Antibiotics. We envision this conference as a highly interactive forum open to diverse interaction between its participants. It serves as a platform covering a broad range of topics, publishing papers on all aspects of antibiotics and encompassing the general fields of biochemistry, chemistry, genetics, microbiology, and pharmacology.